Quick review

St
Stress,
St
Strain
i and
d th
their
i relationship
l ti
hi
Stress: (Sections 1.3~1.6)

F
Normal Stress : ,
A

F
Shear stress :
A

Strain: (Sections 2.1~2.2)

Normal Strain :

Shear strain : xy Angle

Relating stress and strainHookes Law: (Sections 3.1, 3.2, 3.4, 3.7, 4.2)

E
G

FL

EA

Lecture 2
Chapter 4: Statically Indeterminate Problems (Sections 4.4 &
4.5))
Statically Indeterminate Problems
Parallel Statically Indeterminate Problems

Chapter 5: Thermal Strain (Section 4

4.6)
6)
Thermal strain

Chapter 6: Poissons Ratio (Section 3.6)

Poissons
Poisson
s ratio
Relationship between Youngs Modulus (E), Shear Modulus (G) and
Poissons
Poisson
s Ratio ()

Chapter 4 Statically Indeterminate Problems

2m

1m
20N

To find
T
fi d th
the external
t
l reactions
ti
under
d thi
this
beam, we drew a free body diagram
and used the equilibrium equations.

W=60N
R2

20N

R1

R3
60N

R4

3 equilibrium equations:

0,

0 R2 20 0 R2 20 N

0 R1 R3 R4 60 0

0,

M 0

ve

ve

0
ve

2 R3 3R4 1.5 60 0

3 unknown reactions
2 equations:

no of unknown reactions number of equations

no.
Statically Indeterminate

Statically Indeterminate Columns

R1

ve

R1 R2 F 0

One equilibrium equation

F
R2

Two unknowns (R1 and R2)

no. of unknown reactions number of equations

Statically Indeterminate

Solution:

R1
A

ve

R1 R2 F 0
F
R2

Equivalent problem
R1
A

Top AB BC 0
R2 LBC
R1 LAB
(

0)
AAB E AB ABC E BC

B
C

Top 0

Example 1: Determine the reactions at the floor and ceiling

R1

A=100mm

B
20kN

Equivalent problem

Top 0

ve

( R1 R2 F 0)

20

Steel

Lengths:
g
AB=BC=100mm

A=200mm2

R1

Aluminium

C
R2

Top 0

Statically Indeterminate

AB BC 0

R2 LBC
R1 LAB
(

0)
AAB E AB ABC EBC

Step 1: Use Statics to relate the unknown reactions:

R1

ve

R1 R2 20 0

B
20

One equation

C
R2

Two unknowns (R1 and R2)

Statically Indeterminate

Step 2: Equivalent problem

A
A=100mm2

Aluminium
B

A=200mm2

This will normally involve replacing

one of the supports by a force, and
stipulating
i l i a di
displacement
l
at this
hi
point.

20kN

Steel

Equivalent problem
R1
A

Top 0
Top AB BC

B
F
C

Top 0

Additional Equation:

Step 3: Relate TOP to the applied loads (including R1)

Top 0

R1
A

R1

For section AB:

B
C

Find the force in each section:

FAB R1

A
FAB

20kN

R1
A

For section BC:

FBC R1 20

20kN
FBC

Step 3: Relate TOP to the applied loads (including R1)

Top 0

R1
A

Find
Fi
d the
th elongation
l
ti off each
h section
ti iin
terms of (R1):
For section AB:

B
20kN

AB

FAB L AB

E AB AAB
R1 (100 E 3)

R1 (1.429 E 8)
(70 E 9) (100 E 6)

For section BC:

BC

FBC LBC

E BC ABC
( R1 (20 E 3)) (100 E 3)

( R1 (20 E 3)) (2.5 E 9)

(200 E 9) (100 E 6)

Step 3: Relate TOP to the applied loads (including R1)

Top 0

R1
A

Top AB BC
R1 (1.429 E 8)

B
C

Fi d the
Find
th displacement
di l
t off th
the ttop:

20kN

( R1 (20 E 3)) (2.5 E 9)

Step 4: Use the additional equation to determine the

applied loads

Top
0
T

R1 (1.429 E 8) ( R1 (20 E 3)) (2.5 E 9) 0

R1 2978 N

Step 5: Return to the equilibrium equations to find other

reactions
Equilibrium equation:

2978 R2 20000 0
R2 17021
17021N
N

Parallel Statically Indeterminate Problems

PA
P

250mm

PB

5mm
5mm
5mm
Aluminium
Brass
P

Aluminium
30mm

FV 0

ve

0
ve

00

PA

PA PB PA P 0
2 PA PB P 0

PA (5 E 3) PB 0 PA (5 E 3) 0

One equilibrium
q
equation
q
Two unknowns (PA and PB)

