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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY, VOL. 27, NO.

2, APRIL 2012

877

AC Conductors Corona-Loss Calculation and


Analysis in Corona Cage
Fang-Cheng L, Shao-Hua You, Student Member, IEEE, Yun-Peng Liu, Qi-Fa Wan, and Zhi-Bin Zhao

AbstractCorona loss generated from conductors is one of the


important design factors of extremely high-voltage ultra-high
voltage (EHV/UHV) ac transmission lines. The charge simulation
method was adopted to calculate conductor corona loss in the
corona cage. Every corona cage wall is equivalent to the ground
plane and, therefore, the calculation model is more complicated
than the power-line model above the ground surface. Two corona
cagesUHV corona cage and small corona cagewere adopted
in the tests. The cages are both square sections. Single conductors and bundle conductors were tested in the corona cages to
verify the corona cage calculation model. And the same type of
conductor was tested in the small corona cage and in the UHV
corona cage to check the measuring system and the simulation
program of corona loss further. Since the artificial rain rates
were from 12 to 20 mm/h, corona losses were measured and
calculated. The results indicate that the fundamental frequency
component is the most main component of corona loss. The corona
cage corona-loss calculation model is appropriate. And for single
LGJ-500/35,
conductor LGJ-500/35 and bundle conductors, 8
under heavy rain conditions, with the rain rate being from 12 to
20 mm/h, the roughness coefficient
range is from 0.4 to 0.5
approximately.
Index TermsCharge simulation method (CSM), corona cage,
corona loss, corona-loss measurement system.

I. INTRODUCTION

ORONA is a self-sustained discharge phenomenon in a


severe nonuniform electric field. Charge, which is produced by corona, moves in space, which causes energy loss. This
phenomenon is called corona loss [1][3]. The corona cage is an
important method to research corona effects. High electric-field
strength can be obtained as low voltage is applied to the conductor in a corona cage [4][6]. Corona loss, which has been

Manuscript received June 15, 2011; revised October 30, 2011 and December
11, 2011; accepted January 07, 2012. Date of publication February 22, 2012;
date of current version March 28, 2012. This work was supported in part by the
National Basic Research Program of China (973 Program) (2011CB209401),
in part by the Fok Ying Tong Education Foundation(121058), in part by the
Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (09ZG06), and in part
by the Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education of China
(20100036110004). Paper no. TPWRD-00522-2011.
F.-C. L, S.-H. You, Y.-P. Liu, and Z.-B. Zhao are with the Hebei Provincial
Key Laboratory of Power Transmission Equipment Security Defense, North
China Electric Power University, Baoding City 071003, Hebei Province,
China (e-mail: lfc0181@sohu.com; regalaxy@163.com; gylyp@263.net;
zzb770917@163.com).
Q.-F. Wan is with Wuhan High Voltage Research, Institute of State Grid
Electric Power Research Institute, Wuhan City 430074, Hubei Province, China
(e-mail: wanqifa@sgepri.sgcc.com.cn)
Color versions of one or more of the figures in this paper are available online
at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org.
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TPWRD.2012.2183681

researched for many years, is one of the important corona effects. Corona loss of the transmission line is significant for conductor selection of the extremely high-voltage (EHV)/ultra-high
voltage (UHV) transmission line, and is a considerable criterion to measure the operation economy of the transmission line
[7][9].
Since space charges go back and forth as power frequency ac
voltage is applied, it is more difficult to calculate ac ion-flow
field. There was little research on the calculation model of ac
conductor corona loss. Clade, Abdel-Salam, and Li researched
the calculation model.
Clade researched the ac corona-loss calculation model of the
single conductor in the corona cage. The Deutsch assumption
that the space charges only affect the magnitude, but not the direction of the electric field, were adopted. The Kaptzov assumption, that the electric-field strength at the surface of the HV conductor in corona remains constant at its onset level, was adopted
[10][12].
Abdel-Salam researched single-phase, three-phase, and multiphase transmission-line corona loss. The charge simulation
method was adopted. The Deutsch assumption was waived. AC
ion current flow and corona loss were calculated. However, this
method assumed that charges launched from the conductor surface were averaged, and the in-homogeneity of conductor surface electric-field strength was neglected [13][15].
Li researched the ac ion-flow field. The calculation model improved corona onset criterion and charge emission. The influence of the conductor surface-field uniformity on corona discharge was counted in, so that the ion-flow field of multiphase
or bundle conductors could be simulated and the lines corona
losses could be obtained [16], [17].
The improved calculation model was adopted. As in the
corona cage with the single conductor and bundle conductors
ion motion, corona losses were calculated. Single conductor
and bundle conductors corona losses were measured. And
calculation results were compared with test results. And in
the corona cage calculation model, every corona cage wall is
equivalent to the ground plane and, therefore, the calculation
model is more complicated than power-line model above
ground surface.
II. CALCULATION METHOD
A. Simplifying Assumptions
The Deutsch assumption proposed that the space charges only
affect the magnitude but not the direction of the electric field.
The Deutsch assumption could simplify calculation greatly,
but it did not agree with the actual process. Abdel-Salam and

