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11. What substrates are needed for the first reaction of each of these metabolic pathways? What are the
final products of each pathway? Where do these metabolic pathways occur in a eukaryotic (ie. human)
cell?
12. Rank the following substrates in terms of their potential energy (in other words, their potential for
making ATP): glucose, pyruvate, acetyl CoA, NADH, and FADH2,
13. What is the difference between substrate phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation? Which is
more efficient?
14. What is the pathway responsible for fat metabolism? How do triglycerides enter the aerobic respiration
pathway? Why is fat more efficient than carbohydrates or protein as an energy source?
14. What is anaerobic respiration (fermentation) and when is it used? What determines VO2, VO2 max,
and aerobic capacity?
15. CO2 is derived from what molecule?
16. What is the role of O2 in cellular respiration? How is it metabolized? What compound does it produce?
Chapter 6: Communication, Integration, and Homeostasis
1. What are the four basic methods of cell-to-cell communication?
2. What is the role of a gap-junction in cell-to-cell communication?
3. What is the difference between a paracrine and an autocrine?
4. How do hormones, neurohormones, and neurotransmitters differ?
5. What is a cytokine?
6. What is a receptor and what is its function? Define agonist and antagonist.
7. How do lipophilic (fat soluble) and lipophobic (water soluble) differ in how they act on a cell?
8. What is signal transduction and what are the basic components of a transduction pathway? How does a
signal cascade amplify a cells response?
9. What is the role of phosphorylation and dephosphorylation? What are the enzymes responsible for
these modifications? What is a second messenger and how does it bring about a response in a cell?
10. What are the four common membrane receptor types?
11. What are some common ways that signal pathways can be modulated?
12. How does the endocrine system compare to the nervous system in terms of specificity, signaling
mechanism, speed and duration of the signal, and signal intensity?
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Define hormone.
Describe the three chemical classes of hormones: peptide and protein hormones, steroid hormones, and
amine hormones. Describe how they differ structurally and how they differ functionally.
Compare and contrast a simple endocrine reflex pathway with a simple neuronal reflex pathway for
maintaining homeostasis. Be able to recognize examples of each.
Describe the basic neuroendocrine reflex pathway using the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid system as
an example. Be able to apply this model to other anterior pituitary hormones. What is the portal system
and its significance? Remember that hypophysis is another name for the anterior pituitary.
Which hormones are produced by the anterior pituitary and what are their general functions?
Which hormones are produced by the posterior pituitary and what are their general functions? How
does the regulation and release of posterior pituitary hormones differ from the regulation and release of
anterior pituitary hormones?
Which hormone is regulated by positive feedback? What is the stimulus? What are its functions?
What neurohormones are produced by the adrenal medulla, the posterior pituitary, and the
hypothalamus? What are the general functions of these neurohormones?
What are some possible causes of endocrine imbalances? Recognize examples of each.
Membrane Potential: Concepts from Chapter 5 (6th ed: pg. 63 69; 7th ed: pg. 59 65)
a. What is a membrane potential? What is the resting membrane potential?
b. How do ions, electrochemical concentration gradients, and differential permeability of a membrane
contribute to the establishment of a resting membrane potential? Which ions make the primary
contribution to a resting membrane potential?
c. What is the role of the Na+/K+ pump in maintaining the resting membrane potential?
d. What is meant by depolarization of a membrane? What causes this to happen?
e. What is meant by hyperpolarization? What causes this to happen?
6.
How do chemical, mechanical, and voltage-gated ion channels differ? At what point during the
stimulation of a neuron are these different channels activated? What is the effect of opening each of
these channels on the action potential?
What is the role of voltage-gated Ca2+ channels in the axon terminal?
What is the direction of flow of each of the following ions: Na+, K+, Ca2+, Cl. What affect does the
flow of each of these ions have on the polarity of a membrane? What type of channel(s) is/are used by
each of these ions and where are they located on a neuron? What type of potential is produced with the
flow through each type of channel?
What is a graded potential? What is the difference between a graded potential and an action potential?
What is the relationship between graded potentials and the "all or none" rule of action potentials?
7.
8.
9.
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10. What is a threshold potential? What is the effect of threshold on an action potential?
11. Describe the changes that occur to an excitable membrane during an action potential.
12. What is the refractory period and what is its function? What is the difference between the relative
refractory period and the absolute refractory period?
13. What is saltatory conduction and what role does it play in motor movement?
14. What is the consequence to the resting membrane potential if the K+ or Na+ concentration in the ECF is
too high or too low (hyper- or hypo-kalemia and hyper- or hypo-natremia)? What effect does the
change in RMP have on the production of an action potential?
15. What is the role of neurotransmitters in synaptic transmission?
16. Describe the events that occur at a chemical synapse during synaptic transmission.
17. What is an excitatory synapse and an inhibitory synapse? What are EPSP and IPSP and how do they
contribute to the generation of an action potential on the postsynaptic neuron? What type of
neurotransmitter is used to produce each of these graded potentials?
18. Describe temporal summation and spatial summation and their effect on the action potential.
Chapter 11: Efferent Nervous System
1. What is the "fight-or-flight" response of the sympathetic nervous system? Which body systems are
stimulated by the sympathetic system? Which body systems are inhibited?
2. What are the "housekeeping" functions of the parasympathetic nervous system? Which body systems
are stimulated by the parasympathetic system? Which body systems are inhibited?
3. What is the relationship between the adrenal medulla and the sympathetic nervous system? What
hormones are secreted by the adrenal glands and what are their functions?
4. Describe the process of impulse transmission across the neuromuscular junction, including the action
potential on the motor neuron, the role of voltage gated Ca+2 channels, exocytosis of synaptic vesicles,
the release of neurotransmitter, the effect of neurotransmitter binding to receptors on the motor end
plate, and the generation of the end plate potential.
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