1245 3

LTE Overview
Nigel Chan ()
Head of Solution Engagement, Network System THM
10 June 2010
Nokia Siemens Networks
Contents
LTE Market Overview

LTE Standardisation and Architecture
Radio Access Technology
Core Network Technology
LTE-Advance
Our market vision 2015 the world connected

A major opportunity for everyone
Applications predominantly
in the Internet
Multitude of business
models
5 billion people
connected
Broadband everywhere
3
Internet as the
heartbeat of a
modern society
but there are big challenges ahead of us

Stagnating voice revenues
Exploding mobile traffic
Significant cost pressure
How to maintain
profitable business?
5 billion people
connected
Key challenges for mobile data

The challenge
The Users expectation
..leads to the operators challenges
Best price, transparent flat rate

Full Internet
Click-bang responsiveness
reduce cost per bit

provide high data rate
provide low latency
Devices & applications drive

traffic growth
Reduction of network cost is

necessary to remain profitable
Traffic
Revenue
Profitability
Voice dominated
Data dominated
Time
Source: Light Reading (adapted)
LTE: lower cost per bit and improved end user experience
5
/bit
Traffic volume
Revenues and Traffic

decoupled
and a truly E2E LTE solution is needed
Energy Efficient
Multi-Radio BTS
Market leading
application platform
for rich
value-added services
Smooth Evolution
from GSM / WCDMA
/ HSPA to LTE
End-user
terminals
OSS system for

multi-technology
management
Proven managed
services,
consulting, and
implementation
support
Proven
interoperability with
leading terminal
providers
Internet
Mobile backhaul
solution for LTE
Flat network
architecture
experience for LTE
Subscription
management and
charging systems
Market trends and operator success factors

Market Trend
GSM,EDGE,
EDGE evolution
WCDMA, HSPA,
HSPA evolution
LTE
LTE
Technology
evolution
Total
Cost of
Ownership
Growth
in
data traffic
Higher data rates marketing
Green
values
WiMAX
accelerate NW evolution
HSPA and in future LTE
services serving premium
customers are source of
operator revenue growth
Maintain optimum services
for most demanding
customer segment
Operator opportunities/
challenges for success
How to cater for 100X

traffic growth
and maintain
operator profitability ?
Revenues and traffic are

becoming decoupled by
the introduction of flat-rates
Automation of operational
processes for increased
efficiency and lower cost
Operators have both GSM/EDGE
and WCDMA/HSPA networks.
Smoothest evolution path to LTE
required.
Migration from CDMA to 3GPP
technologies is accelerating
How to ensure
Growing awareness of green
How to achieve the
values in developed markets

Pressure from nongovernmental environmental
organizations e.g. WWF
investment protection
with an unbeatable
network evolution ?
greenest network?
2010 LTE is becoming reality
59 LTE network operator

commitments in 28
countries
Up to 22 LTE networks
expected to be
commercially launched by
end 2010
(and 37 LTE networks in
service by end 2012)
380 million subscribers by
2015
Forecast for LTE lead markets
by Research and Markets
Market Situation: LTE Launches
Current Status on LTE launches:

TeliaSonera LTE service launch in Stockholm and
Oslo on Dec. 14, 2009, as first network in the
world.
TS launching pilots in Finland within 1Q/2010, &
Denmark shortly after (license in April 2010)
Verizon Wireless released some details on LTE
plans: launch 25..30 markets in 2010; Double
within 15 months. Entire current 3G footprint to be
covered by LTE end-of-2013.
NTT DoCoMo will launch Dec.2010
coverage area of TeliaSonera launch

Downtown Stockholm area, launch on Dec.14, 2009
Initially 100 selected users, from Jan.14 general access
(terminal delivery starts for ordinary people having been on
waiting list since launch )
Key architectural concept.

Flat and cost effective Mobile Network
Access
Core
Control
MGW
GSM/EDGE/
2G BTS
MSC
BSC
UMTS/HSPA
RNC
SGSN
GGSN
W-CDMA BTS
MGW
IMS
LTE / SAE
LTE BTS (eNodeB)
Improved flexible radio technology
New air I/F providing higher data throughputs

LTE provides flexibility for spectrum re-farming
and new spectrum
LTE can operate in a number of different
frequency bands
10
HLR/HSS
MME
SAE-GW
Simpler architecture for reduced OPEX
Simplified, flat network architecture based on IP

reduces operators cost per bit significantly
Interworking with legacy systems is an integral
part of service continuity
Re-use of existing equipment as much as
possible
Radio technology roadmap converging to LTE
Cellular
Networks
GSM/EDGE
WCDMA/HSPA
evolution
evolution
LTE
CDMA
2007
2008
2009
2010
LTE as global cellular mobile-broadband technology

Smooth interworking with existing cellular networks
assures service continuity
11
2020
Answering the challenges
Easy and efficient evolution?