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY, VOL. 27, NO. 2, APRIL 2012

Khalifa waived the Deutsch assumption as calculating the dc


ion-flow field and corona loss [18].
The Kaptzov assumption proposed that the electric-field
strength at the surface of the HV conductor in corona remains constant at its onset level. According to the Kaptzov
assumption, Abdel-Salam adduced a conductor corona onset
charge concept. At first, space charges were absent, according
to corona onset electric-field strength, corona onset charge
was calculated. The corona onset charge could make the conductor surface electric-field strength keep at the corona onset
electric-field strength. The corona onset charge was used as a
criterion to judge whether corona occurs. As applied voltage
improved, the conductor simulation charge exceeded corona
onset charge. The exceeding charge quantity was allocated to
the conductor surface averagely and emitted [13][15].
However, conductor structure, arrangement, and spacecharge distribution could affect conductor surface electric-field
distribution. Especially for bundle conductors, the subconductor surface electric-field strength was uneven. Therefore,
the charge was not emitted averagely. Li improved corona onset
charge and emission charge calculation. The space charge was
taken into account, and corona onset charge was not a constant.
At every time step, corona onset charge was calculated. And
each emission point on the conductor surface, which was corresponding to each simulation charge point, was inspected. If the
simulation charge exceeded the corona onset charge value at
this point, the exceeding charge would emit to space [16], [17].
Therefore, in this paper, the charge simulation method was
applied to the corona cage ac conductor corona-loss calculation, and in the calculation process, the Deutsch assumption was
waived. And this approaches the actual corona process. At the
same time, the Kaptzov assumption was adopted. Nonuniformity of the conductor surface electric field and space-charge
effect were taken into account. And each points corona onset
charge, which was used as corona criterion, was calculated.

Fig. 1. Single conductor simulation charge and image charge distribution.

B. Corona Cage Simulation Charge Calculation Model


The charge simulation method is adopted to calculate the conductors corona loss in the corona cage. With regard to the structure that has conductors in the corona cage, a 2-D simulation
charge model is adopted. Line charges are set in conductors as
simulation charges. Line charges are set in the single conductor
or each subconductor [19], and adopt the mirror image once, in
order to calculate corona loss. After one mirror, the single conductors simulation charges and image charges distribution are
shown in Fig. 1, and the bundle conductors simulation charges
and image charges distribution are shown in Fig. 2.
C. Corona Onset and Charge Emission
Based on Kaptzovs assumption, taking the space charges
impact into account, the corona onset charge at different points
of the conductor surface was calculated. Assuming that the applied voltage at time is
, so
(1)
(2)
(3)

Fig. 2. Bundle conductors simulation charge and image charge distribution.

is the vector of conductor simulation


In (1)(3),
charges and their image charges, and
is the vector of
space charges and their image charges.
is the potential coefficient matrix of
to the
In (1),
is the poconductor surface-charge emission points. And
tential coefficient matrix of
to conductor surface-charge
emission points.
is the electric-field strength coefficient maIn (2),
trix at the direction of
to the conductor surface-charge
is the electric-field strength coemission points. And
direction of
to conductor surefficient matrix at the
face-charge emission points.
is the electric-field strength coefficient maIn (3),
direction of
to conductor surface-charge
trix at the
is the electric-field strength coemission points. And
direction of
to the conductor
efficient matrix at the
surface-charge emission points.

