Section I Part A 20 marks OG CSSA CATHOLIC SECONDARY SCHOOLS ASSOCIATION OF NSW 2014 TRIAL HIGHER SCHOOL CERTIFICATE EXAMINATION PHYSICS - MARKING GUIDELINES Questions 1-20 (1 mark each) a Question Answer Outcomes Assessed | T#rgeted Performance E 5 Ey H9, HII a) oles ' HG H2 1 a HI a) 4-5 4 H6 Ho +5] 1 ‘H9, H6 Ho t * HO I wal H9, H6 7, H9 1 13, H9 HI0, HO HO H8 Hi0 13, Ha H10. 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Outlines blackbody radiation OR «Outlines the change in scientific thinking Sample answer: “The accepted theory of the time was that radiation (energy) was emitted as a wave and would continuously be emitted as the body got hotter and therefore the inensy would continuously eninge as the wavelength decreased. The experimental data (graph) did not indicate this, as the intensity peaked and then diminishes for all temperatures aS ‘the wavelength decreases. Planck suggested that the radiation (heat energy) was being emitted in discrete amounts (packets) a tstled quanta, He suggested the atoms of a blackbody eould oscillate ‘back and forth to emit energy consistent with the equation’ = hf, whereby only whole numbers of quanta could be absorbed or emitted. (b) @ marks) Outcomes Assessed: HI, H10 Targeted Performance Bands: 3-5 Giteria > Desaiibes Einstein's application of the quantum theory to explain the photoelectric effect AND a Describes the relationship between frequency and emitted photoelectrons Mark ~@ Identifies the photoelectric effect OR «Describes the quantum nature of light 2 pscLANes OSEAN ae somes nent tn ptt ass bir SH SS A Se Fare tis ot he eon of C5818 me anno tet a arcu newman myo AT SA rip eats natant te NSW Boao enn een nS cu ne cece Te csshassumes 10 Me a ay compart vst ay wn ln pot re LHC DTSSample answer: Einstein extended Planck’s quantum theory of energy to light. He applied it to explain the results of the photoelectric effect, where once again it was the frequency that determined the energy of the light, not the intensity of the light. Einstein suggested light was made up of packets of energy called photons, and that a minimum (threshold) frequency of light was required for photoelectrons to be emitted during the photoelectric effect. Question 22 (4 marks) (@) 2 marks) Outcomes Assessed: H3, H9 Targeted Performance Bands: 3 - 4 Criteria Mark * Describes the role of the electrodes AND 2 Describes the role of the deflection plates «Identifies the cathode and anode electrodes AND the deflection plates OR ‘* Describes the role of the electrodes al OR * Describes the role of the deflection plates ‘Sample answer: Elecirodes— the cathode becomes heated and energised electrons are emitted. The anode provides an emf (force) that accelerates the electrons forward. A small hole allows a thin beam of electrons to progress towards the screen Deflecting Plates — A voltage is supplied across the plates, so the electrons are deflected towards the Positive plate and determine the horizontal and vertical position of the electron on the screen, (b) (2 marks) Outcomes Assessed: H3, H9 Targeted Performance Bands: 3 - 5 Criteria Mark Selects appropriate equations and substitution AND direction of force Zz Selects appropriate equations and substitution Oe Selects_an appropriate equation and direction Sample answer: V1.6 10-19 x SOOV Fe = Ox 10H Ca) eng equements, a otaloed ye NSW Bott Sues, guns cr waranty made nid win pete eppcaln ose of CSSA Maing Gunes heen ony pct eam ecston one. The CSSA asane ro ‘byron ssa compress renee ol ay Matog Gade pole he Vasc apesQuestion 23 (3 marks) Outcomes Assessed: HI, H10 Targeted Performance Bands: 3-5 Criteria @ Correctly labels components of lattice distortion and formation of electron pairs AND © Identifies conditions required for superconduetivity AND «Explains lattice distortion AND the formation of Cooper pairs AND phonons @ Correctly labels components of lattice distortion and formation of electron pairs AND Identifies conditions required for superconductivity OR «Describes the formation of Cooper pairs and lattice distortion @ Correctly labels most components of lattice distortion or formation of electron pairs OR «Identifies conditions required for superconductivity oR © Describes the formation of Cooper pairs and lattice distortion Sample answer: distortion in lattice due to anart sna, 10 initial electron“ oe = ae ge > ]{_D formation of Cooper electron pair Cyr ‘On + oO Oo. When a superconductor is cooled to a temperature below the critical temperature, eleetrons can flow through the lattice structure with effectively zero resistance. The BCS theory proposes to explain this by the formation of electron pairs (Cooper pairs), where a negatively charged electron moving through the positively charged atomic crystal lattice causes an attractive distortion. This creates a net positive zone behind the first electron that the second electron can link into. There is an exchange of phonon energy between the two electrons that maintains the link at temperatures below the eritical ‘temperature. 4 rigcuaMer DISCLAIMER nein is dacuen end rb prseorl ectans feat st os ot casi ac sens Fb nt iio CSSA Tiemann es ee Tl HOC sues Ral epee Hoe eae wt bmn 0 ly can er pe, esa ey HO ele ecuronen, sealed by NaN Boar Stes. Fan suet ean x tA ring Galan ey ay sic il eran nner ne The CSSA mrs Naga aniy be aciey, congener eeirssof ar tg Gstnes povie tx he eal WSC poeQuestion 24 (5 marks) (a) G marks) Outcomes Assessed: H9, HI3 Targeted Performance Bands: 3 - § Criteria + _A purpose is offered AND the period is calculated AND the altitude is calculated * Two of the above including some correct substitution in the orbital formula * A purpose is offered OR some correct substitution in the orbital formula Sample answer: The purpose might be as a communication satellite relaying messages over a fixed area. T=24 x 60 x 60 = 86 400s a Pag ~ (6.67x10-"' \6.0x10" 864007 4n7 (6.67x10"" \6.0.x10* \864007 4n* ea [ (6.67107 (6.010 (864007 Y 4a? r= 4.23x10" m Therefore, h = 3.59x10"m (4.23 x 10” m—6 378 x 10°m) (b) 2 marks) Outcomes Assessed: H9, H13 Targeted Performance Bands: 3-4 Criteria ¢ Provides an advantage AND a disadvantage * Provides an advantage OR a disadvantage Sample answer: The Low Earth Orbit means that it is more accessible and/or cost effective for people to visit and retum, such as people doing repairs or experiments. Signals sent form the ISS to earth maintain good intensity. Disadvantages include the atmospheric drag, though small, which does alter the path of the satellite over time. The short period also means it spends little time over any one point on earth, which might be a problem for some applications. 5 asa ‘Re ero crt ido isd Re tse sso of tec lose ce Faris ate Henn f 384.9 ole ste makn ceo pe Te HC ares. ae Te pues pe kas wih nemaor tha Soy onbeoe oer meee a ee faring eset etched aN eset see Negus aways madecr med wi espe! sapien crue ef CSSA Making Glenn any spc ial exam un aa. The CSSA assumes 0 eit resort fer ecu, comes usenet ary Mang Gude pal he Ti HSC apoQuestion 25 (4 marks) Outcomes Assessed: H9, HI3 Targeted Performance Bands: 3 - 5 Criteria Mark | @ Identifies that when the car is first released it accelerates uniformly AND accounts for ‘the initial acceleration of the car as a result of gravity AND ‘Identifies that when the car passes over the aluminium plate it possibly decelerates 4 AND accounts for the deceleration of the car as it passes over the aluminium plate in terms of induced eddy currents in the aluminium plate and Lenz’s law, until constant velocity passing point B ~® Identifies that when the car is first released it accelerates AND ‘© Identifies that when the car passes over the aluminium plate it decelerates/changes its acceleration AND Accounts for the initial acceleration of the car as a result of gravity OR Accounts for the deceleration of the car as it passes over the aluminium plate in terms of induced eddy currents in the aluminium plate ~ Identifies that when the car is first released it accelerates AND identifies that when the car passes over the aluminium plate it decelerates OR ‘s Identifies that when the car is first released it accelerates AND accounts for the initial acceleration of the car as a result of gravity 2 OR © Identifies that when the car passes over the aluminium plate it decelerates AND accounts for the deceleration of the car as it passes over the aluminium plate in terms of induced eddy currents in the aluminium plate © Identifies that when the car is first released it accelerates OR 1 e _ Identifies that when the car passes over the aluminium plate it decelerates Sample answer: When the toy car is released it will accelerate uniformly down the ramp as it experiences a foree of gravity. As it passes over the aluminium plate, eddy currents will be induced in the metal as a result of a change in magnetic flux. The direction of the eddy currents is such that they will generate magnetic fields to oppose the change in flux which caused them. This is otherwise known as Lenz's Law. Asa result of the interaction between the magnetic field of the magnet in the toy car and the ‘magnetic field from the induced eddy currents, the ear will decelerate as it passes over the aluminium plate, Constant velocity may be attained if the force down the slope (mgsin®) is equal and opposite to the force generated by interacting magnetic fields (plus any friction). 