Offer new services when needed?
Data Growth
SW-based evolution to LTE
Superior throughput from LTE
Shortest time to revenue via smooth
upgrade path
Best re-use of existing sites?

Easy and efficient site evolution?
Investment protection
One all purpose BTS

LTE Solution
Cost awareness
10% higher staff-efficiency for network operation from NetAct and SON
25% less site visits for maintenance and upgrades
30-50% lower power consumption with credibility
How to increase operational efficiency?
How to increase resource efficiency?
12
LTE Standardisation and Architecture
13
Requirements setup for LTE standardization

and design choices by 3GPP
Packet switched domain optimized
Flat dual node architecture, Node B controlled RRM

One way (radio) delay below 5 ms
Fast scheduling in UL and DL supported (granularity 1 ms)
Ensure good level of mobility and security
Reusing and adapting principles from UMTS
Improve terminal power efficiency
SC-FDMA for UL, advanced DRX/DTX functions
Frequency allocation flexibility
1.4, 3, 5, 10, 15 and 20 MHz allocations specified
Performance
Peak rates uplink/downlink 50/100 Mbps
Higher radio capacity: Depending on the case 3-4 times higher capacity
expected than with Release 6 HSDPA/HSUPA reference case
14
LTE standardization
End of 2004
March 2005
December 2005
March 2006
September 2006
December 2007
March 2009
3GPP workshop on UTRAN long term evolution

Study item started
Multiple access selected
Functional split between radio and core agreed
Study item closed, work item agreed
1st version of radio specs approved
Backwards compatibility started (ASN.1 frozen)
Rel-9
started
15
Rel-10 LTE-A
started
LTE TDD and FDD in one specification

With 2 frame structure options
16
3GPP R8 network architecture

Evolved Packet Core (EPC)
Radio Access Network
Other access networks
HSS
AAA PCRF
IMS Operator services
BSC
SGSN
2G
RNC
SAE Gateway
SGSN
Internet
3G
Serving
GW
LTE
eNode-B
MME
ePDG
Untrusted Non-3GPP IP Access

Trusted Non-3GPP IP Access
PDN
GW
Company intranets
Control plane
User plane
Non-3GPP
17
Services in Packet
Data Network
Network evolution towards LTE flat architecture

HSPA
3GPP R6
Direct tunnel
HSPA
3GPP R7
Internet HSPA
HSPA
3GPP R7
GGSN
GGSN
GGSN
SGSN
Direct
tunnel
RNC
RNC
Node-B
Node-B
= control plane
= user plane
18
SGSN
SGSN
Direct
tunnel
Node-B
with RNC
funct.
LTE R8
GGSN
SAE GW
SGSN/
MME
eNode-B
LTE/SAE Overview
Only one Network Element in Radio
and Core each
Focus is on enhancement of Packet
Switched technology
high data rates, low latency, packet
optimised flat IP system
Comprehensive Security
Access
Mobility Concept with tight

Integration for 3GPP accesses
Streamlined SAE Bearer Model with
Network Centric QoS Handling
On/Offline & Flow Based Charging
Core Switching & Transport
Core Control
PCRF
LTE BTS
(eNodeB)
MME
SAE-GW
IMS
HSS/AAA
PCRF: Policy and Charging Control Function

