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"It is the peculiar and perpetual error of the human understanding to be more moved
and excited by affirmatives than by negatives." --Francis Bacon
Confirmation bias refers to a type of selective thinking whereby one tends to notice and
to look for what confirms one's beliefs, and to ignore, not look for, or undervalue the
relevance of what contradicts one's beliefs. For example, if you believe that during a full
moon there is an increase in admissions to the emergency room where you work, you
will take notice of admissions during a full moon, but be inattentive to the moon when
admissions occur during other nights of the month. A tendency to do this over time
unjustifiably strengthens your belief in the relationship between the full moon and
accidents and other lunar effects.
This tendency to give more attention and weight to data that support our beliefs than we
do to contrary data is especially pernicious when our beliefs are little more than
prejudices. If our beliefs are firmly established on solid evidence and valid confirmatory
experiments, the tendency to give more attention and weight to data that fit with our
beliefs should not lead us astray as a rule. Of course, if we become blinded to evidence
truly refuting a favored hypothesis, we have crossed the line from reasonableness to
closed-mindedness.
Confirmation bias, also called confirmatory bias or myside bias, is the tendency to search for,
interpret, favor, and recall information in a way that confirms one's beliefs or hypotheses, while giving
disproportionately less consideration to alternative possibilities
http://skepdic.com/confirmbias.html
Halo effect
The halo effect works in both positive and negative directions (the horns effect): If the observer likes
one aspect of something, they will have a positive predisposition toward everything about it. If the
observer dislikes one aspect of something, they will have a negative predisposition toward
everything about it
A persons attractiveness has also been found to produce a halo effect. Attractiveness provides a
valuable aspect of the halo effect to consider because of its multifaceted nature; attractiveness may
be influenced by several specific traits. These perceptions of attractiveness may affect judgments
tied to personality traits. Physical attributes contribute to perceptions of attractiveness (i.e. weight,
hair, eye color). For example, someone who is perceived as attractive, due in part to physical traits,
may be more likely to be perceived as kind or intelligent
Observations
"In the classroom, teachers are subject to the halo effect rating error when evaluating
their students. For example, a teacher who sees a well-behaved student might tend to
assume this student is also bright, diligent, and engaged before that teacher has objectively
evaluated the student's capacity in these areas. When these types of halo effects occur,
they can affect students' approval ratings in certain areas of functioning and can even affect
students' grades."
of Apple's Mac laptops would increase, because of the success of the iPod. The belief was
based on the halo effect, as customers who had a great experience with the iPod would buy
a Mac simply because it is made by Apple Inc