6 DScUANER SCA ME ced ns coco nen rhe pessoa asso of macing ea. I ous at eae ae sates Fue nl net of CSSA We ra ae any auuanes a psa al YS swe ere pupae Be pone ee wh eaten so at Dy can bei eae arora th HEC ‘rig ecurenes a else y hen Board Ses a En ed maple acto owe ot CSSA arg Gras eno any psc xa qutoncr aoe, The CSSA asim 2 Me ely ie srry, angeles seine ar Was Gaels prove fre Trl HC pp.Question 26 (6 marks) (a) (2 marks) Outcomes Assessed: H9 Targeted Performance Bands: 4 - 5 Criteria * Calculates vertical velocity AND total launch velocity * Calculates vertical velocity OR total Jaunch velocity showing some relevant work ‘Sample answer: Vy) =u? + 2ady 0? = uy? +2 (-9.8)(16) uy = (313.6)? uy = 17.7 ms V = 17.7/ sin $9° = 20.66 ms"! ~ 20.7 ms"! (b) (2 marks) Outcomes Assessed: H9 Targeted Performance Bands: 3 ~ 5 Criteria * Selects a correct formula AND substitutes appropriaiel + Makes some relevant substitution into a related formula Sample answer: Vy=uy+at 0=17.7-98t 15 -17.7-9.8 t= 181s (c) 2 marks) Outcomes Assessed: H9 Targeted Performance Bands: 3 - 5 Criteria © Selects the correct formula AND appropriately substitutes horizontal velocity and total time Selects the correct formula OR appropriately substitutes horizontal velocity and total time into a formula Sample answer: X= Vq x total time = 20.66 cos 59°) x (2x 1.81) =38.5m 7 DscLAMER Troma cons nhs ocune iid fr te pron Dro spsotematng ava al esta Teal WC eer Reh ating eniamants, ss esast ye SM ead of Sao Na gun warty ate cr mle win ep othe appton cue of CSSA Mating Cos aon ay spec lexan Queso ans. The CSSA assures ro ‘sly responsi fr he ces compas east my Mag Gucaboe proba he Ti SC oapon Seco ncn. on ol conse aot cues. Fuerst he hon of C884 het pupoe Boks aC etn Se oy Sn Wear tly dtr at ey HSQuestion 27 (6 marks) Outcomes Assessed: H3, H4 Targeted Performance Bands: 2-6 Criteria Mark ~@ Describes the issues involved in the differing views of Einstein and Planck on the political influences on scientific research AND ‘s Describes the rivalry issues between Edison and Westinghouse in their endeavour to sway political and social opinion in their favour 2 AND * Shows a clear understanding of the influences of social and political forces on scientific research and development @ Describes the issues involved in the differing views of Einstein and Planck on the political influences on scientific research AND © Describes the rivalry issues between Edison and Westinghouse in their endeavour to 5 sway political and social opinion in their favour AND Shows an understanding of the influences of social and political forces on scientific research and development ® Describes the issues involved in the differing views of Einstein and Planck on the political influences on scientific research AND 4 ‘© Describes the rivalry between Edison and Westinghouse in their endeavour to sway political and social opinion in their favour @ Describes the issues involved in the differing views of Einstein and Planck on the political influences on scientific research 3 AND ‘* Describes the rivalry between Edison and Westinghouse © Describes the differing views of Einstein and Planck JIry between Edison and Westinghouse © Describes the differing views of Einstein and Planck OR 1 ¢_Deseribes the rivalry between Edison and Westinghouse Sample answer: Einstein and Planck differed in their opinions of the influence of political forces on scientific research. Einstein renounced his German citizenship as protest to the racial politics and emigrated to ‘America where he sought to influence political leaders (Roosevelt) to fund research into atomic ‘weapons as a deterrent to the weapons that Germany was developing under Heisenberg, Planck was an idealist and a patriotic German, who supported scientific research regardless of the political forces. Edison and Westinghouse were rivals on a different scale, but both waged considerable effort in seeking social acceptance for their power generation system. Edison had developed the DC power 8 So.AMER DISCLAIMER aati ts ume se sed sc tear af eso csi ans Furi te ir of CSA 2 ‘arden cote i lH mas ae: pyre ne Ws wo Ma a Py ena pe wns ey HSE Faring euecrs as esanahlby he NG ea Se. arin ar rind esto he ait a SA Making Gdaosinreslan ory set i vam qn eas, The CSSA TSS TesRP crear excuzy comltmossc Ussunesf ry Wana Gunes povided he Ta WSC eengeneration and distribution system for New York, as well as a number of DC appliances, e.g. the clectric light. Westinghouse, along with Tesla, developed AC generation to challenge Edison’s dominance. Edison sought to discredit the use of AC as being unsafe, as he electrocuted hundreds of animals and promoted the use of AC in electrocution of criminals. Westinghouse responded by ‘winning contracts to power the Chicago World Fair and build a power station at Niagara Falls. Both Were cheaper and of greater efficiency because AC didn’t require the thick wiring and high current of pe, Question 28 (6 marks) (a) (2 marks) Outcomes Assessed: H?, H9 Targeted Performance Bands: 2-4 Criteria + Correctly identifies a transformation AND a transfer of energ + Correctly identifies a transformation OR a transfer of energy Sample answer: Electrical energy is transformed into mechanical energy (or kinetic energy or rotational energy ot heat). Heat energy is transferred from the lining of the dryer to the air and/or the clothes within the dryer. 9 DSoUAMER “ra ematon cuy Peer mating oucares lps Tl HSC acer. Rae paces so oe ere ih Haman soley one enon moseand tos we Iefngirenais cotta y hoNSN ost Sues aguante cr waranty ace cringed i ep apne of CSSA Mahiy Gules rlknts ny spi a xan undo rene The CSSA asus 0 "sly or esonsay fe accra, colons cea sy Mating Duds pod bbe Trains ae ne in ls ours eed fr te pein antic cf teat eR des ck cost atc ser. Farris tbe neon of CSSA >(b) (4 marks) Outcomes Assessed: H7, HI Targeted Performance Bands: 4-5 Criteria © Identifies correct formula to be used to determine secondary voltage AND. ‘¢ Substitutes appropriately AND Identifies that Power Input equals Power Output in relation to the operation of the transformer. (i.e. Pprimay = Psccondary) AND «Correctly substitutes values to determine current flowing through secondary coils Three of the above © Two of the above ‘© One of the above Sample answer: Vp=Bp Vs Ms Therefore, 240 = Vs 10 5 x240 1200 V Since Pia = Pouput and P =VI 0.12kW = 1200 x I, 120W = 1200 x I, ‘Therefore, 1,=0.1A 10 iscLamen QSCLAMER nnedin te cnr ede te poster adstnce of ecg at. Res ol ence ace seis Fur tot Be Heres oe Tn man Coe sr os ac anon Rae e pups © rote che Wi son oa oy anetr xe ning a hy FS ovr aerate ye SM oad of Ses, arg eer nnd manage obo mcr rt CSSA Mat Guts nein ny ses lem quence TECSSASSONES 2 Nee oye nay conden crest ay Wang Goce ewe fhe Til SC papas,Question 29 (4 marks) Outcomes Assessed: H3, H10 Targeted Performance Bands: 3-5 Criteria Correctly labelled diagram of electron bands or atomic crystal structure Identifies p-type semiconductor and an increase in the conductivity of silicon Relates the outer electrons in boron and the erystal structure of silicon to the formation of holes Explains the movement of holes in a circuit to increase conductivity Three of the above Two of the above One of the above Sample answer: (NOTE: either an electron energy band diagram or a valance lattice structure diagram is acceptable. “Si--Si--5)-+5i- Conduction hee el electron hole Band oat rea rsa ok holes -Si--Si- -Si--Si- available Boron is a Group III element with 3 electrons in the outer shell. When introduced into the silicon lattice crystal structure, one of the four covalent bonds is empty and a ‘positive’ hole is created. This is a p-type semiconductor due to the positive nature of the hole. This hole moves in the opposite direction (towards the negative electrode) to the electron flow in the circuit. The positive hole decreases the energy required for the electrons to flow, as it creates an available energy level lower than the conduetion band, thus increasing the conductivity of silicon. cry DIScLAMER ‘The omafon cone I tis acme ede epoca aiance fc at dost cst av ott, Father 16 oe Hanon of CSA 0 Bie de aning ores i aos Til HSC nsrss Ratrh putas roa ate wn oman sol ey cab eu, tno app PS ang reqeemars, ae etbice yh NG ac of Sues, Ne gar rwarty rede rina whee te epicato we of CSSA Narra Gates in en ay sedis ean qusfonar ewe. Th CSSA assures ety ress ere sbaray,cnpeteas er vse to Mating Gustes anda ia Tig SC panesQuestion 30 (5 marks) (a) (1 mark) Outcomes Assessed: H3, H9 Targeted Performance Bands: 3-5 [ Criteria Mark [Identifies the correct direction of speaker cone movement 1 Sample answer: Movement is to the left. (b) (4 marks) Outcomes Assessed: H3, H9 Targeted Performance Bands: 3 - 5 Criteria Mark Compares a structural similarity AND ‘© Compares a functional similarity (Response must identify the motor effect) AND 4 © Contrasts a structural difference AND «Contrasts a functional difference «Three of the above (Response does not need to explicitly name the motor effect, but may describe it correctly) ¢ Two of the above 2 ‘* One of the above 1 ‘Sample answer: For both of the devices, a current carrying conducting coil is placed inside a magnetic field so that it experiences a force. That is, both devices function through the implementation of the motor effect. In a loudspeaker, this coil is attached to a speaker cone so that when the coil moves, the speaker moves, thus fulfilling its function, which is to produce sound waves. Unlike a loudspeaker, the function of a Galvanometer is to provide a measurement of small current, The coil in a galvanometer experiences torque, causing the coil to tum. The coil has a needle and spring attached to it, which is a unique structural feature to the galvanometer. The spring allows for the torque on the coil to be linear and the needle indicates on a scale the magnitude of the torque, which is translated as a voltage reading. 2 LaSCLAMER ISCLAIME and bl cert isin he pessoa tne of acting a. ous ot cee ado ucts. Father et neon of SA ra ein tubo ote fl SC answers. Ras Os pope to oe ees wit men of yer Dt ext unos ad ry HSC Fokngenrernt, else y be NSW Board Ses, aa ean tmoGornglodwih tie acto o uno SSA ating Gdns reéion bay acl xan sen sow Th CSSA aus 0 bye epesy be coeny campeon o usuress oy ang Guenes oe fhe Tal HSC pape,Question 31 (7 marks) Outcomes Assessed: H6, H7, H9 Targeted Performance Bands: 2-6 Criteria Mark + Provides key concems for the three stages of the journey AND explains the physics z required to manage the concems AND writes in clear and concise way * Provides concems for the three stages of the jourmey AND discusses the physics iE Tequired to manage the concerns * Provides concerns for at least two stages of the jourmey AND outlines the physics Zi required to manage the concems * Provides concems for two stages of the journey AND outlines some of the physics required to manage the concerns OR provides concerns for a stage of the journey AND 4 discusses some of the physics required to manage that concem oF others Provides concerns for some stage of ‘the journey AND/OR discusses some of the physics required to manage some concerns * Provides a concem for some stages of the journey AND/OR describes some of the physics required to manage it Provides a concem for one stage of the journey OR notes a relevant principle of physics required to manage a concern. Sample answer: Concerns at each stage include: Achieving sufficient thrust to create a net upward force to overcome the gravitational forces on the craft, in order to ‘escape’, Next, calculating the correct velocity so that the craft can maintain a stable orbit at the desired altitude, held there by the gravitational attraction with the earth at that distance, The altitude will be related to the desired period. Lastly, how to return to earth by means of gravitational attraction such that the craft does not overheat due to frictional forces with the atmosphere nor bounce off the atmosphere by approach at 100 shallow an angle, all without allowing excessive g — forces on any occupants of the craft. An initial problem to be solved is the calculation of the necessary escape velocity. Escape velocity can be calculated by considering the kinetic energy required to shift an object from its current position to an infinite position, A process by which an expanding gas is formed in a strong chamber is needed to propel exhaust through a narrow opening, creating a force on the wall opposite the nozzle. The change in momentum of the gas leaving is equal, but opposite in direction, to the change in momentum of the rocket losing the gas, The upward thrust created this way is sufficient for the rocket and erat to have a net force away from the earth’s surface. 