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879

Based on Peaks formula, the corona onset electric-field


is calculated. When the electric-field strength
strength
as shown in (4), the
of the conductors surface achieves
vector of conductor charges is defined as the corona onset
or
charge
(4)
where
or
is used as a criterion. At time,
is calculated, and it is compared with the corona onset criteor
, so as to judge whether points on the conrion
ductor surface are corona onset. For example, with regard to the
th simulation-charge point, the th element of conductor simis chosen, and the th element of
ulation charge
or
, is chosen too. If
, or
, the th point on the conductor surface, emits charge
to space. And the space-charge quantity emitted at this point is
, or
and
then
becomes
or
.

Fig. 3. Sketch of the electrical-optical measurement system structure.

Corona loss during a power frequency term is


(10)
is the space-charge quantity in a time step, and
In (10),
is the time-step quantity in a term.
The corona power loss of the conductor is

D. Charge Migration and Recombination


If the space charges polar is the same as the conductor, the
space charge will be pushed away from the conductor. If the
space charges polar is opposite the conductor, the space charge
will be attracted to the conductor. During , the space-charge
motion distance at the direction is

(11)
In (11), is the power frequency, 50 Hz.
When the corona power-loss calculation value is steady, the
calculation ceases.
III. TEST METHOD

(5)
The space-charge motion distance at the

A. Electrical-Optical Measurement System

direction is
(6)

In (5) and (6),

is ion mobility, positive ion mobility


is
, and negative ion mobility
is
.
or
is the electric-field strength at the
direction or direction.
Due to the recombination of positive and negative charges,
charge quantity will decrease. Charge density decreases as time
is at the beginning, and the th
passes [14]. In a time step,
space charge density is
(7)
is the th space-charge quantity of unit length,
In (7),
is the control volume of , and is the electronic charge quan. So after
, the th space charge betity,
comes
(8)
In (8), the recombination coefficient

is

E. Corona-Loss Calculation
The space charge moves back and forth in the ac electric field,
and the energy consumed is corona loss. In the 2-D calculation
model, the motion distances of the th space charge at the
direction and direction are
,
, so corona loss is
(9)

The electrical-optical measurement system is mainly composed of the current measurement section, voltage measurement
section, and PXI measurement platform, which includes the PXI
computer, data-acquisition card, and corona-loss measurement
software [20][22]. The system structure is shown as Fig. 3.
In the corona current measurement section, the high precise
no-inductance resistor is applied as the current sensor. The
resistor is connected in series with the bundle conductors in
the corona cage. The optically powered electronic current
transformer (OPCT) is used to convert and transmit the current
signal. And the signal is acquired by the PXI-2010 data-acquisition card, which is installed in the local PXI computer.
The electrical-optical measurement system layout is shown in
Fig. 4.
The TRF-800 capacitive voltage divider is used to measure
conductor voltage. The voltage signal is transmitted through
coaxial cable, and is acquired by the PXI-2010 data-acquisition
card.
In order to carry out the measurement conveniently, the PXI
portable computer is taken as a measurement platform. And
LabVIEW is adopted to develop corona-loss measurement software. The fundamental components of current and voltage are
abstracted by software, and corona loss is calculated.
, and voltage
Supposing the current
, so
(12)
where
current,

is the amplitude of current, is the effective value of


is the amplitude of voltage, and is the effective

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY, VOL. 27, NO. 2, APRIL 2012

Fig. 5. Sketch of the wireless high sampling rate measurement system structure.

Fig. 4. Electrical-optical measurement system layout. (a) Upper parts. (b)


Local parts.
Fig. 6. GPS upper current sampling unit.
TABLE I
MEASUREMENT ERROR OF THE CAPACITIVE VOLTAGE DIVIDER

TABLE II
MEASUREMENT ERROR OF OPCT

value of voltage.
and
are the phases of the current and
voltage, respectively, and is the power factor angle.
The accuracies of the capacitive voltage divider and OPCT
were tested. The TRF-800 capacitive voltage dividers accuracy
was obtained compared with the strand capacitive voltage divider. The result is shown in Table I.
The OPCTs accuracy is shown in Table II.
So, the electrical-optical measurement system is able to measure the corona loss of conductors.
B. Wireless High Sampling Rate Measurement System
Just as in the electrical-optical measurement system, in the
corona current measurement section, the high-power precise
no-inductance resistor is applied as the current sensor. The

current signal is acquired by the data-acquisition card PXI-9820


installed in the upper computer, which is placed at the head
of the conductors. A sampling rate of PXI-9820 is up to 120
MSamples/s.
In the voltage measurement section, the TRF-800 capacitive
voltage divider is also used to measure conductor voltage. The
synchronous acquisition of the voltage signal and current signal
is realized through the global positioning system (GPS) synchronous clock. The trigger time is set to 1 min, which means
the trigger signal will be sent out each whole minute. After receiving the trigger signal, the upper computer and local computer acquire signals synchronously.
The current signal is transmitted via the wireless network
composed of the wireless network card and the wireless router.
The system structure is shown in Fig. 5.
Assuming that the conductor current instantaneous value is
, and instantaneous value voltage is
, the algorithm is
(13)

