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INTRODUCTION
A L T H O U G H the use of concrete plain and reinforced is universal there are some parts of the
world in which suitable concrete aggregate such as
sharp sand, gravel or granite are either not available
or are available in limited quantity. In some of such
areas there are large deposits of possible substitute
materials like rock and soft laterites in most parts of
Africa, Asia and America. This paper therefore
concerns itself with the possibility of replacing the
sharp sand in concrete mixes with soft laterite.
The technology of concrete is no longer restricted
to the use of the conventional materials. Evans[l]
has experimented with Aglite and reported that the
resulting concrete compared favourably with
normal concrete. Blast-furnace slag[2] has been
used to replace gravel in concrete mixes. Similarly
Norsk Leca[3] (lightweight expanded clay aggregatet has been used successfully in reinforced
concrete. Most innovations in materials development and uses have been found to originate from
either economic or design considerations. In
countries where there is scarcity of suitable materials
MATERIALS
The sand and the gravel used throughout the tests
came from river Ogun in Nigeria. The grading
curves for the sand and the gravel are shown in
terms of the British standard in figure I(a). The soft
laterite (used to replace sand) was supplied from a
pit about 32kin (20 miles) outside Lagos. The
mechanical analysis of this laterite gave the following results: gravel 5, sand 48, silt 12, and clay 35 ')~o.
The mineralogy indicated[4] that the clay was pure,
well crystallized kaolin with a pH value of 5.1 ')J;j,
organic matter content of 0.09'!;, exchangeable
sodium percentage (ESP) of 1"5",i, and moisture
content (as received) of 4-87~,. The chemical
analysis gave the following results SiO 2 67,
136
D. Adepegba
Clockhouse compression testing machine. The specimens were weighed on an Avery weighing balance.
Firing of the specimens was done in a large oitlired furnace in the foundry of lhe Nigerian Railways Corporation. The temperature in the furnace
was measured with a pyromete~ reading up to a
maximum of 1600C (2912"F) mamifactured by the
Industrial Pyrometer Company limited, England.
I
o~
200
72
52
25
t
- - - - B , S . Sieve n u m b e r s . . . . . .
Fig.
l(a).
i_ i
_-- . . . . . .
B.S. s i e v e n u m b e r s
3 0 0 2 0 0 150 I00 72 52 36 25 18
14 I0
I
7'[
70
,o//
6o
5o
.~
~6
40
20
I0
006
D E T E R M I N A T I O N OF WATER
CONTENT FOR VARIOUS M I X E S
3A6in
31sin
i/2 in
3,9. ~n
~b"~Aperture
size-in
"
02
06
P u r t " i c t e size,
--
mm
--
Wef
analysis
Dry
analysis
INSTRUMENTATION
The mixer used throughout the test was a mobile
rotating drum type mixer manufactured by Gilson.
The modulus of elasticity of the various concrete
mixes was determined by loading in compression
cylindrical specimens 15.24 cm dia. 30.48 cm high (6
by 12 in.) and the deformation measured with a
Compressometer. All specimens were tested in a
:ol
i!
E
15,
~ o L _ ~
:"
io
i ..... ~
20
30
......................................
40
5,o
60
?L
Cement/laterite.
80
MIXING PROCEDURE
AND PROPORTION
The mixing procedure for att mixes which contained laterite instead of sand was given special
attention because of the tendency for laterite to
become plastic when wet. About half of the coarse
Study o1" Normal Concrete With Concrete Which Contained Laterite Instead of Sand
aggregate was first fed into the mixer followed by all
the laterite and then the cement. The remaining
coarse aggregate was fed into the mixer last. Mixing
was continued for about two minutes without water,
thereafter water was slowly added and mixing was
continued until uniform mix was obtained.
The mixing of the normal concrete (concrete
which contained sand) was done by feeding the
mixer with all the coarse aggregate followed by
cement and lastly by sand. Mixing was continued
for about two minutes without water, thereafter
water was slowly added and mixing was continued
until uniform mix was obtained.
The concrete which contained laterite took longer
time to produce uniform mix than the normal
concrete. This is due to the fact that laterite when
wet becomes plastic and stiff due to its clay content
and thus becomes very resistant to the intrusion of
coarse aggregate during mixing.
Throughout the tests the ratio of fine to coarse
aggregate was kept constant at I 2. The only
variable is the cement content.