13 DiscLaNER, ‘Belinea conse ths dace side fe pena aise of eching sat oe ct crete ace sn Fh 8 he eto cf OSS ‘ose space mating oars fa alps Tal HSC wes, Rae e rrose so ee acer wih ema 2 al yea eens sneeies oos ‘eka eqatnents eased byte NSW Gna Ses Negus wat a ono wth respec he peste ote of CSA Ning Gunes neon ay pct am guts ose, The CSSA aun a Seiy responsi fr he exaracy competes ruses oy Matig Gaon ponder Ba Tal Seno‘At the correct altitude, the craft must be provided the velocity to maintain a stable orbit such that the gravitational force provides the centripetal force to keep it in e.g. a circular orbit. Velocity may be increased by a burst of fuel burning, if frictional forces slow the craft too much, if a stable orbit is to be maintained. To return, the craft must be slowed by means of a retro fire (using the notion of equal but opposite forces). The effects of frictional resistance slowing the craft as it moves through the atmosphere, creating much thermal energy, must be well understood. Methods to deal with this heat effectively are paramount such as using it to burn up an ablation layer or resisting it through superior materials, insulation and the design geometry employed (e.g blunt nose). Also, as the craft accelerates towards earth, the forces on occupants inerease. Reducing forces on the occupants can be achieved by understanding the ways of increasing the time over which velocity is reduced to zero, often by extending the flight path to the landing. 14 scam DSCLA ME celine caaons ends me esa asisore of mings. I ces at conse ae ose Fur koe ein of CSSA 2 rang ounes pss al YC sms Fae be popes Bc ower wah oan sot yan ae oe edt py HSC otro eaten 8 osablsal by heNSW Bonde Ses Fe ea apa eet oan OSS arg Gees nen bay sete mam qn eras TeCSSA SON 2 Tb organi tas, amps stress any Wasting Glens ov fre Tres apesSection IL 25 marks Question 32 (25 marks) (a) (i) G marks) Outcomes Assessed: H7, H9, H12 Targeted Performance Bands: 3-5 Criteria Mark * Correctly identifies AND explains two pieces of geophysical evidence that supports the | theory of plate tectonics * Correctly identifies AND explains one piece of geophysical evidence that supports the a theory of plate tectonics ‘* Correctly identifies one piece of geophysical evidence that supports the theory of plate ‘ tectonics without explanation Sample answer: Evidence supporting the theory of plate tectonics includes: 1. The pattern of magnetic polarity stripes mirror imaged on cither side of the MOR suggest seafloor spreading 2. the Benioff zone of earthquakes having progressively deeper earthquake focuses that are associated with oceanic trenches suggest subduction and destruction of crustal material 3. the presence of shallow earthquakes along transform faults suggests movement and friction along these faults, (a) (ii) (2 marks) Outcomes Assessed: H7, H9, H12 Targeted Performance Bands: 3-5 Criteria Mark * A correct description of two statements used to explain plate motion is provided 2 ‘+ _A correct description of one statement used to explain plate motion is provided 1 Sample answer: Plate motion can be explained by: 1, Plates move because of convection currents in the mantle due to Earth’s internal heat. 2. A tensional force is placed on an upper plate caused by subduction of the lower plate, 3. Plates have warmer, thinner parts that are more likely to rise and colder, denser parts that are more likely to sink. 15 OIscLAMER ‘a infaton crane in tis donuma i node he presto aac ecg st I bsnl crtue aso stifens Frets ton of CSSA a ‘Revie sete mang osama al pestle rs HSC ara ate puso int poe chs WEA oman sofa ey can bee eine ideas So ap Hse ‘arr enters es eblshdby Ne NSN Bardot Sates Nous ce waraysmaecr inp wf spel apttalenc ust CSSA ake Gn eaton oan ep eam ueioncr ane The CSSA asus 0 iy respons re ceary consent eknect ay Mating Gales pale Tal SC pape(b) G marks) Outcomes Assessed: H9 Targeted Performance Bands: 3 - 4 Criteria Mark ® Outlined three reasons why the gravitational field of the Earth varies at different points 7 on its surface are provided @ Outlined two reasons why the gravitational field of the Earth varies at different points . on its surface are provided ‘Outlined one reason why the gravitational field of the Earth varies at different points on | its surface is provided Sample answer: Earth's gravity varies from place to place because of variation in the distance to the centre of the Earth from a point on the surface or the difference in density of the material beneath the point of the surface where measurements are taken. The answer could be any three of the following: 1. Gravity decreases with altitude as one rises above the Earth's surface because greater altitude means greater distance from the earth’s centre 2. The Earth’s equatorial bulge causes objects at the equator to be further from the planet’s centre than objects at the poles 3. At latitudes nearer the equator, the outward centrifugal force produced by the Earth’s rotation is larger than at polar latitudes ~this counteracts the Earth’s gravity to a small degree 4, Local variations on topography (such as the presence of mountains) and geology (such as the density of rocks in the vicinity) cause fluctuations in the Earth's gravitational field ~ denser rocks cause higher than normal gravitational fields on the Earth's surface (©) @ G marks) Outcomes Assessed: H8, H12 Targeted Performance Bands: 3-5 Grteria ‘Mark ® Provides a description of experiment that includes method, equipment, identification of variables OR recording data ina table AND one correct way of ensuring both 3 reliability and validity of the experiment ® Provides any two of the above including method AND one correct way of ensuring q either the reliability or validity of the experiment @ Provides any one of the above including method OR one correct way of ensuring either i the reliability or validity of the experiment 16 DiscuameR ‘Te ifermotan cord in is doarent i nod reper! mica tr Sf I dss nt as tvs to stens. Frist he nian f CSSA roid spect at ouoones fea ste Trl HSC aves. Rae te pus S10 ice eer wih otal sal Ney on beter soe undesin ad ety HSC hating requerens ttle by PeNSN Boat Ses No glsre wwe) ismadecr rd wheel he epost ar vet CSSA Mating Gestion ay sari l xam ton cnet The CSSA esos m0 [ely or epost fr ny composes ovate ny Many Gases owe fe Trl HSC panesSample answer: ‘The answer could be any one of several. e.g. Either of the following two descriptions. 1. Observe different coloured photographs with different coloured filters and record your results in a table - state dependent and independent variables/method stated (equipment: coloured photographs/different coloured filters). The brightness of each photograph in cach situation is a measure of the colour (wavelength) of radiation reflected from the surface. 2. Expose samples of soil, sand and water to an infrared lamp - record temperature of each and record your results in a table; state dependent and independent variables/method stated (equipment: infrared lamp/ lab thermometer/samples of soil, sand and water), The change in temperature is a measure of the amount of IR radiation absorbed and therefore indirectly relates to the radiation reflected from it. Reliability (are my results the same when I repeat the experiment and I ean trust their accuracy) - ANSWER: repeat the experiment several times/same conditions and monitor: are the results consistent each time Validity (is the design of the experiment suitable for answering the question/have I controlled all the variables except the one that I am interested in) - ANSWER: analyse to make sure the experiment does show the relationship between the nature of a surface and the radiation reflected from it/ monitor how have the variables been controlled. () (ii) (2 marks) Outcomes Assessed: H8, H12 Targeted Performance Bands: 3 - 5 Criter Mark + Provides two reasons why this information is useful to a geophysicist Z * Provides one reason why this information is useful to a geophysicist 1 Sample answer: The information is useful because it: 1. shows how much energy is left on the surface and assists to distinguish different regions 2. leads to an analysis of climate, vegetation, pollution etc.(environmental studies) 7 DSOLAMER [Reinematen crane! Bs dzcmartis ene re pressonaestuco of tring eo. on nt creat sen Fuerte neon ef CSSA o ow specie mating eucones fl pe Teal HSC rv. Rate ose eo oie cher wih aman So fel by can Wrens enn ef ooce ae ‘evra aqiteenb a otlshd by te NSW Saud o Se, Ngsrarec waranty mac nod wi posh pan or us of CSSA Ming Gur heen any spc eam uslon cr sno. The CSSA asunes ro Salty responsi ne carn, cores ruses oy Using Guclns pea ee Tahoe@@ (1 mark) Outcomes Assessed: H4, H8 Targeted Performance Bands: 3-4 Criteria Mark ‘* Correctly outlines the function of a geophone 1 Sample answer: ‘A geophone is essentially a small seismograph which converts ground movement into voltage which may be recorded at a recording station. @ Gi) @ marks) Outcomes Assessed: H4, H8 Targeted Performance Bands: 3-4 Criteria Mark @ Gives a complete explanation for the reason why the times for the two waves are the same on G4 2 ‘© Gives a partial explanation why the ‘times for the two waves are the same on G4 1 ‘Sample answer: The waves move with different velocities but arrive at the same time at G4. The reflected wave travels further but faster than the surface wave. (d) (iii) (3 marks) Outcomes Assessed: H4, H8 Targeted Performance Bands: 3-5 Criteria Mark ‘© Calculates the speed of both the surface and reflected waves for any one of the 3 readings. All steps AND work are shown ‘© Calculates the speed of both surface and reflected waves for any one of the readings 2 without working OR incorrect answer with correct working Any one with correct working 1 Sample answer: G4 calculation: Speed of surface wav distance/time = 50m/0.08s = 625 ms Speed of reflected wave = distance/time. From the isosceles triangle formed in the diagram: Height Distance = 2 V (5+ (50/2)? }= 50.99m Speed = 50,99 /0.08s = 637 ms" (to 3 sig. fig.) 18 Disclamer DISCLAIMER sina nls caret en ee tesa assanc cf ettng ia, does at cases suns Fuerte tion CSSA are runout este aC anes ae he puso oe ors wh eran say cn eer ex wea’ ad HSC Moving requrmens excita MeN Badal Ses, an zee egeo oo msn ect SSA ating Gls nln oy sects ute se: The CSSA sea 2 aaa ee rcbly the reve sonpiteseac uses ry Marg Godines ovoes re Tal WSC panto.