0.02 s, and is the term quantity which is


The term is
calculated.
Fig. 6 is the GPS upper current sampling unit, which includes the GPS synchronous clock, precise no-inductance resistor, wireless net card, upper computer, and a DAQ card.
The general arrangement of the test is shown in Fig. 7. The
GPS upper current sampling unit is placed in the shielding ring
of the UHV corona cage together with a battery.

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Fig. 7. Layout of the test.

Fig. 9. Calculation and measurement results of the smooth conductor.

Fig. 8. Corona-loss measurement results of different sampling rates.

The local computer is placed in the control room. When


a GPS clock trigger occurs, the local computer acquires the
voltage signal, and the upper computer acquires the current
signal simultaneously. And then the current signal is transmitted from the upper computer to the local computer by the
wireless network. So corona loss can be calculated.
The TRF-800 capacitive voltage dividers accuracy has been
shown in Table I. For the accuracy of the current measurement
section, compared with the strand signal source, the average
value of the phase error is 0.14 , and the largest phase error is
0.73 . The average value of the ratio error is 0.04%, and the
largest ratio error is 0.055%. So, the wireless high sampling
rate measurement system is able to measure corona loss of conductors.
C. Test Results of Different Sampling Rates
Reference [2] shows that it is the creation and movement
of positive and negative ions that are mainly responsible for
the generation of corona loss. Electrons created in corona discharges have a very short lifetime and the current pulses produced by their rapid movement do not contribute significantly to
corona loss. These current pulses are responsible for the generation of electromagnetic interference (EMI). To verity the point
that the fundamental frequency component is the most main
component of corona loss, corona loss was measured at different
sampling rates.
The UHV corona cage is adopted to measure bundle conductors corona loss. The UHV corona cage is a square section, the
section length of each side is 8 m, and the length of the cage
is 35 m, including measuring segment 25 m and two shielding
segments 5 m, respectively.

The sampling rate of the electrical-optical measurement


system is 10 kSample/s. The sampling rate of the wireless measurement system is up to 120 MSamples/s, and is adjustable.
The two systems are used to measure corona loss at different
sampling rates: 10 kSamples/s, 2 MSamples/s, 60 MSamples/s,
and 120 MSamples/s. A corona loss of 8 LGJ-630/45, whose
spacing is 400 mm, was measured, and the results are shown in
Fig. 8.
The corona loss at the sampling rate 10 kSamples/s is the fundamental frequency result. The test result shows that the fundamental frequency component is the most main component of
corona loss, and the electrical-optical measurement system can
measure corona loss of conductors.
Therefore, the electrical-optical measurement system was
also applied in a small corona cage to measure the single conductors corona loss. The small corona cage is a square section,
and the section length of each side is 1.8 m, and the length of
the cage is 4 m. A standard capacitive divider was adopted to
measure the voltage.
IV. TEST RESULTS AND ANALYSIS
A. Single Conductor
Test conductors were a stainless-steel tube, which simulates a
smooth conductor, single-stranded conductor LGJ-300/40, and
single-stranded conductor LGJ-400/35. Test conductors were
set in the center of the small cage, and were tested under dry
conditions. The diameter of the stainless-steel tube, LGJ-300/40
stranded conductor, and LGJ-400/35 stranded conductor were
22.82, 23.94, and 26.82 mm, respectively.
Smooth Conductor: The smooth conductor was simulated by
the stainless-steel tube, and its diameter was 22.82 mm. The
charge simulation method is adopted in calculation. As simulation calculation model is discrete, so finite simulation line
charges should be set in the conductor. Eight, 16, and 32 simulation charges are set in the calculation, respectively, to calculate
smooth conductor corona loss. Altered test voltage and smooth
conductor corona loss of different voltages were obtained. The
comparison of test results and calculation results is shown in
Fig. 9.
In Fig. 9, since the simulation-charge number is 8, the calculation results are very different from the test results. Since the
simulation charge number is 16 or 32, the calculation results

882

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY, VOL. 27, NO. 2, APRIL 2012

Fig. 10. Corona-loss calculation of each cycle.

