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Dahmani Aissa
I. INTRODUCTION
Variable speed wind turbines have many advantages over
fixed speed generation such as increased energy capture,
operation at maximum power point, improved efficiency and
power quality [1]. However, the presence of gearbox matching
the wind turbine to the generator still causes problems. The
gearbox suffers from faults and requires regular maintenance.
The reliability of the variable speed wind turbine can be
improved significantly by using a direct drive permanent
magnet synchronous generator. PMSG has received much
attention in wind energy application because of its property of
self-excitation, which allows an operation at a high power
factor and high efficiency [2].
A wind energy conversion system with PMSG can be used
basically in three distinct applications: standalone systems,
hybrid systems, and grid connected systems [3]. For a
standalone system, the output voltage of the load side converter
has to be controlled in terms of amplitude and frequency.
Previous publications related to PMSG based variable speed
wind turbine are mostly concentrated on grid connected system
[1], [2]. For electric generation in isolated systems, many
countries are affluent in renewable energy resources; however
they are located in remote areas where power grid is not
available.
2015 IEEE
Idc1
+
GSAP
D2
L
UL
K
Vdc1
U0
Idc2
0.16
Ibat
Q0/k
Vdc2
D1
Cp-max = 0.15
RL
0.12
0.1
Ebat
Cp
Rbat
0.14
MPPT
0.08
0.06
PWM
0.04
Idc1
TSR-opt = 0.78
0.02
Current control
III.
(1)
With:
(2)
Cp
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.2
1.4
SYSTEM MODELING
1
. .S .Cp ( ).Vv3
2
R.
Vv
0.2
TSR
pm
Pm
opt
1
. .S .C p
2
opt
.(
R.
)3
K opt .
3
opt
(4)
opt
Where,
K opt
1
. .S .C p
2
opt
opt
opt
.(
)3
(5)
opt
.Vv
(6)
B. PMSG Model
In order to get a dynamical model for the electrical
generator that easily allows us to define the generator control
system, the equations of the generator are projected on a
reference coordinate system rotating synchronously with the
magnet flux as shown in Fig. 4.
q
d=r
iSd
iSq
VSq
(3)
0.2121 3 0.0856 2 0.2539
The characteristic function Cp vs. , is illustrated in Fig. 2.
opt
VSd
n
s
S1
L d id
Lq i q
q
(7)
v dc1
Where:
3 6
max
Eab
f eff
.P.
(13)
I dc
Vq
Rs I d
Rs I q
Lq
Ld
d
Id
dt
d
Iq
dt
Lq I q
(8)
Ld I d
3
P(
2
i )
d q
V dc 2
(9)
q d
I bat dt
Q0
3
P [( Lq
2
Ld )i d i q
iq
(10)
Cm
C em
d
dt
(11)
Where:
Cm: Motor torque developed by the turbine shaft (Nm).
Cem: Electromagnetic torque developed by the generator (Nm).
: Friction torque.
J: Moment of inertia referred to the shaft of the generator
(Kgm2)
f: Friction coefficient.
The relation between the rotor angular velocity of the
generator and the mechanical angular velocity of the wind
turbine rotor is expressed as:
P
.
2
(12)
(15)
Vdc 2
E bat
I bat dt
R bat .I bat
Q0
K is a constant depends on the battery.
C em
(14)
Cem
Ig
Vd
I dc 2
1
1
(1
Vdc1
) I dc1
vdc1 U 0 U L
(16)
(17)
(18)
I dc1
Vdc1
Rdc1
(19)
Vdc 2
RL
I dc 2
U bat
RL
(20)
Rg I g2
Rdc1 I dc2 1
Rg I g2
Rdc1 (
Idc1-ref
RL I dc2 2
) I g2
) 2 .(
RL (1
PI
(21)
UL
Umax
Umin
Idc1
) I g2
(22)
Rg
18
) 2 RL
(1
(23)
Pg
Eg
3R g
( Rs
Rg )
Xs
) RL
)2
eff
)2 RL
[ (1
18
RS ]2
XS
(25)
2 RS
opt
Pg
XS
I dc1
( RS
eff
2
)2 RS
XS
XS
RS )2
I dc1
XS
(27)
Vdc1
(29)
3. 6
eff
.P.