(e) (6 marks) Outcomes Assessed: H4, H8, H10 Targeted Performance Bands: 2-6 Criteria ‘Mark * Names two remote sensing techniques and makes a valid judgement of the effectiveness of those techniques to monitor pollution, vegetation and climate 6 Scientific language is used to clarify the response ‘Names two remote sensing techniques and make a valid judgement of the effectiveness of those techniques to monitor two of the above. Scientific language used to clarify the | 4-5 response ‘Name one remote sensing technique and how it is used to monitor two of the above No valid judgement made of the effectiveness of that technique 23 Scientific language not used to clarify the response Sample answer: Acrial and satellite surveys along with radio monitored sensing devices such as data loggers provide baseline data for the monitoring of pollution, vegetation and climate change. Before the use of these ‘techniques such monitoring relied very heavily on individual measurements with possible human error. What we do now is much more accurate and faster in monitoring pollution, vegetation and climate change than previous methods. Remote sensing techniques are useful by quantifying Processes and space-time states. It is also possible using these techniques to collect data from inaccessible areas. 1. Satellites ~ effectiveness: high resolution photography, spectroscopic examination, chemical nature of atmosphere, analysis of ground cover, establishment of a baseline pattern that can be compared to future reflectance patterns to ascertain change. Weather satellite remote sensing has provided major advances in understanding elimate and its changes. Pollution, be it air or water, will affect the reflectance of certain bands of the EM spectrum observed by satellites 2. Aerial photography ~ effectiveness: analysis of ground cover, colour analysis of vegetation, algal blooms or visual air pollution such as smoke. 3. Infrared photography ~ effectiveness: measurement of land area temperature showing variation, thermal imagery more difficult to interpret, restricted by water and gases in the atmosphere (absorption by moisture), certain temperature ranges can be classified with a color (digital thermal IR imagery uses ‘false color’ — helps interpret them), very expensive to acquire and process. 4. Radio monitored sensing devices/data loggers — effectiveness: measurement and transmission of data in situ, easy collection of data from a large range of available sensors, wireless sensor network (WSN), monitoring of air temperature, air pressure, water quality monitoring, concentration of dangerous gases in the atmosphere above cities. 19 DScLANER The ifomaon ced ns ooo ene the profess kc ating af dee mal onesie o ucts the the ten CSSA lo oie epee marking oes pss Ti HSC ates. Rath sss prose ate wih oman eth eyo be’ expos, unde os Iman oironrts a cabled ty fe NE Beael Sues Ne guaran cr wary ate rls in espe apn cw of CSSA Mang Ouisnes lan sy sei al exam quson ras. Th CSSA atu 0 say aresporstiy rhe acura coneens crust sy Mang Gudies pad he HSC apesQuestion 33 (25 marks) (a) (i) @ marks) Outcomes Assessed: H8, H13 Targeted Performance Bands: 3-4 Criteria ‘Correctly substitutes all data AND provides a simple definition ‘* Correctly substitutes all data OR provides a simple definition Sample answer: Z=1w =1580 x 1075 = 1698500 kg m?s". Acoustic impedance (Z) is a measure of the ease with which an ultrasonic pulse can travel through a material. (a) (ii) G marks) Outcomes Assessed: H8, H13 Targeted Performance Bands: 3-5 Criteria ® Determines the acoustic impedance of blood AND determines transmission amount from muscle to blood AND © Correctly identifies that transmission amount is high and little is reflected from muscle wall ‘Determines the acoustic impedance of blood AND ¢__ Determines transmission amount from muscle to blood Determines acoustic impedance of blood and some attempt at determining transmission ratio Sample answer: ‘The acoustic impedance of muscle is 1698500 kg m” s' (or 1.69 kg m?s"x10°) The acoustic impedance blood is 1570 x 1060 = 1664200 (or 1.664) Vf = (1.69 -1.662)? / (1.69+1.662)" = 0.00006009 (or 0.006% reflected) This means most of the wave is transmitted into the blood 20 DDSoLAMER DSCLAIMER nant is cert he plese esistne of hing sa. ose a ces sven ss Fuster its he nen cf CSA eee ang ames oc al YSU nwo, ar bs pope: iso roe aes wh Hema so hal ey an el ee near Od py HEC ‘Rein eaten seated y be NSW os of Ses, a riled wihrnpeta he acto wool SSA ating Gere ta any pil xan qefoncr are, The CSSA anes D tae cry te arcane coves snes ry Mak Galera oe tr he Tapes.(b) ( marks) Outcomes Assessed: H7, H9 Targeted Performance Bands: 3-4 Criteria Mark * Identifies that an alternating current passed across a crystal causes it to distort and vibrate * Identifies that this vibration generates a sound wave 3 Identifies that the frequency of the generated sound wave is of the order of MHz and well beyond the range of human hearing * Identifies that an alternating current passed across a crystal causes it to distort and vibrate * Identifies that this vibration generates a sound wave or frequency above human hearing range * One aspect is correct 1 Sample answer: A piezoelectric crystal distorts when a voltage is applied to it, If this voltage is from an altemating supply, it will vibrate with a frequency equivalent to that of the supply. This in turn generates a sound wave, which can be used in transducers. The frequency is usually in the order of 1-2 Mhz. Since human hearing is in the range of 20 - 20,000 ‘Hz, we are unable to hear the sound wave generated by the transducers. () @) (2 marks) Outcomes Assessed: H3, H7, H12 Targeted Performance Bands: 3-4 Criteria Mark * Correct technology AND correct advantage are provided 2 * Correct technology is provided OR an advantage stated 1 Sample answer: PET scans. The chief advantage is that it provides functional information a scams ‘Th ean card in is sume th gression asance cf eshg et doe na carte shoe fo sues Fue i at eet of OSA a ce met rss ozmes lpsil il HSC ase atte pans spate ashes wih Homan so ha ey con eer egos, antind eoos Se ‘arg requreors a ablahedty to NeW Gea Sues "ogra ee wararty is mae ped wit espe! te apt ceo CBSA Nang Gta rman ary pci i ear uso or ane. Th CSSA as 0 ey resp rh uray colors cr assure ety Marg Gudaes pod hea NSC papas(c) (ii) (3 marks) Outcomes Assessed: H3, H7, H12 Targeted Performance Bands: 3-4 Criteria Mark ® Table with all components correctly identified and correct functions provided 5 ‘Table with TWO components correctly identified and correct functions provided 2: @ Table with ONE correctly identified and correct function provided 1 Sample answer: ‘Component Function Electromagnet Produces a large magnetic field which causes the hydrogen atoms to align around the magnetic field lines Radio frequency oscillator | Causes the precessing hydrogen atoms to be ‘knocked down” Radio receiver Receives the radio frequencies released by the “knocked down’ atoms as they return to their initial state (@ @ G marks) Outcomes Assessed: H10, H14 Targeted Performance Bands: 3-4 Grteria Mark © Identifies that a series of x-ray scans are taken around the axis of a body via a gantry ‘AND that the subsequent images produced are compiled in a computer to produce 2D 3 slices of the body © Identifies that a series of x-ray scans are taken around the axis of a bod 2 © Identifies that a CAT scan utilises EMR in the form of X-rays OR states scans are taken | around the axis of a bod; Sample answer: To produce a CAT (Computer Axial Tomography) a patient lies on a bed that is inserted into a gantry, This gantry contains an X-ray device, which can rotate about the patient. A series of X-ray images are produces at different angles around the body. These images are then compiled via a computer to produce an image that represents a slice of the body. 22 DiscLaNER DISCLAIMER errant caret nde 1 te pfs src of tng ta. dot nt caste aes ses Futer Rs Bon OSS a et cry odes ese Ta HSC ares Rar he pupa eo pow aes WEN mete ot hy an eer xp, ered my HSC Foningequeners tease! by ReNSN Sart Ses a ar lash apron vet OSA Maing Gis aon Wry tei ra ue ease. The OSSA sues mo se seeeborsbly tr he orc compen uses! ry Msg Gaines roves fe Tes WSC pane.