SCOPE OF TESTS
AND
C U R I N G OF T E S T S P E C I M E N S
The tests were designed to yield a critical comparison of normal concrete with concrete which
contains laterite instead of sand as fine aggregate.
The following properties were investigated:
(i) the density, which was determined from the
weights of cylinder and cube specimens at ambient
temperature and after cooling from various
elevated temperatures,
(ill the compressive and tensile strengths of
specimens at ambient temperature and after cooling
from various elevated temperatures.
(iii) the modulus of" elasticity of specimens at
ambient temperature and after cooling from
elevated lemperatures.
Corresponding
mix
proportion by weight
30
15
10
7-5
6.0
4.9
4.3
1:10:20
1:5:10
I :3"3:6-7
I :2"5:5
1:2:4
1: 1-6:3-3
1: 1.4:2.9
137
normal concrete in which sand was the fine aggregate and (it) the concrete in which the fine aggregate
was laterite instead of sand.
The specimens were cured at room temperatures
in the laboratory without cover or wet curing.
EXPERIMENTAL
PROCEDURE
138
D. A d e p e g b a
/ /
30
100
300
500
700
2i80-(135)
2080 (129)
2020 (125)
1970(123)
1890 (117)
86212
572
932
1292
Co~crete <~ntalnlng
fne aggregote
.....
/[
zsG
/'~
/
6000 i
2240(i38)
2170 (134)
2080 (129)
2020(125)
2020 (125)
,:~
53 67mix
? 5 5 0 m~x
" "
~...~---~B
20 m~
: 2 40mix
6 3~mix
E
c~
I
i ,, yf, 5
Condo
i{
sond a~
as f m e l~qregate
//
?SOOi
Temperature
of specimen
before
cooling
(C)
(F)
......
3' /
Concrete
which
contained
laterite
density
(all mixes)
(kgm --a)
s .....
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
, /
i /
i i
i~J52
i
.500O
2340(,145)
2290 (142)
2240 (139)
2220(137)
2220 (137)
i~39
~D
i"
~ ""
:Y20
,w~,
,.f...---'~-
:a
~---Z-'~Z....... [ _ _ ,
5O0
Iooo
............................ Jo
~500
8OO0
25,~
3000
~0
Micro - stralp
The normal concrete specimens and the specimens of the concrete which contained laterite
responded in similar manner to firing. The specimens fired to 100C (212F) showed no visible
crack after removal from fire and also after 24 h
cooling. All the specimens fired to 300C (572' F)
developed visible cracks in the furnace at about
120C (248F) and the cracks increased in number
and in width as the specimens cooled after removal
from the furnace. At 500C (932F) more cracks
developed during firing and while the specimens
were being cooled. A mesh of cracks was observed
at temperatures above 500C (932F) at which
temperature 40-60 /o of the compressive and tensile
strengths of the specimens had been destroyed,
,o,~ r- ......................................
i
.
~001
~-~
cor, t a F , m~ s o n ~ as
Concrele
i
4 ~ ~6
free
aqgregote
/ E ond F
......
Concrete
contomg
o t e r t e os b n e
et~gre~ote
""
7500,i
/
i
~ '0:0
5 IO n/i~
i 3 3 6 t,,~
! 25 50mi~
2 a m~=
' 6 35m,
c
9
E
;
l
,
~
8
mi~
!s b ~
i
jl
42g-
'
!
i2
Stress-strain characteristic
The stress-strain characteristics of normal concrete mix and that of the mix which contained
laterite instead of sand are shown in figures 3-6,
Figure 3 shows the stress-strain characteristic for
the unheated specimens. Figures 4-6 show the
stress-strain characteristics for specimens removed
from the furnace at 100C (212F), 300C (572"F),
and 500C (932F) respectively.
The modulus of elasticity for 1:2:4 mix (by
weight) normal concrete is 2025 kg m m z (2,88 x
106 lbf in - z ) whereas the modulus of elasticity for
1:1.4:2"9 mix proportion by weight of the concrete
which contained laterite as fine aggregate is 1840
kg m m - 2 (2.62 x 106 lbfin-2). This observation
indicated that laterite may be used instead of sand
in structural concrete. However this conclusion
would need to be confirmed or refuted by the subsidiary test in which two similarly reinforced
rectangular concrete beams were tested.
50(3
~000
25O0
?OCK)
M~cro
5000
s.~./
sttCllF
,ibr
specimens heated
to 100C (21UF),
.................................................
i
........
7~ >(i
.....