19
3GPP Supported FDD Frequency Bands

Total [MHz] Uplink [MHz]
1
2x60
1920-1980
2
2x60
1850-1910
3
2x75
1710-1785
4
2x45
1710-1755
5
2x25
824-849
6
2x10
830-840
2x70
2500-2570
7
2x35
880-915
8
9
2x35
1749.9-1784.9
10
2x60
1710-1770
11
2x20
1427.9-1447.9
12
2x18
698-716
13
2x10
777-787
14
2x10
788-798
17
2x12
704-716
18
2x15
815-830
19
2x15
830-845
20
2x30
832-862
21
2x15
1447.9-1462.9
22
2x90
3410-3500
20
Downlink [MHz]
2110-2170
1930-1990
1805-1880
2110-2155
869-894
875-885
2620-2690
925-960
1844.9-1879.9
2110-2170
1475.9-1495.9
728-746
746-756
758-768
734-746
860-875
875-890
791-821
1495.9-1510.9
3510-3600
Europe
/Asia
Japan
Americas
UMTS core
US PCS
1800
US AWS
US 850
Japan 800
2600
900
Japan 1700
Extended AWS
Japan 1500
US700
US700
US700
US700
Japan new 800
Japan new 800
EU800
Japan 1500 ext
3500
3GPP Supported TDD Frequency Bands

Total [MHz]
33
20
34
15
35
60
36
60
37
20
38
50
40
39
100
40
21
Uplink [MHz]
1900-1920
2010-2025
1850-1910
1930-1990
1910-1930
2570-2620
1880-1920
2300-2400
China / Asia Europe
Americas
UMTS band
UMTS band
USA
USA
USA
2600 mid
China
China/Asia
Functional Split between E-UTRAN and EPC
eNode-B hosts the following functions:
Radio Resource Management

IP header compression and encryption
Selection of an MME at UE attachment;
Routing of User Plane data towards SAE Gateway;
Scheduling and transmission of paging messages and broadcast information
Measurement and measurement reporting configuration for mobility and scheduling
22
MME hosts the following functions:

Distribution of paging messages to the eNBs
Idle state mobility control
Ciphering and integrity protection of NAS
signalling
SAE Gateway hosts the following functions:

Termination of U-plane packets for paging reasons
Switching of U-plane for support of UE mobility.
Radio Access overview
23
Multiple Access Methods

TDMA
Time Division
OFDMA
FDMA
CDMA
Frequency Division
Code Division
Frequency Division
Orthogonal subcarriers
f
User 1
User 2
s
e
d
co
24
User 3
User ..
Downlink - OFDM
Subchannels / Tones (each 15 kHz)
1.4 MHz = 72 Tones
User 1
20 MHz = 1200 Tones
User 2
User 3
tim
e
User ..
1 TTI
= 1ms
1 PRB = 2 Slots = 2 * 0.5 ms
1 PRB (Physical Resource Block) = 12 Subcarriers = 180 kHz
25
Uplink Single Carrier FDMA

Subchannels / Tones (each 15 kHz)
1.4 MHz = 72 Tones
User 1
20 MHz = 1200 Tones
User 2
User 3
tim
e
User ..
1 TTI
= 1ms
1 PRB = 2 Slots = 2 * 0.5 ms
1 PRB (Physical Resource Block) = 12 Subcarriers = 180 kHz
SC-FDMA: PRBs are grouped to bring down Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR)
> better power efficiency at the terminal
26
The Beauties of LTE

TX
Fast Link
Adaptation
due to
channel
behaviour
scalable
DL: OFDMA
64QAM
Modulation
RX
MIMO
Tx Channel Rx
Advanced
Scheduling
Time & Freq.
Short TTI = 1 ms
Transmission
time interval
ARQ
Automatic Repeat
Request
UL: SC-FDMA
Channel only changes amplitude and phase of subcarriers

27
LTE Radio principles
Downlink:
OFDMA
Uplink:
SC-FDMA
Improved spectral efficiency

Reduced interference
Very well suited for MIMO
Power efficient uplink increasing battery lifetime

Improved cell edge performance by low peak to average ratio
Reduced Terminal complexity
Enabling peak cell data rates of 173 Mbps DL and 58 Mbps in UL *

Scalable bandwidth: 1.4 / 3 / 5 / 10 /15 / 20 MHz also allows deployment
in lower frequency bands (rural coverage, refarming)
Short latency: 10 20 ms **
* At 20 MHz bandwidth, FDD, 2 Tx, 2 Rx, DL MIMO, PHY layer gross bit rate
28
** roundtrip ping delay (server near RAN)
Peak data rates will continue to grow

3GPP Rel5
3GPP Rel6
k rate
a
e
p
k
n
i
l
ow n
3GPP Rel7
42 Mbps2
28 Mbps1
14 Mbps
14 Mbps
0.4 Mbps
rate
k
a
e
p
k
n
i
l
Up
3GPP Rel8
11 Mbps
173 Mbps3
58 Mbps3
11 Mbps
5.7 Mbps
1With
2x2 MIMO and 16QAM