(@) Gi) G marks) Outcomes Assessed: H10, HI4 Targeted Performance Bands: 3-4 Criteria Mark ‘© Using the context provided, clearly articulates the problem with CAT scan but argues 5 the benefit of CAT scans over conventional X-rays @ Identifies one benefit AND one limitation of CAT seans 2 @ Identifies one benefit OR limitation of CAT scans 1 Sample answer: CAT scans are ordinarily not used since the patient is subjected to much higher levels of X-ray radiation than conventional X-rays. This increases the risk of cancer in the patient. Nonetheless, a CAT scan gives the doctor a much greater resolution of bone structures, and in the case of a pelvic fracture, and greater ability for the doctor to treat the patient. CAT scans also give greater resolution of soft tissues, which a conventional X-ray is unable to do. This is important for a doctor to see if any organs were damaged around the pelvic injury (e) (6 marks) Outcomes Assessed: H8, H10 Targeted Performance Bands: 2-6 Criteria Mark ‘* Demonstrates a thorough understanding of the Physics involved an endoscope, making reference to total internal reflection as well as coherence © Demonstrates a thorough understanding of the procedure of endoscopy, and clearly 6 articulates the benefits ¢__Aligns the answer in the context provided ‘Demonstrates a thorough understanding of the Physics involved an endoscope, making reference to total internal reflection as well as coherence © Demonstrates a thorough understanding of the procedure of endoscopy, and clearly articulates the benefits Demonstrates a sound understanding of the Physics involved an endoscope Demonstrates a sound understanding of the procedure of endoscopy, and clearly 3-4 articulates the benefits © Identifies some physics AND some benefits involved in endoscopy 2 © Identifies some physics OR some benefits involved in endoscop: 1 Sample answer: An endoscope is a device that allows the surgeon to insert a camera into the patient either via an orifice such as the mouth, or via keyhole surgery. In the case of the patient itis clear that a mass exists that has physiological activity (PET), but is not solid as it is transparent to x-rays The principle behind it is an array of optic fibres that allow light to pass through from one end to the other: The scope is inserted into the body and the tube is manipulated via the surgeon at one end, 23 csclamen ‘Te testo cane ts curt inten a fe prianaassance ech sa 6 cnet ain oss, Fre is he tn cl CSSA to ‘outs see mving uo al pee Tl HSC srwer: Raa peels ow exh win mato oP yea be rene an ay HSC Fatgeurenan serch ho NSW Esa Sas. No gusunsecrwaranysmatecr ple wh yt Ms agkalncr sao CSSA Nang Gers nston tay picid exam vests. The CSSA mses ro Fey oreo aay, epee edness oy Mea Gees proved rhe Tat HS papersLight is fed into one end and transmitted down to the patient’s stomach. Light travels along these optic fibres, using total internal reflection. This illuminates the patient’s stomach. Another bundle then transmits the image information up the tube to the eye piece. ‘Since an image needs to be seen, the bundles of optic fibres that transmit the information up must remain in the same arrangement. They are said to be coherent. This requirement is not necessary for transmission of light down to the organ — this bundle is described as incoherent. The advantage of this technology is that the surgeon is able to see the mass live in 3 dimensions. An endoscope however, also allows for tools to be inserted into the stomach. If appropriate, the surgeon may be able to irrigate the site, with a water supply, he or she may be able to cauterise and remove the mass, thereby treating the patient as well as diagnosing them in one procedure. ‘The main benefits of the location and removal of the mass in a single less invasive procedure, is that there is less scaring and less recovery time than when full scale surgery is needed. Question 34 (25 marks) (@) () @ marks) Outcomes Assessed: H9, H110 Targeted Performance Bands: 3-4 Criteria Mark ‘© Correctly identifies both stars z ‘© Correctly identifies one star 1 Sample answer: ‘A, D and F are main sequence stars. Star A is most likely to produce a neutron star ( due to larger ‘mass given its position up the main sequence) and star D is most likely to end up as a white dwarf. (a) (ii) @ marks) Outcomes Assessed: H9, H110 Targeted Performance Bands: 3 - 5 Criteria Mark ‘© Includes stages in the process running out of H fuel, red giant, depletion of fuel outer x layers - planetary neubula core - white dwarf ‘* Includes two correct stages 2 «Includes one correct process in the life of main sequence star 1 Sample answer: When the core of a main sequence star has used up all its hydrogen , the core will collapse under its own gravity. This collapse causes a helium flash as temperatures become high enough to fuse helium. The star, after several more processes, is then classified as a red giant and will continue to fuse helium in its core until this too runs out. ‘The star then becomes unstable with the outer layers being blown away as a planetary nebula, The core is left behind to form a white dwarf which consists of degenerate matter . 24 scam ‘Te efrate crab is runes nde rhe poles asc easing si does rcs aes suis Furtei' rotteeon of CSSA pice spectra ome er a posi ia HEC area Rate purposes pode cars wih cman soa ey can er exe, uae ad py HSC Inning rere essed by he NSW Brac Sue Ne ganas aware sade rel ih espe bie splstn ewe CSSA Mating Gullsin ae arses xan qusion or anawe:. The SSA assunes ro {suitors rte sary compete er incising Gains pcs he a8 SC papas(b) G marks) Outcomes Assessed: H3, H8 Targeted Performance Bands: 3-4 Criteria Mark © Correctly describes processes of adaptive AND active optics AND includes similarities 3 and differences © Correctly describes the processes of adaptive AND active optics OR describes a 2 similarity and a difference Makes a correct statement about active AND/OR adaptive optics i Sample answer: Adaptive and active optics both use computer controls to adjust the angles of the smaller mirrors which may make up the telescope. Active optics is a slower correction of the angles, to correct for sagging of the primary mirror as itis moved. The change in the direction of the force of gravity on the mirror as it is aimed at different ‘objects, or tracks an object across the sky, can lead to a change in the parabolic shape of the mirror. Computer controlled hydraulic actuators adjust the shape to keep it focussing at the correct point. Adaptive optics is a much quicker process involving much smaller adjustments to the secondary mirror shape. These adjustments are made to counteract the effects of seeing - distortion of the light ‘waves by the atmosphere. The light is analysed by a wavefront sensor, and a computer calculates the corrections to be made. This information is fed to actuators which control the shape of a secondary deformable mirror which "straightens out" the wave fronts and improves the resolution of the image. (c) @) G marks) Outcomes Assessed: H8, H12 Targeted Performance Bands: 3-5 Criteria Mark ‘¢ Deseribes an appropriate investigation AND explains use of filters to determine colour index and its relationship to class/temperature of stars Two of: * Describes an appropriate investigation ‘Explains use of filters to determine colour index and the relationship to temperature/class * Outlines an investigation which coud be undertaken and describes process of determining colour index ‘Demonstrates an understanding of the investigation undertaken OR Demonstrates an understanding of determining colour index OR Demonstrates a use of colour index 25 Discuaner ‘Te mst cores ts Scars be rtsera estar of sing sat. ow a cree aif cen Fiber tent enn ef SSA 0 bro spect atk cules ta psute Tal HSC arewes. Rall re pupese sw pow ers wih ena So oy cn el xe dea nd apy HSC Fahingreuteats, 2s esatahedy he NSW Eco Sc. Noqusanie wary is madecr mole in eject te appexin ooo SSA Nang Gina nln bay pdt exam urtoncsnwe. Tha CSSA asm ro Fey ees asia, ges eames any ang Glenes pare Tih apresSample answer: ‘Answers may vary depending on investigation. e.g. Using a ray box with an incandescant light globe to simulate a star, observations of the light as it passed through varoius filters was made. A light intensity probe connected to a data logger, was used to measure the intensity of the light at fixed distances from the source each time, then results were tabulated for comparison. ‘Astronomers use a blue and yellow (visual filter) to calculate the colour index of a star being observed. This value correlates to the temperature of the star and therefore the class of star. Colour index is the blue magnitude minus the visual magnitude. This is a relatively easy way to estimate the temperature of a star and to help classify it on the HR diagram. (©) (ii) 2 marks) Outcomes Assessed: H8, HI2 Targeted Performance Bands: 4-5 Criteria Mark e _Makes a judgement of the validity AND gives reasons for this judgement 2 © Correctly defines validity OR relates it to their investigation 1 Sample answer: ‘The validity of an investigation is whether the method is actually measuring or testing the required variables. In our investigation (answers may vary) the validity was limited because we didn't have filters for the exact wavelengths used by astronomers. However we were able to demonstrate the higher blue magnitude of hotter stars. (d) @) G marks) Outcomes Assessed: H1, H6, H9 Targeted Performance Bands: 3-5 Criteria Mark * Correctly substitutes into correct equation and obtains correct answer 3 ‘© Has correct equation but makes an error in substituting AND/OR forgets squared or 2 cubed or wrong units for T © Has correct equation but makes more than one error in substitution OR identifies correct period Sample answer: aor mom, Ae from graph T= 10 x 24 x 60 x 60 seconds = 864000s 14 x 1.99x10°9 = (4xn? x r°)}+(6.67 x10"! x 864000") P= 14 x 1.99 x 10° x 6.67 x10"! x 864000**(4xn") 51 x 10'm r= 3.27x 10m, rs 26 aSoLAMER ‘he Homalon connec i acide fx pfs irc of ong at est carte anes Furr row eo nvr eres fo esl il Hc nse Rar th pupae prev tate wh rman co Pal yc Fat meaner, aziced by Be NS Sard of Sues, Noguare cr waren made eros wi ee! a platen ue CSSA Gude ar ny spit cam quien are. Tha CSSA assumes 0 ay responsi toe cer}, conpleeess or utes of ny Matin Gls poiledr Tal HSC pape. rh rele CSSA 0 ered on gy SS@ Gi) G marks) Outcomes Assessed: H1, H6, H9 Targeted Performance Bands: 3 - § Criteria Mark Explains the importance of binary stars including mass calculations a * Describes information obtained from the study of binary stars 2 © Makes a correct statement about binary stars Sample answer: ‘Through the study of binary star systems, astronomers are able to calculate the masses of the component stars and then use this knowledge to estimate the mass of other similar stars Spectra are used to classify the stars and they can then be plotted on the HR diagram, Stars in similar regions of the diagram will have simlar masses. Binary stars provide the only direct way to "measure" the mass of distant objects and are therefore very important in all calculations of the mass of stars. ‘There are more binary main sequence stars than single stars, so study of binary stars is part of the study of stars in general. We can observe gravitational interactions between very large masses and gain insights into how stars function. Knowledge of the mass of a star is important, as mass determines the star’s fate, (e) (6 marks) Outcomes Assessed: H1, H2, H6, HIO Targeted Performance Bands: 2-6 Criteria ‘Mark © Explains several methods of determining motion including use of spectra (Doppler effect) Describes how this has improved our understanding of the universe ‘Makes a judgement on importance of this information ‘Explains several methods including spectra, describes improved understanding «Explains only spectroscopic methods