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Methods of Purification
Some terms :
Solute
- the solid that dissolves
Solvent - the liquid that does the dissolving
Solution - solid + solvent
Residue - the insoluble solid trapped in the
filter paper
Filtrate
- the liquid that passes through the
filter paper
Sublimate - the condensed solid produced
during sublimation
Methods of Purification
The particular method used for
separating any given mixture
depends on the nature (eg.
solubility, physical state) of its
constituents.
Filtration
Used to separate a solid from a
liquid in which the solid is insoluble
mixture of
solid and liquid
residue
filter funnel
filter paper
filtrate
Principle of Filtration
The separation works only if the particles
concerned are of different sizes, such as larger
particles of an insoluble solid and smaller particles
of a liquid or solution.
Principle of Filtration
The filter material acts as a sieve which
allows the smaller particles to pass
through and keeps the bigger particles
behind.
Principle of Filtration
Can a mixture of common salt and
water be separated by filtration?
Why?
Decanting
Separates an insoluble solid from a liquid
liquid is carefully poured away from the solid
which is usually heavier and settles at the
bottom of the container.
Crystallisation
used to recover a soluble solid from its solution
for solids that decompose on heating
Eg. Copper(II) sulphate and most other salts
Steps :
The solution is heated (evaporated) to saturation
point OR heated to remove most of the solvent
The saturated solution is le& to cool; crystals are
formed.
The crystals are removed by ltration. To purify
the crystals, they can then be washed with cold
distilled water and dried between lter papers.
Filtration
Evaporation
to dryness
OR
Crystallisation
solute
Distillation!
solvent
solution
Simple Distillation
Some Terms Used :
Distillate
- the liquid that distils
over
Miscible liquids - liquids that mix
completely to form a single layer
Immiscible liquids - liquids that do not
mix
A solvent can be separated from a
solution and collected by simple
distillation.
Principle of Distillation
A liquid boils and turns into vapour at its
boiling point.
When the vapour is condensed, the (pure)
Simple Distillation
2. .. vapourise.
The vapour rises
up the flask
3. the condenser is
cold, so the vapour
thermometer
condenses to liquid
water.
flask
sea water
condenser
Boiling chips
1. Solution is
heated, causing the
solvent to
distillate
4. Pure water
drips into the
beaker. It is
distilled water.
Simple Distillation
thermometer
Water out
flask
sea water
condenser
Boiling chips
To maintain even
boiling, with not
too much bumping
Water in
Liebig Condenser
Vapour enters
Cold
water in
Liebig Condenser
Vapour enters
Simple Distillation
Simple
Note :
The liquid that distils over is called the
distillate .
The solid that remains in the flask is called the
residue .
Simple Distillation
Qns. : Where is the thermometer placed?
What is the reason for this?!
thermometer
flask
sea water
condenser
Boiling chips
distillate
Simple Distillation
Thermometer placed at the side arm of the flask so
that it records the temperature of the vapour as
it enters the condenser.!
thermometer
flask
sea water
condenser
Boiling chips
distillate
flask
Boiling chips
thermometer
Water out
condenser
Water in
mixture of ethanol
and water
distillate
3. Eventually, the
liquid with the
lower boiling point
reaches the top and
distils over.
5. The receiver is
changed to collect each
distillate separately.
100C!
78C!
time
glass
beads!
glass
beads!
Filtration!
Residue!
(solid)!
Filtrate!
(liquid)!
liquid + liquid!
solid + solid!
Simple
Distillation!
Residue!
(solid/
solute)!
Distillate!
(liquid/
solvent)!
liquid + liquid!
solid + solid!
solid + solution!
Filtration!
Residue!
(insoluble
solid)!
Add suitable
solvent!
Filtrate!
(solution)!
liquid + liquid!
solid + solid!
Difference
in
solubility?!
Crystallisation!
Crystals!
(soluble
solid)!
solid + solution!
Filtration!
liquid + liquid!
solid + solid!
YES!
Add suitable
solvent!
Difference
in
solubility?!
NO!
Sublimation!
Crystallisation!
Other physical
difference?!
Egs.!
Using
magnet!
Fractional
distillation!
liquid + liquid!
miscible
liquids
(different
boiling
pts.)!
immiscible
liquids!
Separating
funnel!