2x2 MIMO or DC-HSPA
and 64QAM
3 in 20 MHz spectrum allocation
2With
HSPA downlink data rate increases with 2x2 MIMO or DC-HSPA and 64QAM
up to 42 Mbps and uplink data rate with 16QAM up to 11 Mbps
LTE supports data rates of 173 Mbps and 58 Mbps respectively (respective
coded rates: approx. 150 and 50 Mbps) for most demanding customer segment
29
Comparison of Throughput and Latency

Max. peak data rate**
Average call throughput (macro cell, 20 MHz**
350
60
300
MHz/cell
250
Mbps
50
Downlink
Uplink
200
150
40
Downlink
Uplink
30
20
100
10
50
0
HSPA R6
HSPAevo (Rel.
7/8, 2x2 MIMO)
LTE 2x20 MHz

(2x2 MIMO
HSPA R6, 4
carriers
(5MHz)
LTE 2x20
MHz (4x4
MIMO
Latency (Rountrip delay)*
HSPAevo Rel8,
4 carriers
(5MHz)
LTE (2x2
MIMO), 20 MHz
carrier
LTE 4x4 MIMO,

20 MHz carrier
VoIP capacity
70
GSM/
EDGE
Calls/MHz/cell
60
HSPA
Rel6
HSPAevo
(Rel8)
50
Downlink
Uplink
40
30
20
10
LTE
min max
0
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
DSL (~20-50 ms, depending on operator)

* Server near RAN
30
200 ms
HSPA R6
** LTE values acc. to 3GPP R1-072580 case 1
(macro cell, full buffer, 500m ISD)
LTE
Large step from GSM to UMTS device;

Smaller step from UMTS to LTE device
GSM Device
UMTS Device
200 kHz bandwidth

TDMA / FDMA
GMSK modulation / FDD
Digital Processing
Voice / SMS
High effort bandwidth

5MHz at frequencies up
to 2.1GHz
High effort modulation
CDMA / Rake Receiver
High effort protocols
RLC / RRM / MAC / IP
High effort Digital
Processing
High effort display
development
High effort talk/standby
power consumption
Multimedia starts
From coverage to capacity
31
LTE Device
Bandwidth & frequency
well known
Modulation OFDM well
known, simpler Rx
design (FFT)
Reuse of protocols
(3GPP evolution),
display, power concepts
Simplification of QoS
parameter set for Ue
Ready for high data

rate applications
LTE UE support Peak data rates above 100 Mbps
All categories support 20 MHz

64QAM mandatory in downlink, but not in uplink (except Class 5)
2x2 MIMO in other classes except Class 1
Class 1
Class 2
Class 3
Class 4
Class 5
10/5 Mbps
50/25 Mbps
100/50 Mbps
150/50 Mbps
300/75 Mbps
RF bandwidth
20 MHz
20 MHz
20 MHz
20 MHz
20 MHz
Modulation DL
64QAM
64QAM
64QAM
64QAM
64QAM
Modulation UL
16QAM2
16QAM2
16QAM2
16QAM2
64QAM
Yes1
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
1-4 tx
1-4 tx
1-4 tx
1-4 tx
1-4 tx
Optional
2x2
2x2
2x2
4x4
Peak rate DL/UL
Rx diversity
BTS tx diversity
MIMO DL
1Performance
2No
32
64QAM
requirements are based on 2-rx, but 2-rx is not mandated directly
Upgrade Concepts 3G to LTE

Focus on investment protection
re-use of site installations
Antenna, Feeder in spectrum re-farming scenarios
Backhaul sharing between LTE and 2G/3G
NSN installed base: adding LTE, reuse of 3G base station
with Flexi BS deployed: Rel2.1 System and RF Module are LTE ready
In other cases: adding LTE Flexi BS in existing footprint
LTE
LTE
LTE
3G/CDMA
Existing RNC
(for CS)
and Core
3G
CDMA
add-on
BTS/NodeB
33
Other BTSs
Existing RNC
(for CS)
and Core
Migration Scenario: W-CDMA BTS LTE

