PSY206 Reviewer

Chapter I
Personality pattern of relatively
permanent traits and unique
characteristics that give both
consistency and individuality to a
persons behavior
Traits contribute to individual
differences in behavior
Theory a set of related assumptions
that allows scientists to use logical
deductive reasoning to formulate
testable hypotheses
A useful theory
1. Generates research
2. Falsifiable
3. Organizes data
4. Internally consistent
5. Parsimonious

Present (Allport)
Homeostasis
Heterostasis
Biological
Social influences
Uniqueness
Similarities
Proactive
Reactive
5 Areas
1. Structure building blocks
2. Process dynamic aspects
3. Growth and development how we
develop into the unique person we are
4. Psychopathology nature and
causes of disordered personality
functioning
5. Change how they change or why
they cant

Dimensions

Chapter II

Determinism determined by forces

(Skinner)
Free choice composed of choices
(Rogers)
Pessimism (Freud)
Optimism (Behaviorists)
Causality behavior is a function of
past experiences
Teleology behavior in terms of
future goals or purposes
Irrational
Rational
Past (Freud)

Freud
- Classical Psychoanalysis
- 1856 1939
Structure
Levels of Mental Life
Conscious directly available
Preconscious easily retrieved
Unconscious sexual and aggressive
in nature
Provinces of the Mind
Id (das Es)
- pleasure principle

- core of personality
- unconscious
- has no contact with reality
- seeks pleasure without regard for
what is proper or just
Ego (das Ich)
- reality principle
- sole communication to the externa
world
- decision-making
- executive
- reconciling the id and superego
- anxious because of the tension
between the id and superego
- uses repression and other defense
mechanism
Superego (das Uber-Ich)
- moralistic and idealistic principles
- demands perfection
- no energy of its own
- conscience what one should not do
- ego-ideal what one must do
- unrealistic
Dynamic
Drives
- constant motivational forces
- 2 major headlings: sex or Eros;
aggression, distraction or Thanatos
Libido
- Life instinct
- sex drive Eros force by which the
sexual drive works
- Erogenous zones: genitals; anus;
mouth
- Narcissism excessive love of
oneself Primary (infants); secondary
(puberty)
- Sadism sexual pleasure by inflicting
pain
- Masochism by receiving pain

- Sexual perversion form of sadism

and masochism that are taken to the
extreme
Thanatos
- death instinct
- destruction or aggression
- teasing; gossip; sarcasm
- humiliation; humor
- enjoyment of peoples suffering
Anxiety
- felt, affective unpleasant state
accompanied by a physical sensation
that warns the person against
impending danger
- Neurotic anxiety apprehension
about an unknown danger; originates
from the id
- Moral anxiety conflict between
realistic needs and the dictates of the
superego
- Realistic anxiety unpleasant,
nonspecific feeling involving a possible
danger
- Birth trauma most extreme form of
anxiety; experienced upon separation
from mother upon birth
Defense Mechanisms
Repression forgetting
Denial blocking of external events
from awareness
Undoing compulsive ceremonial
behavior
Fixation remaining at the present
Introjection incorporation of
positive of other people into your own
Projection seeing unacceptable
feelings or tendencies that reside in
ones own unconscious
Displacement redirecting impulse
to symbolic substitutes
Sublimation transformation of

unacceptable impulses into an

acceptable productive form
benefited by both
Intellectualization removing the
emotional content
Rationalization distortion of facts
to make it less
Growth and Development
I. Infantile (0 4/5 mo.)
1. Oral (0 18 mo)
- mouth
- early oral (sucking)
- oral sadistic (biting)
- trust; security; optimism
- mistrust; insecurity; pessimism
2. Anal (2 4 years)
- early anal (destroying or losing)
- late anal (interest in feces)
- autonomy; pride; confidence
3. Phallic (4 6 years)
- Oedipus complex
- genital
- castration complex fear of losing
the penis
- sex relevant role
4. Latency (4 5 to puberty)
- doormat
- discourage sexual activity
- inhibited sexual desires
5. Genital

- maturity
- balance between id, ego, and
superego
Psychopathology
Cathexis
Anti-cathexis inhibition of an impulse
Free association verbalize every
thought
Catharsis express feelings and
emotions; uncover repressed
memories
Transference sexual or aggressive
feeling towards analyst
Resistance variety of unconscious
responses used by patients to block
their progress
Dream analysis
1. relate dream and all associations to
it
2. dream symbols
- Royal road to knowledge of the
unconscious
Freudian slips
- slip of the tongue
- caused by unconscious wishes
- parapraxes
Psychoanalysis
- unaware of many factors that
determine behavior