and makes judgement of importance Describes at least two methods of determining motion of objects and relates this to our understanding of the universe Describes two methods of determining motion of objects «Describes one method of determining one type of motion of objects. ¢ Identifies a method of determining motion of celestial objects Bro] a 7 DISLAMER ‘he aman caries In is daar end fer pts strc cf tng salons ol ona ac to ens, Furi snl inn of CSSA io rove set ras ures ape Trl SC anor, prpen ito poe sce ih oso sl hey on er eure ep HC ‘kr rquonrt soleodby Uo NSW Boadel Ss. Negus er wares mace cr sed wi espe! te plein crust CSSA arin Guiles inc zy spec vam qui fare. Te CSSA sssmes m0 Sooty orrsporsiy tr he asc conleeess or uses fy Wein Gees rod Ts HSC popes.Sample answer: Celestial objects can move through space - translational motion or spin on an axis - rotational motion, The motion of objects can be observed directly as when planets or nearby stars move against the background of more distant stars. By regularly taking note of the positions of these objects with telescopic or visual observations their movement against the background can be tracked and monitored. This was how the motion of objects within our solar system was determined and led to our understanding of how other stars with orbiting planets will behave. Nearby stars will also appear to move against the background of stars due to parallax. By determining the shift of these stars due to the Earths motion we can calculate how far from us they are. This allows us to estimate their absolute magnitude and by applying these meaurements to other similar stars we can estimate distance to them as well (spectroscopic parallax) This is the basis for many distance measurements and is vital for our understanding of the size of the universe. ‘Motion of more distant objects must be determined through observations of their spectra. The characteristic lines found in the absorption spectra of stars will be shifted towards the red end of the spectrum if they are moving away from us due to the Doppler effect. The amount of this shift can give us their velocity away from us. Likewise the degree of blue shift can determine rate of motion towards us. The information has been vital in developing ideas such as the expansion of the universe and the Big Bang theory of the beginning of the universe. We also have a greater understanding of the rotation of stars within galaxies and the rotation of galaxies around each other. The rotation of our closest star - the Sun, can be observed viually by the movement of sunspots and other features on its surface. The rotation of more distant single stars can also be determined from the spectra, As one side of a rotating star will be red shifted and the other blue shifted, the spectral lines will be broadened. The degree to which this occurs can give us an indication of the rotation speed of the star. This allows us to make calculations regarding the forces involved in star formation and to gain a greater understanding of how stars function. The study of the motion of objects in space has lead to fundamental changes in our ideas about the universe from confirming the heliospheric model of the solar system to supporting the Big Bang theory. Question 35 (25 marks) (a) @) G marks) Outcomes Assessed: H1, H8 Targeted Performance Bands: 3-5 Criteria ‘Mark ‘* Defines diffraction AND outlines De Broglie’s proposal AND explains the reaction of a the scientific community to De Broglie’s proposal ‘© Any two of the above 2 «Defines diffraction OR outlines De Broglie’s proposal 1 28 DISCLAMER Teresi core in is xvi nf fer ets ssn ct et lcs roc tiem srt Fura ts a te enon c CSSA soe sacra ose fr a pose Tl HSC nos. Rae he puose is provi aches wi oman so ha ey cn beer expe. under ad apy HS Fann requ a esablstedy Ue NSW Sead Ses Nogusarbe er wars maocr led weet trap crus CSSA akg Gun nino any pci eam quton or enw. Tha CSSA ssunes na "oir eeporsbiy rhe acta cones cr steel ay Meg Gules pds Taal SC epsSample answer: Diffraction is bending of waves around objects. This is a wave property. In 1923 Louis de Broglie proposed that if a photon could behave as a particle then a particle should be able to behave as a wave. He proposed that matter has both wave and particle properties, He suggested that momentum of particles is related to their wavelength. He found that the wavelength of any wave associated with the particle would be given by A This is called as the de Broglie wavelength of a particle. ‘Where: Ais the wavelength his Planek’s constant pis the momentum, mis the mass of the particle Vis the velocity of the particle Most of the developments in physics in the past have been grounded on experiments conducted by the scientists to prove their theory. Broglie’s proposal was purely mathematical. Physicists accepted his mathematical formula but did not think that it had much significance. Support provided by Einstein for de Broglic’s theory forced the scientific community to accept his proposal that a beam electrons could be diffracted by the surface of a crystal. De Broglie’s hypothesis was later verified by C.J. Davisson and L.H1. Germer in 1927. (2) (ii) (2 marks) Outcomes Assessed: H1, H8 Targeted Performance Bands: 3-5 Criteria * Correct formulae with correct substitution for both A AND v A correct formula with any correct substitution Sample answer: d= 2ne = 3.14 x 107 m v=him. 5.626 x 1074 / (9.1 x 107! x 3.14 x 107) 2.3 x10° mst 29 DIScLAMER ‘Th mao aed nis nour sends re pts askance eachig ses nt consi ae a sot Fre a he eon of CSSA to Fs pect mating avares eral peste Tal HSC anwar, Raw pups ote ees wh oat soa hey cn bl sis desoed od ak eae ang requests by rN Boao iis. No gunn wary mate cr ole wi pct ie appear cf CSSA ring Glen elfon any spit exam uel cr awe The CSSA assure ro Fay orepunsay rear. apres tis any ating Gaels pode TSC pape(b) G marks) Outcomes Assessed: Ht, H9, H10 Targeted Performance Bands: 3 - 5 Criteria ® Identify protons and neuirons as subatomic particles inside the nucleus made up of quarks AND © Identify relevant aspects of the Standard Model of Matter AND Explain why strong nuclear forces are required by protons and neutrons inside the nucleus and quarks are affected by strong nuclear forces Any two of the above Identify protons and neutrons as subatomic particles inside the nucleus made up of quarks © Outline the Standard Model of Matter OR Explain that protons repel eachother and need a strong force of attraction Sample answer: ‘The nucleus consists of two subatomic particles; the proton and the neutron. According to the Standard Model of Matter, protons and neutrons belong to a family of particles known as hadrons. Protons and neutrons are not fundamental particles but are made up of fundamental particles called quarks. (Note: The following is not required but might be useful for students” revision. All hadrons can be built up using the three types of quarks called up (u), down (d) and strange (s). Later more flavours were added called as charmed (¢), top (1) and bottom (b). [Quark Charge Up He ‘Down Strange Charmed Bottom Top 30 ossctanen, ‘Tre matin cans edamame sande he presale facing sf dbs et conse aie svat Fut le ote neon of OSS ‘hoe spt marig ces rel ps Tal SC nave. Rare yo ove ashe wi wemafon oat hay ea ere, untanda agpy HSC toting elon an attlered ye NSW oad of Suds, ogous cwarsat ade rir wit sett the apical cr usc CSSA Manin Gates eon any sped oam uesion anne The CSSA assures ro [Shyer sonal fh ones cOnpebnes or usunes ay Mating Gudees poe re ial SC popes,Quarks have fractional charges of 2/3 or 1/3 of the electron charge. Proton = 2 up quarks + 1 down quark = 2/3 +2/3 - 1/3 = I charge Neutron= 2 down quarks and 1 up quark = -1/3 -1/3 + 2/3 = 0 charge) A nucleus contains protons and neutrons close together. The electrostatic repulsion between the protons should rip the nucleus apart, however, this does not happen. Instead, nucleons must held inside by the nucleus by strong attractive nuclear forces. The Standard Model of Matter outlines that strong nuclear forces are attractive forces that have an effect over a very short range of 10° m — which is the size of the nucleus. The strong nuclear force is a force between quarks and is carried by a particle called as gluon. As protons and neutrons are made up of quarks, they are affected by strong nuclear forces. © @ @ marks) Outcomes Assessed: H4, H7, H10, H12 Targeted Performance Bands: 4-5 Criteria ‘e Validity of secondary data is discussed AND reliability of secondary data is discussed Validity of secondary data is discussed OR reliability of secondary data is discussed, Sample answer: Note: The terms validity and reliability are not required for full marks. It would be sufficient for the student to mention that several sources should be referenced and compared and that the credibility of the sources should be determined. ‘The student will have to investigate the significance of this project for society with reference to the context of events in the historical period and effects still present in current times. The student will have to obtain many data sources available on the Manhattan Project. ‘The validity of any secondary source is high if it provides quality information that is pertinent to the area under investigation. Information from a reputable source, providing sound data that illuminates the topic under research may be valid. The reliability of a data source relates to how trustworthy the source is. The student should research government sites and educational sites for reliable information and cross check multiple sources to ensure greater reliability 31 DiScLAMER ‘ranean cota nis ovat hel eh eee ass of she st cs nt cars aie a Sos Frets a na ion of CSSA tb Howse pene manny sores al pcste Tra Sc aves. Rae fe purses pot acho wih Msn st ey ct bee exe, eso ray HSC arg raquamerts a: etic heh Bead of Sis. Negara erearary mod rnp wih expe! le open vet CSSA Mag Glas ation cy ssi i xan qos crane. Tho CSSA seamae ‘iyo tro nay cmeetnacr seine yarn Gates pov eT HSC paps(©) (ii) (@ marks) Outcomes Assessed: H4, H7, H10, H12 Targeted Performance Bands: 3-4 Criteria © Identifies ONE radioisotope AND © what its purpose is AND «Explains how it is used for medical diagnosis Identifies why radioactive isotopes can be used for medical diagnosis AND Identifies ONE radioisotope and its use for medical diagnosis Identifies why radioactive isotopes can be used for medical diagnosis OR Identifies ONE radioisotope OR describes one use Sample answer: An example response is provided. The main application of a radioisotope is to enable us to ‘see” diseased cells inside the body which is called as imaging. An appropriate radioisotope has to be selected to suit the body organ to be imaged. Radioisotopes used for diagnosis need to have very short half-lives and be quickly climinated by the body. Iodine-123 is one such radioisotope that is widely used for imaging and diagnosis of number thyroid disorders. lodine-123 decays with a half-life of 13.2 hours by emission of gamma radiation only. It provides a low radiation dose on decay, so it can be safely injected into a patient. As the thyroid gland naturally takes up iodine from the diet to make thyroid hormones, patients are given iodine-123 orally. It concentrates in the thyroid gland and emits gamma rays of an energy that can be detected by a gamma camera, Analysis of the images provides the medical specialist information in regards to the proper functioning of the thyroid gland. 