Fig. 12. Calculation and measurement results of conductor LGJ-400/35.

Fig. 11. Calculation and measurement results of the conductor LGJ-300/40.

Fig. 13. Calculation and measurement results of conductor LGJ-400/35 in the


UHV corona cage.

are close to the test results. However, as the simulation-charge


number increases, calculation quantity will increase largely. So
the simulation charge number 16 is chosen in the following calculations in this paper.
The calculation result rises a little more abruptly than the
test result, because that actual stainless-steel tube is not totally
smooth.
With regard to the smooth conductor, the roughness coeffi1. The applied voltage was 131.42 kV, and ten terms
cient
corona losses were calculated. The results are shown in Fig. 10.
Stranded Conductor: Single-stranded conductors LGJ300/40 and LGJ-400/35, which were placed for more than half
a year, were tested under dry conditions. Single-stranded conductor LGJ-300/40 corona loss is calculated, and the roughness
was adopted as 0.8 or 0.9 in the calculation.
coefficient
Test results are compared with calculation results, as shown in
Fig. 11.
Single-stranded conductor LGJ-400/35 corona loss is calculated, and the roughness coefficient was adopted as 0.8 or 0.9
in the calculation. As is shown in Fig. 12, test results are compared with calculation results.
In order to verify the calculation model, in the UHV corona
cage, whose section length is 8 m, single-stranded conductor
LGJ-400/35 corona loss was also tested. And the roughness cowas adopted as 0.8 or 0.9 in the calculation. As is
efficient
shown in Fig. 13, test results are compared with calculation
results.
Figs. 1113 show that in the test, the stranded conductors
roughness coefficient is between 0.8 and 0.9 approximately.

And the practical corona onset is a gradual change process. Tests


in different corona cages verify that the calculation model is
correct even further. In addition, the calculated corona onset is
not very accurate. One reason for this is that the paper calculates
corona onset from a straight line on the conductor surface while,
in reality, corona is emitted from random point sites.
B. Bundle Conductors
Bundle conductors 8 LGJ-500/35, bundle spacing 400 mm,
were tested in the UHV corona cage, and corona-loss test data
were obtained.
The corona-loss calculation model in this paper was adopted.
Considering corona onset, charge emission, ion migration, and
ion recombination, the ac conductor ion movement in the corona
cage was calculated, and is shown in Fig. 14.
As is shown in Fig. 14, the bundle conductors surface electric-field strength is nonuniformity. Owing to the shielding effect, the electric-field strength of inner parts of the bundle conductors is less than the outer parts. The calculation model takes
the electric-field nonuniformity of the bundle conductor surface
into account, and this conforms to the practical situation.
was 0.85 and
Assuming that the conductor roughness
corona loss of the bundle conductor was calculated, the calculation result is compared with the test result, shown in Fig. 15.
In Fig. 15, measurement results conform to calculation results. And the calculation model can calculate the bundle conductor corona loss in the corona cage.

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TABLE III
CORONA LOSS OF SINGLE LGJ-500/35 IN THE UHV
CORONA CAGE UNDER DIFFERENT RAIN RATES

Fig. 14. Ion motion of the bundle conductors.

Fig. 17. Calculation and measurement results of bundle conductors 8


500/35 in rain.

2 LGJ-

TABLE IV
CORONA LOSS OF 8
LGJ-500/35 IN THE UHV
CORONA CAGE UNDER DIFFERENT RAIN RATES

Fig. 15. Calculation and measurement results of the bundle conductors 8


LGJ-500/35.

