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877
I. INTRODUCTION
Manuscript received June 15, 2011; revised October 30, 2011 and December
11, 2011; accepted January 07, 2012. Date of publication February 22, 2012;
date of current version March 28, 2012. This work was supported in part by the
National Basic Research Program of China (973 Program) (2011CB209401),
in part by the Fok Ying Tong Education Foundation(121058), in part by the
Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (09ZG06), and in part
by the Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education of China
(20100036110004). Paper no. TPWRD-00522-2011.
F.-C. L, S.-H. You, Y.-P. Liu, and Z.-B. Zhao are with the Hebei Provincial
Key Laboratory of Power Transmission Equipment Security Defense, North
China Electric Power University, Baoding City 071003, Hebei Province,
China (e-mail: lfc0181@sohu.com; regalaxy@163.com; gylyp@263.net;
zzb770917@163.com).
Q.-F. Wan is with Wuhan High Voltage Research, Institute of State Grid
Electric Power Research Institute, Wuhan City 430074, Hubei Province, China
(e-mail: wanqifa@sgepri.sgcc.com.cn)
Color versions of one or more of the figures in this paper are available online
at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org.
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TPWRD.2012.2183681
researched for many years, is one of the important corona effects. Corona loss of the transmission line is significant for conductor selection of the extremely high-voltage (EHV)/ultra-high
voltage (UHV) transmission line, and is a considerable criterion to measure the operation economy of the transmission line
[7][9].
Since space charges go back and forth as power frequency ac
voltage is applied, it is more difficult to calculate ac ion-flow
field. There was little research on the calculation model of ac
conductor corona loss. Clade, Abdel-Salam, and Li researched
the calculation model.
Clade researched the ac corona-loss calculation model of the
single conductor in the corona cage. The Deutsch assumption
that the space charges only affect the magnitude, but not the direction of the electric field, were adopted. The Kaptzov assumption, that the electric-field strength at the surface of the HV conductor in corona remains constant at its onset level, was adopted
[10][12].
Abdel-Salam researched single-phase, three-phase, and multiphase transmission-line corona loss. The charge simulation
method was adopted. The Deutsch assumption was waived. AC
ion current flow and corona loss were calculated. However, this
method assumed that charges launched from the conductor surface were averaged, and the in-homogeneity of conductor surface electric-field strength was neglected [13][15].
Li researched the ac ion-flow field. The calculation model improved corona onset criterion and charge emission. The influence of the conductor surface-field uniformity on corona discharge was counted in, so that the ion-flow field of multiphase
or bundle conductors could be simulated and the lines corona
losses could be obtained [16], [17].
The improved calculation model was adopted. As in the
corona cage with the single conductor and bundle conductors
ion motion, corona losses were calculated. Single conductor
and bundle conductors corona losses were measured. And
calculation results were compared with test results. And in
the corona cage calculation model, every corona cage wall is
equivalent to the ground plane and, therefore, the calculation
model is more complicated than power-line model above
ground surface.
II. CALCULATION METHOD
A. Simplifying Assumptions
The Deutsch assumption proposed that the space charges only
affect the magnitude but not the direction of the electric field.
The Deutsch assumption could simplify calculation greatly,
but it did not agree with the actual process. Abdel-Salam and
878
879
(11)
In (11), is the power frequency, 50 Hz.
When the corona power-loss calculation value is steady, the
calculation ceases.
III. TEST METHOD
(5)
The space-charge motion distance at the
direction is
(6)
is
E. Corona-Loss Calculation
The space charge moves back and forth in the ac electric field,
and the energy consumed is corona loss. In the 2-D calculation
model, the motion distances of the th space charge at the
direction and direction are
,
, so corona loss is
(9)
The electrical-optical measurement system is mainly composed of the current measurement section, voltage measurement
section, and PXI measurement platform, which includes the PXI
computer, data-acquisition card, and corona-loss measurement
software [20][22]. The system structure is shown as Fig. 3.
In the corona current measurement section, the high precise
no-inductance resistor is applied as the current sensor. The
resistor is connected in series with the bundle conductors in
the corona cage. The optically powered electronic current
transformer (OPCT) is used to convert and transmit the current
signal. And the signal is acquired by the PXI-2010 data-acquisition card, which is installed in the local PXI computer.
The electrical-optical measurement system layout is shown in
Fig. 4.
The TRF-800 capacitive voltage divider is used to measure
conductor voltage. The voltage signal is transmitted through
coaxial cable, and is acquired by the PXI-2010 data-acquisition
card.
In order to carry out the measurement conveniently, the PXI
portable computer is taken as a measurement platform. And
LabVIEW is adopted to develop corona-loss measurement software. The fundamental components of current and voltage are
abstracted by software, and corona loss is calculated.
, and voltage
Supposing the current
, so
(12)
where
current,
880
Fig. 5. Sketch of the wireless high sampling rate measurement system structure.
TABLE II
MEASUREMENT ERROR OF OPCT
value of voltage.
and
are the phases of the current and
voltage, respectively, and is the power factor angle.
The accuracies of the capacitive voltage divider and OPCT
were tested. The TRF-800 capacitive voltage dividers accuracy
was obtained compared with the strand capacitive voltage divider. The result is shown in Table I.
The OPCTs accuracy is shown in Table II.
So, the electrical-optical measurement system is able to measure the corona loss of conductors.
B. Wireless High Sampling Rate Measurement System
Just as in the electrical-optical measurement system, in the
corona current measurement section, the high-power precise
no-inductance resistor is applied as the current sensor. The
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882
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TABLE III
CORONA LOSS OF SINGLE LGJ-500/35 IN THE UHV
CORONA CAGE UNDER DIFFERENT RAIN RATES
2 LGJ-
TABLE IV
CORONA LOSS OF 8
LGJ-500/35 IN THE UHV
CORONA CAGE UNDER DIFFERENT RAIN RATES
Fig. 16. Calculation and measurement results of the single conductor LGJ500/35 in rain.
C. Conductors in Rain
Since the artificial rain rates were 12 mm/h and 20 mm/h,
the single conductor LGJ-500/35 was tested in the UHV corona
cage. The results are shown in Fig. 16.
At the approximate voltage 160 kV, corona is just onset, and
under different rain rates from 12 to 20 mm/h, corona losses are
shown in Table III.
Since the artificial rain rates were 12 and 20 mm/h, bundle
LGJ-500/35, bundle spacing 400 mm were
conductors 8
V. CONCLUSION
1) The electrical-optical measurement system and wireless
high sampling rate measurement system were used to measure corona loss at different sampling rates10 kSamples/s, 2 MSamples/s, 60 MSamples/s, 120 MSamples/s.
And the test result shows that the fundamental frequency
component is the major component of corona loss.
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