~X)(X)
f:_
S'
: ~
i
i
"~st-
I ....
i[
~E
i'
"o
d ,~
Jr7 m
s,o .
25
5oral,
; ]6
33n,,
.
!8~;"
I
oG G
/7/ /
/l///
i:s~
,~e//
....
5oo
iooo
1500
15oo
8cx3<.
75oo
3ooo
5-'-)~}
Mlcro-stro,n
F~,. 5. Stress-.strain c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , f u r
to
specimens h e a t e d
139
149[
- -
900C
------
tSOC
A
B
C
O
I : I 0 : 2 0 mix
1 : 5 : 1 0 mix
1:3.3:6 7mix
l:25:50
mix
1065
60OO
I 2"0:4"0 mix
852
F"
G
I 1.6:5"3 mix
1 . 1 4 2 9 mix
?
.
oF
212
'~.~-4~ ~
4500
-- 639
o
\ ~
:~000
426
1500
213
392
I ^
572
I
932
752
I
1112
T292
X DondE
80
\ B end C ~ : ' - ~ \
\
500
1000
2000
JSO
2500
3000
Micro-strain
3500
4--
~2fz
28,6~YO
2!2
~e2
]
972
'
752
I
HI2
I
'
110;20 m~x
f 5:lOmix
133 67mix
1:25 5 0 m i x
1:2.0:4.0 mix
F
I:16
33m~x
G I 14 2 9 r n l x
--
I00
200
%-_~\
400
300
A
B
C
E
0
1 ~
"
500
" t "\
"~
600
700
as
3500
I ~0 20 mix
I 5 IOmlX
I 33 67m~x
oC
C o n c r e t e containing send as
--
oF
25 5Omit
g
c:
20
"%%.
A
B
C
D
E
40 - -
4 COO
5,025
2,45C
932
I
"6
0
I00
7e7~
e-L
10750
'~
6(:
-~
4C - -
2~2
392
572
752
932
II 12
1292
6O0
700
x:
D"
c
P_
75O
8
~t,75
A
B
C
D
1 1 0 2 0 mix
1 5:lOmix
I 33:67mix
I 2550mix
1:20 4 0 m i x
116
33mix
E
F
~0
,T,,
o
0
I00
212
592
592
932
II 12
1292
400
500
212
Il-'t'~, ~-4-.
60
~ ~0
A
I I0 20 mix
40
c
~_
500
592
572
752
952
;112
':
1292
)
"g
2c
200
-g
752
~ ~0
"~
EO0
"6
&
2
II
I00
200
400
300
500
600
700
Y_
20-
~A ~ ~
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
~ ~.~%.
~.
~ C
110:20 mr
I 5:lOmix
1:33 6 7 m i x
125 50mix
,:2 0 4 0 m i x
116 33mix
1:14 2 9 mix
\ G %-. \ o .
',. \~-~-~.
\D~'~"~_B
" - ~ ' ~ ' ~ > ~ ~c_~-~
~. ~ ~
:'\ ~ \ ~ .~F
C ~h~<'~'D ~\~'~
E~ \\
\
~'~
\\A\\
\
\
~-~
I00
200
500
4 O0
I
5C)0
600
"700
140
D. A depegba
tion.
i50
O(
%0
>70r
~r
:"
2!:~:
/J
500(
Shear crac~
)oservee
/~
Flexural
racks observe'rectoV '
o
~OSt .
--o" /
/
dr
/.
454-
.<~
I~no
/II
- -
// .
Norma ,'oncre~e b e a m
-,27
254
-K~,:
D e f leCT!OP,
~G%
;~5!_
~(~'"
CG
Oo
._4
Study of Normal Concrete With Concrete Which Contained Laterite Instead of Sand
fine aggregate is 137,500 l b i n . (158,000 k g c m )
whereas flexure failure was i m m i n e n t at a bending
m o m e n t of 105,000 Ib in. (121,000 kg cm) which is
a b o u t 77 7,1 o f the ultimate moment.
The deflection o f the beam cast with n o r m a l concrete is a b o u t half o f the deflection o f the beam cast
with concrete which contained laterite prior to the
a p p e a r a n c e o f flexural cracks and a b o u t two thirds
thereafter. Figure 12 shows the load/deflection
curves for the two beams. This observation may
well disqualify the use o f laterite as fine aggregate
in structural concrete. However more tests need to
REFERENCES
I.
2.
3.
4.
5.
141