Antenna
Panel
2.1GHz or
multiband
1.7-2.7GHz
antenna
2.1GHz or
multiband
1.7-2.7GHz
antenna
Tower
Mounted
Amplifier
Feeder
Cable
Antenna
Panel
Antenna
Panel
Remote Radio
Head or
RF-module
(feederless site)
Tower
Mounted
Amplifier
Feeder
Cable
Combining
Flexi RF Module
BTS
Combining
Flexi System
Flexi System
BTS
BTS
BTS
Option 2
Option 3
Flexi RF Module
Flexi System
Migration
34
Option 1
Core Technology overview
35
Core Technology Overview

Mobility Management Entity
C-Plane Part of aGW
Session & Mobility management
Idle mode mobility management
Paging
AAA Proxy
Serving Gateway
User plane anchor for mobility between the

2G/3G access system and the LTE access
system.
Lawful Interception
Packet Data Network Gateway
Gateway towards Internet/Intranets
Access Gateway decomposition
HLR/HSS
(AAA)
MME
SAE-GW
PCEF
User plane anchor for mobility between 3GPP

and non-3GPP access systems (HA).
Charging Support
Policy and Charging Enforcement (PCEF) *)
Packet Filtering
Lawful Interception
36
PCRF
PDN
Serving
GW
PDN
GW
IMS
SAE-GW: System Architecture Evolution Gateway

= S-GW+PDN-GW
*) PCRF: Policy and Charging Rules Function communicates with
PCEF: Policy and Charging Enforcement Function within PDN SAE GW
Mobility
Access Specific Local Mobility
UE 3GPP IP PoA
Access Independent
Global Mobility
UE Global IP PoA
RNC/BSC
UE Identifier
Global IP Address
SGSN*
MME
BTS/NB
PDN
GW (HA)
GTP
GTP
HLR/HSS
(AAA)
DNS
GTP
eNode B
Service Layer
MIP
Serving
GW
I-WLAN
BS
DNS: Domain Name Server
37
(FA)
ePDG for I-WLAN
CDMA2000
PDSN for CDMA2000
WiMAX
ASN-GW for WiMAX
GTP: GPRS Tunnel Protocol MIP: Mobile IP SGSN*: upgraded 2G/3G SGSN ( LTE capable)
IMS
Operator Servicesx
Internet /
Corporate Services
Quality of Service in LTE

Substantially optimized bearer handling compared to 3G networks
Reduced QoS parameter set for reduced implementation complexity compared to 3G
Network centric QoS scheme reduces the complexity of terminal implementations
3G QoS relies on QoS aware
terminals - terminal requests
QoS level that is appropriate
for the application:
Residual BER
SDU error ratio
Delivery of erroneous SDUs
Maximum SDU size
Label
Bearer type (Guaranteed or nonguaranteed Bit Rate)
Packet Delay
Packet Loss
Delivery order
Guaranteed Bit Rate (uplink/downlink)
Transfer delay
Maximum Bit Rate (uplink/downlink)
ARP
Traffic class
THP
Maximum bitrate UL/DL
GBR (EL/DL)
38
LTE applies Network Centric QoS with a

reduced set of parameters:
Allocation/Retention Priority (connection

setup priority among subscribers when
the network is congested)
Potential voice evolution steps in LTE

1. LTE used for high speed packet data access only
Operator voice service provided over CS network
2. Fallback to CS voice
LTE network is used for data only

Terminal is simultaneously registered to both LTE and 2G/3G CS network
Voice calls are initiated and received over CS network
3. Single radio Voice Call Continuity (VCC)
Operator provides VoIP over LTE

IMS acts as control machinery
Voice calls can be handed over to CS network
4. All-IP network
39
Operator provides VoIP over LTE

IMS acts as control machinery
Voice calls can be handed over to other packet switched networks
LTE voice evolution

LTE used for high speed packet data access only
Fallback to CS when voice needed
Voice service provided over CS network

Laptop with
LTE data card
MME
Data
Internet
SAE GW
LTE radio
network
2G/3G
terminal
LTE ps with
capable
Internet
SAE GW
LTE radio
network
Operator
IP network
CS voice
MME
Data
Operator
IP network
SGs
CS voice
2G/3G CS
network
2G/3G radio
network
MSC Server System
MSC Server System
All-IP network
Single Radio Voice Call Continuity (SRVCC)

