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Lecture:1
ApproximateMethods
Preamble
The previous sections are dealing with either discrete or relatively simple continuous systems. They are
havingcertaindrawbacks.Thediscretesystemsimplifiesandidealizestheactualstructuretosimplespring
masssystems.Thegeneralityoftheactualstructuremaybelostduringtheidealizationprocess.However,
thecontinuoussystemishavinglimitationtoasimpleidealizedcontinuoussystem.Theactualcomplicated
structuremaynotbesoeasilysolvedemployingthemethodologyofcontinuoussystem.
To overcome the limitation of the above methods, the approximate methods may be employed. In this
method a set of trial functions may be assumed and employing the concept of minimization of energy
(potentialandkinetic)thegoverningequationswillbedevelopedwhichwillleadtosimultaneousalgebraic
equations.Thesealgebraicequationscanbeexpressedwiththehelpofmatrix.
In this section, a few popular approximate methods are considered and demonstrated with the help of
examples.
RayleighsQuotient:
M x K x 0 1
x X cos t 2
Substitute(2)in(1)weget
2 M x K x 0
K x
M x
Premultiplyby x bothnumeratoranddenominator
T
x K x
T
x M x
T
ThisiscalledasRayleighsQuotient
Prob1
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m
02
2
0
1
1
k
3
2
Wehavetoassume{x}
1
F mg 1
2
K {x} {F }
{x} K {F }
1
1 1 1
1
1
1 2 2 mg 1
K
2
1 2 2.5
4
mg
7
K
8
x K x 27k 0.1399 k
T
m
x M x 193m
T
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0.3740
k
fromtheaboveexpression.
m
Fromeigenvaluesolution; 1 0.3731
Example:TransverseFreevibrationofbeam
w x, t w x cos t
2
L
2w
1
PotentialEnergy, V t EI 2 dx
2 0 x
1 L 2 w 2
EI 2 dx cos 2 t
2
x
0
KineticEnergy, T t
1
V 2 dx massperunitlength
2 0
1 L
2 w2 x dx sin 2 t
2 0
t 0
Astotalenergyisconserved
Vmax Tmax
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2w
EI 2 dx
x
2 0 L
1
Or,
w
x
dx
RayleighsQuotient
Ex.TransversevibrationofS.S.Beam
x
l
2w
0
x 2
atx=0,L w
w x, t w0 sin
cos t
x
w0 cos
cos t
x
2w
x
w0 sin
cos t
2
x
EI
w
sin
dx
0 0
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x
0 sin dx
L
x
0 sin dx
L
EI 2
2
x
sin
w
.dx
0
0
l
Page 4
EI
prob:
Fixedendedbeam
proppedcantileverbeam
Findoutthenaturalfrequenciesandmodeshapesandplotthemodeshapesoftheabovedescribed
structuralmembers.
Q.II
UseRayleighsQuotienttogetthe1stfrequencyintheboththecases.
Totalenergyforabeam
1
U dv
2
1
2 dv
2E
M
1 M2 2
y dA.dx . y dV dA.dx
I
2E I
1 M 2I
dx
2E I 2
1 M2
dx
2 EI
d2y
d2y
1
EI 2 dx M EI 2
dx
2
dx
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2
EI
0 x 2 dx
2
l
2
W dx
l
2
2 2 x
0 L cos L dx
2
L
2 x
0 1 cos L dx
l
1
x
1 cos 4 dx
20
L
l
2 x
2 2 x
0 1 2 cos L cos L dx
1
4
L
2 EI 1
2
3L / 2
3
S
L
L
2 EI
EI
22.7929
EI
L2
3
EI
22.3729 EI
L2
PotentialEnergy
a) Beam
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1
U dv
2
1
2 dv
2E
1 M2 2
M
y dA.dx . y dV dA.dx
2
2E I
I
1 M I
dx
2E I 2
1 M2
dx
2 EI
M
y
I
d2y
Again, M EI 2
dx
d2y
1
d2y
EI
dx
M
EI
2 dx 2
dx 2
b) Bar
1
U dv
2
1 2
dv
2 E
1 P2
2 dv
2 EA
1 P2
dx
2 AE
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P
A
Page 7