32 DIScLAMER “The eaten cried in is xual nf fe Be pts asst tng lt os rc aie stfrts Fuori nat te onbon of SSA oie spect avrg odo a pri Tra HSC rev, Rah e pesos pode lucha Wh Moma soba eyo bse expe unas a apy HSC hg mgonots elses ya NSM Bozdct Ses No guano warty is naecr sed wn espe! De apa cr use CSSA Mako Gute net ary spc ial exam uso renner. The CSSA assumes [eblarrespansiy tre acy conlente crusts ct ny Maning Glaspie he Tal SC paps(d) () (3 marks) Outcomes Assessed: H3, H7, H10 Targeted Performance Bands: 3-5 Criteria Mark © Accounts Fermi’s construction of the first atomic pile AND © Outlines the construction of the atomic pile and controlled chain reaction AND Explains the unlikely possibility of nuclear chain reactions in natural deposits of uranium ore ‘© Accounts Fermi’s construction of the first atomic pile AND ‘© Outlines the construction of the atomic pile and controlled chain reaction OR © Explains the unlikely possibility of nuclear chain reactions in natural deposits of uranium ore © Any one of the above Sample answer: Chicago Pile 1 or CP-1 was the first atomic pile constructed by Fermi and his team in suburban Chicago. Fermi had found a way to control the nuclear fission reaction, He calculated that a controlled fission reaction would occur if the uranium fuel was spread evenly throughout a ‘pile’ of graphite blocks. The graphite blocks would act as a moderator and cadmium rods would act as control rods. These control rods were inserted throughout the pile and when slowly withdrawn, the reaction started. The carbon in the graphite slowed the neutrons to enable more fissions and the control rods absorbed enough neutrons to ensure a safe, controlled nuclear fission reaction. Crucially, the neutrons released by fission of the uranium atoms were available to fission more uranium atoms and the process became self-sustaining. For a chain reaction to occur there needs to be slow neutrons and enough radioactive material available for fission. The amount of reactive uranium-235 in uranium ores is below the critical mass. required for a nuclear fission reaction. (@) Gi) G marks) Outcomes Assessed: H3, H7, H10 Targeted Performance Bands: 3-5 Criteria Mark Correct formula for Binding energy and correct substitutions AND Correct formula for mass defect and correct substitutions AND Full working shown or correct answer ‘As above with one part missing OR incorrect substitution Correct formula for Binding energy and correct substitution OR Correct formula for mass defect and correct substitution 23 DiscuaMER ‘Teitematon care in le doumat nde he poser es of ating at. Ione ct cea ae a ns Futher tet fannie f CSSA oie pectic mating zones to allpcsste Tal HSC anwar. Rabe te pups pete eh wih mao oat ey ean rex, und and apy HS Feng equa sexta MeN Ear Ses "No guatrb er waranys der rls i espero People cwsof CSSA Ning Gules ean ay spl i xan quson rans. The CSSA suns Ilys rine caren creas snes en Masks Gaene poe re Tal SC papersSample answer: ‘Mass of neutron, 1my = 1.675 x 1077 kg ‘Mass of proton, mp = 1.673 x 10?” kg Mass of Lithium isotope 3Li’ = 1.165035694 x 107° kg Mass defect = [3 x (1.673 x 1077 kg) + 4 x (1.675 x 10” kg)] - 1.165035694 x 107° kg = 1.1719 x 1078— 1,165035694 x 10° = 6.864306 x 10 ke Binding Energy = Amc” Binding energy (in J) = 6.864306 x 10” x (3.0 x 108 = 6.1778754 x 10 J Binding energy (in eV) = 6.1778754 x 10"? = 1.602 x 10"? = 3.856 x 10’ eV = 39 MeV (©) (6 marks) Outcomes Assessed: H2, HS Targeted Performance Bands: 2-6 Criteria ‘© Describe Rutherford’s experiment AND the surprising result AND the conclusions from it AND * Describe how a modem day accelerator works AND * Connects Rutherford’s experiment to physicists’ curiosity in regards to atomic nucleus AND © Provide a judgement that the questions raised by the Rutherford’s model led physicists to invent particle accelerators to probe the nucleus five of the above four of the above three of the above two of the above one relevant statement Sample answer: Rutherford investigated the passage of high-speed alpha particles though thin, metal foils. He aimed to detect the particles emerging on the other side of the foil. The direction taken by these particles provided an indication of the nature of the atom. Rutherford used a lead block to house an alpha particle source and the particles were emitted from the fine hole drilled in the lead. These particles ‘were further collimated into a beam by passing them through holes aligned in the lead plates. The 34 DiscuAMER The iomaon coed is zou ine fo te tessa asssarce cf wating a Ldus mol cstu afc osu, Fuchs ot fe sgn of CSSA pk spot mask ousones fea ese Tal HEC svar. Rare frost poe acer wh fom Sl ey ca tte ee, lean a 9 HS Mating rogues oxablsa y WeN Const Sus Noun or warty made ri wi espe hepa uso of CSSA Making ules in wae ary speci xan usion or zswe. The SSA sun ro Tet orepenay rh oars, conpeeaeevskinanct ny Manin Giles vee TS papsbeam of alpha particles was directed towards a thin gold foil and the scattered alpha articles were detected using a microscope fitted with zine sulphide crystal. Lead collimators Alpha source The results of the experiment were a great surprise. The model presented by Rutherford was very different from Thomson's model of the atom, as very few of the alpha particles passed through the foil with very large deflections. Rutherford suggested an atomic model where the electrons orbited a tiny highly dense positive nucleus. Rutherford’s model of the nuclear atom was invaluable in understanding the structure of the atom. His model raised many questions and was criticised by fellow physicists like: Why is the nucleus stable? Where are electrons situated in the atom? Why do electrons not fall into the nucleus? These questions pioneered the way for physicists to search for a better model of an atom and to understand more about sub-atomic particles. Rutherford’s technique of using high-energy particles as nuclear probes has since been refined and led scientists to invent particle accelerators to study the structure of the atom and subatomic particles. Modem day accelerators were invented to study the structure of the atomic nucleus and subatomic particles. They use high-energy beam of protons, electrons and neutrons as bullets to collide with atoms or other sub-atomic particles, to explore the nucleus of an atom and the very nature of nuclear particles. A particle accelerator produces a beam of fast moving electrically charged atomic or subatomic particles that are accelerated by electric and/or magnetic field to collide particles with atoms. There are two types of accelerators, linear and circular (or fixed target accelerators and colliders). In linear accelerators particles travel along a straight track and collide with the target. SLAC, Stanford Linear Accelerator Laboratory in California is an example of a linear accelerator. In circular accelerators particles travel around a circuit until they collide with their target. Fermilab or Fermi National Accelerator laboratory in Illinois is an example of a modem day circular accelerator. The LHC or Large Hadron Collider is the world’s largest and most powerful accelerator. Thousands of magnets are used to direct the beams around this accelerator. In 2008, physicists at LHC smashed protons to recreate the Big Bang to learn more about the creation of universe and sub atomic particles. (Note: one example of a current accelerator would be sufficient) 35 oscuen ‘eras cross omits Wns pose entre of atg snot cnseah san Firtrt hn f SA ‘on prea seston WHS mes Par pe ib nee Wades wn TON a Paley eters og aM YS eng euemers cua eS nas Sac oust waren ser nls i esto Dap er ua of CSSA Maing Cues lon ay sca exa unten oer. he CSSA asus [yer eperaiy rh nase captor tues: any Using Glen powder be Talk pape.‘The great success of the high speed alpha particle scattering arrangement in analysing the structure of the atom did indeed pave the way forward for particle accelerators to be developed as a tool for further investigating the structure of matter and in particular the nature of sub atomic particles. Question 36 (25 marks) (@) (i) @ marks) Outcomes Assessed: H7, H9 Targeted Performance Bands: 3-4 Criteria * Identifies figure B as the analogue device AND justifies the reason why itis an analogue device ‘© Correctly identifies figure B as the analogue device OR correctly states how an analogue device reads values Sample answer: Figure B is the analogue device. An analogue device responds to information over a continuous range of values or, stated in other words, one quantity is represented by another quantity that is directly proportional to the first. (@) Gi) G marks) Outcomes Assessed: H7, H9 Targeted Performance Bands: 3-4 Criteria Correctly calculates the voltage drop between A and B AND derives a formula to determine the current from the voltage drop Correctly calculates the voltage drop between A and B OR derives a formula to determine the current from the voltage drop Identifies a potential divider equation OR states that the circuit isa voltage divider Sample answer: (Note: V,= Via) Vou/3R = VJ (R#3R) Vou /3R = VJ/4R Vou = Vs x3R/AR 20 x3y/4 15 V AND I = Vow3R OR I = Vv (R+3R) csctame “The irate cova in is dave is ete repel ance cacy. dbs at conse aes sues Furbo eon of CSSA oie specs mang ome psi Teal HSC rors at puossis pote leche wih nema oth hy can bere undead an oa YS ng euronrts eilahadby o NSW Beret Ssee Noguaae orwarart nase nped wn respec! mie lato crus ef CSA aking Gunes neon any pee ial ex question nour. The CSSA sues m9 {aly srspnsbliy rw acca cles cr acura ct ay