Fig. 16. Calculation and measurement results of the single conductor LGJ500/35 in rain.

tested in the UHV corona cage. The results are shown in


Fig. 17.
At the approximate voltage 310 kV, corona is just onset, and
under different rain rates from 12 to 20 mm/h, corona losses are
shown in Table IV.
The corona-loss data of conductors in rain is very important.
As the rain rate exceeds 0.5 in/h (12.7 mm/h), it is heavy rain
[9]. In the tests, the rain rates were from 12 to 20 mm/h. From
Tables III and IV, as the rain rate increases, corona loss increases
but slowly. From Figs. 16 and 17, under heavy rain, the rain
rate was from 12 to 20 mm/h, and corona loss increases little.
And a roughness coefficient range was obtained. For singleconductor LGJ-500/35 and bundle conductors 8 LGJ-500/35,
in the UHV corona cage test under heavy rain, the rain rate was
from 12 to 20 mm/h, and the roughness coefficient range is
from 0.4 to 0.5.

C. Conductors in Rain
Since the artificial rain rates were 12 mm/h and 20 mm/h,
the single conductor LGJ-500/35 was tested in the UHV corona
cage. The results are shown in Fig. 16.
At the approximate voltage 160 kV, corona is just onset, and
under different rain rates from 12 to 20 mm/h, corona losses are
shown in Table III.
Since the artificial rain rates were 12 and 20 mm/h, bundle
LGJ-500/35, bundle spacing 400 mm were
conductors 8

V. CONCLUSION
1) The electrical-optical measurement system and wireless
high sampling rate measurement system were used to measure corona loss at different sampling rates10 kSamples/s, 2 MSamples/s, 60 MSamples/s, 120 MSamples/s.
And the test result shows that the fundamental frequency
component is the major component of corona loss.

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY, VOL. 27, NO. 2, APRIL 2012

2) The charge simulation method was adopted in the corona


cage calculation model. Every corona cage wall is equivalent to the ground plane and, therefore, the calculation
model is more complicated than the power-line model
above ground surface.
3) As shown in Fig. 14, the calculation model takes the electric-field nonuniformity of the conductor surface into account. And single conductor and bundle conductors in different corona cages test results were consistent with the
calculation results basically. This verifies that the corona
cage corona-loss calculation model is appropriate.
4) Under heavy rain conditions, with a rain rate from 12 to
20 mm/h, corona loss increases little. For single conductor
LGJ-500/35 and bundle conductors 8 LGJ-500/35, under
heavy rain conditions in the test, the roughness coefficient
range is from 0.4 to 0.5 approximately.

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Fang-Cheng L was born in Chifeng, Inner Mongolia Province, China, on August 18, 1963. He
received the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering
from North China Electric Power University,
Baoding, China, in 2000.
Currently, he is a Professor and Doctoral Supervisor with North China Electric Power University,
Baoding. His research interests are electrical equipment insulation mechanism, fault detection, and
diagnosis of electric equipment.

Shao-Hua You (S11) was born in Baoding, Hebei


Province, China, on March 3, 1983. He received
the B.Sc. and M.Sc. degrees in electrical engineering from North China Electric Power University,
Baoding, China, in 2005 and 2008, respectively,
and is currently pursuing the Ph.D. degree at North
China Electric Power University, Beijing.
He is also studying at the State Grid Electric Power
Research Institute, Wuhan. His research interests are
ultra-high voltage transmission as well as fault detection and diagnosis of electric equipment.

Yun-Peng Liu was born in Jinzhai, Anhui Province,


China, on April 1, 1976. He received the B.Sc. and
Ph.D. degrees in electrical engineering from North
China Electric Power University, Baoding, China, in
1999 and 2005, respectively.
He is a Postdoctoral Researcher with the State
Grid Electric Power Research Institute, Wuhan,
China, and an Associate Professor with North China
Electric Power University, Baoding, China. His research interests are ultra-high voltage transmission,
fault detection, and diagnosis of electric equipment.

Qi-Fa Wan was born in Wuhan, Hubei Province,


China, in 1951.
He is a Professor with the State Grid Electric
Power Research Institute, Wuhan, China. His
research interests are external insulation, corona
discharge, and ultra-high voltage transmission.

L et al.: AC CONDUCTORS CORONA-LOSS CALCULATION AND ANALYSIS IN CORONA CAGE

Zhi-Bin Zhao was born in Hebei Province, China, in


1977. He received the B.S. and Ph.D. degrees in theoretical electrical engineering from the North China
Electric Power University, Baoding, China, in 1999
and 2005, respectively.
Currently, he is an Associate Professor in the
School of Electric and Electronic Engineering,
North China Electric Power University. His research
interests include computational electromagnetics,
grounding technology, and electromagnetic compatibility in power systems.

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