.C pmax . .R 4 .H
ref ( )
3. 6 .
opt
eff
.P
(30)
.C pmax . .R 4 .H
3. 6 .
opt
eff
.P
(31)
Idc1-ref
-
( )
. .R 4 .H .
opt
(26)
IV.
ref
Popt
RL
3(k
max
(28)
(24)
(k
(1
Pdcref
Vdc1
I dcref1
Pg
1-
max
PI
Ebat
min
Idc1
Ebat
Vdc1
3. 6
max
.Eab
f eff
. P.
(32)
3. 6
f eff
.P
(33)
I dc1
( )
ref
Vdc1
)2
.Vdc2 1
(34)
.C pmax . .R 4 .H .(
3. 6.
opt
eff
.p
)3 (35)
3. 3
Vdc1
. p.
f max
opt
.Vv
(36)
min
dc1
(1
).U bat
(37)
According to the wind system application conditions, the
simple DC-DC boost converter imposes some limitations. The
converter input voltage possess minimal and maximal stops,
determined by the battery voltage Ubat and duty cycle stops min
and max, The minimum input voltage of DC-DC converter is
defined by:
max
0.32
V.
vdc1 ( )
m
(40)
s
For the duty cycle lower limit that is supposed equal to 0.1,
there is no problem posed, because the wind values gotten are
very big.
Vvmin
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Time (s)
Vdcmin
1
(1
max
).U bat
3. 3
. p.
max
opt
.Vvmin
(38)
800
optima l pow er of
ma ximum
ex tractiing powe r
of ge ne ra tor
700
turbine
600
rated powe r
Vvmin
(39)
powers(w)
500
ba tte ry
powe r
400
300
200
100
10
15
20
25
rotor spe ed (rd/s
30
35
40
45
700
optimal pow e r
pow e r supplie d w ith spee d se ns or
600
Powers (w)
500
400
300
200
TABLE I.
100
10
20
30
Time (s)
Wind turbine
40
50
60
Density of air
Area swept by blades, S
Optimum coefficient, Kopt
1.225 Kg/m3
2 m2
0.0474 Nm/(rd/s)2
PMSG
1800
wind power
maximised power by MPPT
maximum extracting power of GSAP
1600
1400
Powers (w)
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
10
15
No, of poles
Rated current
Rated voltage
Armature resistance, RS
Magnet flux linkage
Stator inductance, LS
Rated power
Inertia
34
4.8 A
90 V
1.137
0.15 Wb
2.7 mH
600 W
0.1 Nm
DC-DC converter
filtering voltage capacity
Smoothing inductance
Cutting frequency
Diode threshold voltage
Transistor threshold voltage
Diode conduction resistance
Transistor conduction resistance
3.3 mF
2.5 mH
5 kHz
0.65 V
0V
20.7e-3
85e-3
2.5
x 10
Optimal Energy
Battery Energy maximised by MPPT
REFERENCES
E=20835 (J)
Energy (J)
[1]
1.5
E=20719 (J)
[2]
E=4475 (J)
0.5
[3]
E=4367 (J)
10
20
30
Time (s)
40
50
60
VI. CONCLUSION
Simple control strategies applied in small size wind
generator systems for charging batteries have been proposed. A
complete modeling and simulation of turbine, generator,
converter, and battery was developed. The MPPT system was
designed and studied via simulated results. The main target of
the proposed system is the exploitation of the available wind
energy at low speeds in an optimum operating point without
compromising the efficiency at higher wind speeds. Although,
the energetic behavior is slightly better in the control strategy
with speed sensor; the sensorless control algorithm of DC-DC
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]