Mating Gaels pel Ne Te HSC papas(b) G marks) Outcomes Assessed: H1, H3, H9 Targeted Performance Bands: 3-5 Criteria Explains why integrated circuits served as a mean to develop portable computers and guidance systems for aircraft and missiles AND compares Integrated circuit characteristics to that of transistors Explains why integrated circuits served as a mean to develop portable computers and guidance systems for aircraft and missiles OR compares Integrated circuit characteristics to that of transistors States characteristics of integrated circuits OR characteristics of transistors OR states why integrated circuits were used in portable computers or guidance systems Sample answer: An Integrated Circuit is an electronic circuit in which all of the components such as transistors, diodes, resistors, capacitors and connections are made in a single piece of semiconductor. Integrated circuits (ICs) served as a mean to develop portable computers and guidance systems for aircraft and missiles because they: ‘* are durable, reliable and allow for less connection between components. Hence electronic devices became smaller and lighter. ‘* allow electronic devices to operate faster because there is less distance for signals to travel within the device, Integrated Circuits similar to transistors because: © both are made from semiconducting material, © both have p-n junctions * they have the same durability and operating temperature ranges Integrated Cireuits differ to transistors becau: © transistors need to be wired individually into a circuit 37 DScLAMER ‘he tain exis ns econ nent fete ptaona auc eect ds acne cotter Far te ot te intron of CSSA 2 oc gai maring oubones fal peste Tel HSC anowes Rae Me papesels moe aren win Moma bial ey ean beter ple unas nd aly HSC Fk leer, sels y he Baad of Ses, Noqurer waranty rede rin itepecto ie epitn ewe of CSSA Ming Guts neon o ay spel ex qs or ane The CSSA ates 2 lili ore b nancy cneerasr sere tan ring Gossnes avanse Tra HSL pop5=,(©@ @ marks) Outcomes Assessed: H7, H9, H12 Targeted Performance Bands: 3 - 5 Criteria Identifies a device AND Justifies the reason why it is an input transducer with correct energy transfer States how the information determined about the device is reliable Any two of the criteria mentioned above Sample answer: Solar cells are input transducers because they convert light energy into electrical energy. The reliability of the information about solar cells can be determined by cross-referencing or comparing information from pamphlets of companies, science books and reputable websites from institutions. © (ii) G marks) Outcomes Assessed: H7, H9, H12 Targeted Performance Bands: 3-5 Criteria Identify the value (resistance) that can be determined from the readings of the voltmeter and ammeter Justify the reason why the thermistor is a transducer State how the validity of the experiment could be improved. Any two of the criteria mentioned above Any one of the criteria mentioned above Sample answer: ‘© The resistance can be determined from the readings of the voltmeter and the ammeter (R= Potential Difference/current) The thermistor is an input transducer because it converts thermal energy into a voltage signal. Validity is about whether the experiment is appropriate for the aim. To improve the validity, ensure the temperature at the thermometer is the same as that of the thermistor, for example by stirring, 38 DsoLaMER Ta oman coed ns soon sere fi te pfs asta of acti a does ol nse fice ts, Fre is a he tn ot CSSA o Po spate mating dbames eal rte Til 132 noes. Rae! We pupae sb roe acer wih omlon So hy car beter exer, woes and apy HSS Fring equnments ss ete ye Sado Sus ‘> genio waranty sade rin wihreme ihe spots us of CSSA Mating Gals in afin any Ses Val eam qustonoansuer Tha SSA sun ro "yore rh erty conons dest Marg Gude reste TASC pas(@) (@ G marks) Outcomes Assessed: HI Targeted Performance Bands: 3 - 5 Criteria © Correctly constructs truth table * Correctly constructs truth table with THREE to FOUR intermediate outputs + Correctly constructs truth table with TWO intermediate outputs Sample answer: AB 0 lo oft 1 [0 oni (@) Gi) @ marks) Outcomes Assessed: H9 Targeted Performance Bands: 3 - 5 Criteria Correctly completes truth table AND correctly designs logic circuit Correctly completes truth table OR correctly designs logic cireuit OR correctly completes % of truth table AND Attempts to design logic circuit with stated gates Correctly completes % of truth table OR attempts to design logic circuit with stated gates Sample answer: ‘Temperature 0 0 1 i ‘Temperature sensor Light sensor 39 DISCLAMER Te ifn aed i ocr i hens fe to poss ates of sting et. oc ot const aio sen Fue te ot te inrtin of CSSA nus emia cues fra oe Tra HSC awe Rer spurte tn ronide her ih ita oa wy ean tet ape wl sn ap HSE arg uae esses ye NSW Boa of Sse Nogubeo ware mde i espe th apne use of CSSA Mating Gudesinalaon nay sii xan uz ave. The CSSA atures n> Ii arrears frna xan compere ustnas! y Nan Gude eude tr ral Spgs.(© (6 marks) Outcomes Assessed: H1, HS, H?, H9 Targeted Performance Bands: 2-6 Criteria Discusses and states coherently the: © development of processors and their components based on current technologies AND causes of physical limitations to processors or integrated circuits based on current technologies AND future or present research of at least TWO new technologies required for the development of processors Discusses and states coherently thi © development of processors and their components based on current technologies AND causes of physical limitations to processors or integrated circuits based on current technologies AND future or present research of at least ONE new technology required for the development of processors Discusses/states coherently the: © development of processors and their components based on current technologies AND. causes of physical limitations to processors or integrated circuits based on current technologies AND future or present research of ONE new technology required for the development of processors causes of physical limitations to processors or integrated circuits AND future or present research of at least ONE new technology required for the development of processors States: «any two relevant statements towards an answer to the question States: any one relevant statement towards an answer to the question Sample answer: The computer industry has expanded rapidly since the 1960s. The main reasons for this expansion were the development of techniques for making integrated chips that contained more and more components. This enable microprocessors and memories to become larger, more complex and much cheaper. As well as decreasing the cost of computers, it has enabled the speed of processing information by microprocessors to become extremely rapid. If faster and more powerful computers 40 onsevamen ‘Te ifr conta in is dame nde fr pts asc cf easier caste aie srs Fura its ot eon of SSA vie spe mai ome al prs Tl NSC nbs eh puose prod aches wih oman so ey eo beer expo, unsend s ppy HSC ImaingmorartaSecolohed byte NEW Sot Sie Nogununear waranty ater pled wit epecteappeatn ese of CSSA Mating Gunes in cn ay speci al exam qeson er aswe. The SSA suns m0 Faby espaol ary, canoes ruses ary Marr Gade aes Tel HSC papasare required then other kinds of computers will need to be made or a new concept of their design would be required. ‘The decrease in the size of components has meant that circuit elements have been reduced to about 130 nanometres across. This is about one third of the shortest wavelength of visible light. Further reduction in the size of circuit elements means that quatum effects will become a significant factor. This is because the wavelength of the electrons will be greater than the distance between ‘components. There is also a physical limit to how small you can make a transistor (an important component in integrated circuit) before it fails as a binary switch (about 4 nm). Thus, making smaller and smaller transistors on silicon-based substrates will eventually hit a limitation, ‘Two techniques being investigated are extreme ultraviolet lithography and electron beam. lithography. Both these techniques use wavelengths far shorter than visible light, therefore allowing smaller devices to be etched onto silicon chips. Another technique being investigated from Hewlett-Packard and the University of Los Angeles is the production of a logie gate (the building block of microprocessors) out of a synthetic molecule called rotaxane. This chemically assembled electronic nanotechnology are tiny processors that are billions times faster than silicon-based computers and can be manufactured at a fraction of the cost. The significance of this achievement is that the size of the logic gate is as small as a molecule, at iscuanen "Tes ifs cared in is dana de fe to pefsioal stro of cing sa. I cons nacre aie to sen Further is nol enc A 0 roth etic avs cuca al prt Trl HSC anor Rata preze to peter wth elation oat bey x ber eludes sd ay HSC [reigns 3 eblaed yn NS Bos Ses Nocuatnaecwarany sacar ole wi peta Po apeaion cr uno CSSA Mag Guus ein ay see xa queen or ane, The CSSA asus 0 ‘ebltyeceporsiy fo he sean compensa usu of ay Mating Gaelnes pode Teal SC peBLANK PAGE. 42 DiscLaMER “he rea crs in is cama i ta fr te pfeil asst nrg ideas rtcnstte een sae Fut ol etn of CSSA a ovo pectic maki oars al pose Tl HSC rons ae! pues a povc aches wih maton ha yea ser expe unas aa pt HSC Faregrequronens 2 ecblsedy Me NSW Board Sues, Ne guaran er ware emadocr ec we spel aplcon crust CSSA Ming Clee n reson any spit eam que sane, The CSSA as 9 Naot rsonebiy hace conpanas or ssa Mang Gales post Be Ts HSC popeBLANK PAGE, 43 coiscuame “Thm iemeton crane ie dominate ey he otesa Sst of ac sa. It oes a crs ano tes Fue sol eon of 038A we spose mari ome al psi 1 HSC ens, Raber be ppoe lteter wih esto oat ey ean ber evened 2 app HSC Pann reauemars es otlrd yMe NSM Bou of he, Nequtro er waren madris it eprto Wapato ws of CSSA Mari Guin ln any serie question oem. Tne CSSA assumes a ably ores rn soe cepts wsturess fay Waring Guns povded We Tal SC panesBLANK PAGE 44 DScLaMER Te oman canned in is care rete te possi sisnce fash dos rt crate avo stot, Farther tis othe nen of CSSA rode peo mating uae fo al poss Tiel HSC ansnes Rae he poses roa tases wr omen so Pa ayaa te ns, unl 3 apy HS Iaskng wgutonnts eal by be NSW Soa of Ses No quar o warets madera wh aspect te cpteaton rue of CSANekng Gules aan asp il exam ue awe. Th CSSA sures TO ely espns the ey comptes rue ta Maing Gusios pied rte Tal HSC popes