7/26/2015

Outline
2. Basic principle
of OFDM

1. Single-Carrier
vs multi-carrier

OFDM
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing

OFDM
3.OFDM
Transmitter &
Receiver

5. PAPR

Mudrik Alaydrus
Laboratory of Telecommunication and Electromagnetics
Universitas Mercu Buana

4.
synchronization

Comparison:
Single Carrier vs Multi Carrier

Idea of Multicarrier Transmission

Wideband channel N narrowband channels

Scalable OFDM for Different Operating Bandwidths

Choosing the Symbol Time for LTE

Two competing factors in determining the right OFDM symbol time:

With Scalable OFDM, the subcarrier (SC) spacing stays fixed at 15 kHz
regardless of the operating bandwidth

CP length should be longer than worst case multipath delay spread, and the
OFDM symbol time should be much larger than CP length to avoid significant
overhead from the CP
On the other hand, the OFDM symbol time should be much smaller than the
shortest expected coherence time of the channel to avoid channel variability
within the symbol time

The total number of SC :

Specified by different FFT sizes
(i.e. 512 point FFT for 5 MHz, 2048
point FFT for 20 MHz)

LTE is designed to operate in delay spreads up to about 5s and for speeds up to

350km/h (1.2ms coherence time @ 2.6GHz). As such, the following was
decided:
CP length = 4.7 s

OFDM symbol time = 66.6 s(= 1/20 the worst case coherence time)
Influence of delay spread, Doppler due to
user mobility, timing accuracy, etc. remain
the same as the system bandwidth is changed
robust design
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Transmitter block diagram

Receiver block diagram

Tx Signal
Rx signal

Multiplication of a signal gP(t) by a sinusoidal function

modulation of the signal gP(t) to higher frequency

All signals are orthogonal to each other, because

1

sin 2 sin 2 =
0

1 if =
0 if

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Discrete time representation

x[i] is the discrete version of x(t)

Tx Signal: observed the first N symbol k = 0

We observe 0 < t < N T = TS
30

20

10

In interval 0 < t < N T = TS , gP(t) = 1:

Sampling the signal x(t) N times, with t = i T (i = 1, 2, .. N):

-10

-20

-30

-40

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

0.35

0.4

t [s]

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Discrete time representation

Simplified OFDM transmission chain

Rx signal: as example first symbol k = 0

=0

=
0

Sampling (discrete integration) at t = iT

Noise, fight with

minimal value of EbNo

2
[]

=1

=
Multipath, fight with the guard intervall
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Usage of cyclic prefix

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Synchronization Mismatches

Block transmission without CP

Imperfections:
Nonlinear distortions (difficult to model)
Thermal noise etc.
Synchronization errors
Symbol Time Offset (STO)
Sampling Frequency Offset (SFO)
Carrier Frequency Offset (CFO)
Oscillator Phase Noise (PN)

Interblock interference (IBI)

Block transmission with CP (or guard interval/GI)

Channel Estimation errors

No Interblock interference (IBI)

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Four Cases of STO

Depending on the location of the estimated starting point:

OFDM Receiver

exact
Little earlier
Too early

Case 1

Little later
Case I: OFDM symbol can be perfectly recovered
Case II: before the exact point, yet after the end of
the (lagged) channel response
to the previous OFDM symbol
orthogonality among subcarrier
frequency completely preserved
there exists a phase offset

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Solution: straightforward compensation by a singletap

frequency-domain equalizer.

Case 2

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Carrier Frequency Offsets (CFOs)

Case III:
The symbol timing is too early to avoid the ISI.
the orthogonality among subcarrier is
destroyed by the ISI (previous symbol) and
furthermore, ICI occurs.

Blockwise phase rotation due to CFO

Case IV: the symbol timing is a little later than the exact one.
The orthogonality has been destroyed
the received signal involves the ISI
(from the next OFDM symbol)

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Carrier Frequency Offsets (CFOs)

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Effects of phase noise:

Intercarrier interference due to CFO

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PEAK-TO-AVERAGE POWER RATIO

PAPR Reduction Algorithms

Due to addition of many orthogonal components via IDFT

OFDM system can have high peak values in the time domain

Definition of Peak-To-Average Power Ratio (PAPR)

Amplitude clipping and filtering

Coding
Partial transmit sequence
Selected mapping
Interleaving

High value PAPR decreases Signal to Quantization Noise Ratio

in DAC and ADC degrading the efficiency of PA

Tone reservation
Tone injection
Active constellation mapping
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