ve

Statically Indeterminate

A B

00

Example 2: to find stress in brass and stress in aluminium

P

P 30kN

250mm

E A 70GPa
5mm

E B 105GPa

5mm
5mm
Aluminium
Brass
P

Aluminium
30mm

Step 1: Use Statics to get the equilibrium equations

0 PA PB PA (30 E 3) 0
ve

2 PA PB (30 E 3) 0

Step 2: Relate the deformation of each component to

unknown force
For the brass
P

250mm

5
5mm

PB L
B
E B AB

5mm
5mm

For the aluminium

Aluminium
Brass
P

Aluminium
30mm

PA L
A
E A AA

Step 3: Additional equation

B A

PB L
PA L

E B AB E A AA
L EB A
(105E 9)
105
PB PA
PA
PA
L EA A
(70 E 9)
70

Step 4: Solve these two equations, to obtain values for PA

and PB
Equilibrium equation

2 PA PB (30 E 3) 0
Additional equation
q

105
PB PA
70

105
2 PA PA
(30 E 3) 0
70
PA 8.57 E 3 N

PB (30 E 3) 2 (8.57 E 3) 12.86 E 3 N

Step 5: Calculate the corresponding stresses

PA
(8.57 E 3)

A
57.13MPa
MP
AA (5 E 3) (30 E 3)

PB
(12.86 E 3)

B
85.73MPa
AB (5 E 3) (30 E 3)

Chapter 5: Thermal Strain

When something
Wh
thi gets
t hotter,
h tt it expands.
d The
Th magnitude
it d off the
th
expansion is proportional to the original size of the object and
to the increase in temperature
temperature.

THERMAL LT
is the constant of proportionality, called the coefficient of thermal
expansion. It is property of the material.
L is the original length.
Units of :
T is the increase in temperature.
units of
dimensinless o 1

( C )
Th
Thermal
l Strain:
St i
o
units of T
C

THERMAL

THERMAL
L

Typical values of are measured in 10-66(oC)-11.

For structural steel,

(12 E 6)( o C ) 1

Example 3:
A brass bar and an aluminium bar are held between two rigid supports with a gap of
0.5 mm between their ends. The temperature is raised by the 60oC. Determine the
stress in each bar and the elongation of the brass bar.
Aluminium
B
Brass

For the brass bar:

L=300mm
E=105GPa
Diameter=50mm
=(18E-6)(oC)-1

For the aluminium bar:

L=250mm
E=70GPa
Diameter=75mm
=(23E-6)(oC)-1

Touch?

TBrass TAlu min ium Gap 0.5mm ?

Touch!

Total Thermal External Load

B
Brass

0.5mm

Brass TBrass PBrass

Alu min ium TAlu min ium PAlu min ium
Brass Alu min ium Gap

0.5mmAluminium

Aluminium

Brass
P

Example 3:
Step 1: Determine if the bars will touch
touch.

TBrass LT (18 E 6) 300 60 0.324mm

TAlu min ium LT (23E 6) 250 60 0.345mm

TBrass TAlu min ium 0.324 0.345

0.669mm Gap 0.5mm

Aluminium
Brass

0.5mm

Touch!
Step 2: After the bars touch, a compressive force P will act between
the bars. Calculate the combined elongation due to the temperature
rise and to P.
Elongation due to temperature rise,

Temperature TBrass TAlu min ium 0.669mm

Elongation due to the compressive force P,

P PBrass PAlu min ium

PLBrass
PL Al

E Brass ABrass E Al AAl

Aluminium

Example 3:

Brass

Step 3: To find the value of P by Total=Gap.

Temperature P Gap 0.5

0.5mm

0.669

P 300
P 250

0.5
(105 E 9) (1963.75 E 6) (70 E 9) (4418.44 E 6)

P 74.67 kN
Step 4: Use the value of P to determine the stress in each bar
Stress in the brass bar,

Brass

P
ABrass

(74.67 E 3)
38.03MPa
1963.75

Stress in the aluminium bar,

Aluminium

P
AAluminium

(74.67 E 3)

16.9MPa
4418.44

Aluminium

Example 3:

Brass

Step 5
S
5: U
Use the
h earlier
li equation
i
to d
determine
i the
h
elongation in each bar
El
Elongation
ti iin th
the b
brass b
bar,

0.5mm

(74.67 E 3) 300
(105 E 9) (1963.75 E 6)
0.324 0.109 0.215mm

Brass
TBrass
PBrass
0.324
B
TB
PB

Elongation in the aluminium bar,

Alu min ium TAlu min ium PAlu min ium 0.345
0.345 0.060 0.285mm

(74.67 E 3) 250
(70 E 9) (4418.44 E 6)

Chapter 6: Poissons Ratio (Section 3.6)

Poissons Ratio

B l outt
Bulge

lateral

longitudinal

v is a material property.

Units of
Becomes thin

units of dimensinless

dimensionless
units of dimensinless

Typical values of v are 0.25 to 0.4. For structural steel, v=0.32.

A block has a stress in the X
X-direction
direction only
only, and the strain
in the X direction will be:

The strain in the Y and Z directions:

z
y

y x

x
E

z x

x
E

Multi--axial loading
Multi
y

I general,
In
l

z
x

x
x
y
z

x
E

y
z

x
E

x
E

y
E

y
E

z
E

z
E

Relationships between Youngs Modulus (E), Shear

M d l (G) and
Modulus
d Poissons
P i
Ratio
R ti (v)
( )

E
G
2(1 )