LTE primary VoIP service provided via IMS/NVS
LTE PS/VoIP
capable
VoIP
MME
O perator
V oIP control
machinery
IMS
Internet
LTE PS/VoIP
capable
VoIP
MME
LTE radio
network
LTE radio
network
SV
SAE GW
Operator
IP network
VoIP
MSC Server System
SGSN/GGSN
Internet
Operator
IP network
IMS/ IMS centralized
of VoIP and
NVS control
CS voice services
CS voice
2G/3G CS
network
3G HSPA
network
40
SAE GW
LTE- Advanced (3GPP Rel. 10)
41
LTE for IMT-Advanced
Bandwidth Extension
100 MHz
8x
Smooth
migration from
LTE to LTE-A
MIMO
Backward
compatible
to LTE
4x
Cooperative Systems
Relaying
Mobility
42
LTE-Advanced - (3GPP Rel. 10)

A technology candidate for IMT-advanced
LTE introduction
Upcoming key technologies
IMT-A
Bandwidth
Extension
8x
4x MIMO
Smooth evolution
LTE
Backwards compatibility
Cooperative
Systems
1st worldwide trials

Berlin, Nov. 2007
43
Relaying
Global platform
for the next
generations
of mobile services
IMT-A / LTE-A
Bandwidth Extension
LTE introduction
IMT-A
Bandwidth
Extension
Global platform
for the next
generations
of mobile services
8x
4x MIMO
Smooth evolution
LTE
IMT-A
up to 100
MHz / LTE-A
Flexible component carrier aggregation
different frequency bands
Cooperative
Systems
asymmetric in UL/DL
Component Carrier
(LTE rel. 8 Carrier)
10 MHz
20 MHz

Berlin, Nov. 2007
Aggregated BW: 30MHz
Relaying
20 MHz
20 MHz
20 MHz
20 MHz
20 MHz
Aggregated BW: 5x20MHz = 100MHz
44
MIMO Extension
LTE introduction
IMT-A
Bandwidth
Extension
8x
4x
MIMO
Smooth evolution
LTE
Cooperative
Systems

Berlin, Nov. 2007
45
Relaying
Global platform
for the next
generations
of mobile services
IMT-A / LTE-A
Cooperative Systems
LTE introduction
IMT-A

Bandwidth
Extension
Global platform
for the next
generations
of mobile services
8x
4x MIMO
Smooth evolution
LTE
Cooperative
Systems
IMT-A
LTE-A of multiple
Cooperation
of /antennas
sectors / sites
Interference free
by coordinated
transmission /
reception
Highest
performance
potential
Berlin, Nov. 2007
46
Relaying
Service Area
International Mobile Telecommunications

Advanced
LTE introduction
IMT-A
Bandwidth
Extension
8x
4x MIMO
Smooth evolution
LTE
Global platform
for the next
generations
of mobile services
FastIMT-A
deployment
IMT-A
/ LTE-A
/ LTE-A
Coverage with low
infrastructure costs
Cooperative
Systems
TR
36.913
Berlin, Nov. 2007
47
Relaying
Thank You
48

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LTE Overview

Nokia Siemens Networks

Nokia Siemens Networks

LTE Market Overview

Our market vision 2015 the world connected

Nokia Siemens Networks

but there are big challenges ahead of us

Nokia Siemens Networks

Key challenges for mobile data

The Users expectation

..leads to the operators challenges

Best price, transparent flat rate

reduce cost per bit

Devices & applications drive

Reduction of network cost is

Nokia Siemens Networks

Revenues and Traffic

and a truly E2E LTE solution is needed

OSS system for

Nokia Siemens Networks

Market trends and operator success factors

Higher data rates marketing

Nokia Siemens Networks

How to cater for 100X

Revenues and traffic are

Growing awareness of green

How to achieve the

values in developed markets

2010 LTE is becoming reality

59 LTE network operator

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Market Situation: LTE Launches

Current Status on LTE launches:

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coverage area of TeliaSonera launch

Key architectural concept.

Improved flexible radio technology

New air I/F providing higher data throughputs

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Simpler architecture for reduced OPEX

Simplified, flat network architecture based on IP

Radio technology roadmap converging to LTE

LTE as global cellular mobile-broadband technology

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Answering the challenges

Easy and efficient evolution?

Best re-use of existing sites?

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LTE Standardisation and Architecture

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Requirements setup for LTE standardization

Flat dual node architecture, Node B controlled RRM

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3GPP workshop on UTRAN long term evolution

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LTE TDD and FDD in one specification

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3GPP R8 network architecture

IMS Operator services

Untrusted Non-3GPP IP Access

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Network evolution towards LTE flat architecture