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Forensics Department, Brazilian Federal Police Regional Superintendence in the State of Acre, Rua Floriano Peixoto, 874, 69908-030 Rio Branco, AC, Brazil
Institute of Chemistry, University of Braslia, PO Box 4478, 70904-970 Braslia, DF, Brazil
c
National Institute of Criminalistcs, Brazilian Federal Police, SAIS Quadra 07 Lote 23, 70610-200 Braslia, DF, Brazil
b
A R T I C L E I N F O
A B S T R A C T
Article history:
Received 11 November 2011
Received in revised form 12 April 2012
Accepted 16 April 2012
Available online 7 May 2012
Recent information from various sources suggests that a new illicit drug, called oxi, is being spread
across Brazil. It would be used in the smoked form and it would look like to crack cocaine: usually small
yellowish or light brown stones. As fully released in the media, oxi would differ from crack cocaine in
the sense that crack would contain carbonate or bicarbonate salts whereas oxi would include the
addition of calcium oxide and kerosene (or gasoline).
In this context, this work presents a chemical proling comparative study between oxi
street samples seized by the Civil Police of the State of Acre (CP/AC) and samples associated with
both international and interstate drug trafcking seized by the Brazilian Federal Police in Acre (FP/
AC).
The outcome of this work assisted Brazilian authorities to stop inaccurate and alarmist releases on
this issue. It may be of good use by the forensic community in order to better understand matters in
their efforts to guide local law enforcement agencies in case such claims reach the international illicit
market.
2012 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords:
Cocaine
Oxi
Oxidado
Acre
PeQui
1. Introduction
Between late 2010 and early 2011 it was widely reported by
various media sources that a new illicit drug, more devastating
than crack cocaine, called oxi or oxidado (oxidized), was
being spread across Brazil [15]. Also according to those reports,
oxi cocaine was rst detected in Acre, a state in northwestern
Brazil which borders with Bolivia and Peru. It would be used in the
smoked form and it would look like to crack cocaine: usually small
yellowish or light brown stones. As released by the media, oxi
cocaine would differ from crack cocaine in the sense that crack
would contain carbonate or bicarbonate salts whereas oxi would
include the addition of calcium oxide and kerosene (or gasoline).
Furthermore, the so-called oxi would allegedly be less pure and
114
R.C. da Silva Junior et al. / Forensic Science International 221 (2012) 113119
R.C. da Silva Junior et al. / Forensic Science International 221 (2012) 113119
115
200 mA; ion source temperature at 230 8C; mass lter (quad)
temperature at 200 8C; and transfer line temperature at 280 8C.
R.C. da Silva Junior et al. / Forensic Science International 221 (2012) 113119
116
Table 1
FP/AC cocaine, phenacetin and cinnamoylcocaine levels and sample classications based on oxidation degree.
Sample
Cocaine (%)
Phenacetin (%)
Cinnamoylcocaine (%)
Cinnamoylcocaine/cocaine (%)
Classication
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
50.1
56.8
57.2
60.9
65.6
69.7
71.8
71.9
73.2
75.5
76.0
76.3
76.3
76.8
77.5
77.7
78.0
78.4
78.4
80.0
80.9
82.6
85.1
10.2
0.4
3.9
0.7
3.8
0.6
10.1
0.4
0.5
2.1
1.8
4.9
5.2
1.3
10.9
8.7
6.1
1.3
2.6
5.8
5.7
9.9
6.5
3.8
0.7
9.9
10.9
9.3
1.1
17.7
0.7
0.9
3.2
2.6
6.8
7.2
1.8
14.5
11.5
8.0
1.6
3.4
7.5
7.3
12.7
8.2
4.9
0.8
12.3
13.2
10.9
Highly oxidized
Not oxidized
Highly oxidized
Highly oxidized
Moderately oxidized
Moderately oxidized
Not oxidized
Not oxidized
Highly oxidized
Not oxidized
Not oxidized
Not oxidized
Highly oxidized
Moderately oxidized
Not oxidized
Not oxidized
Not oxidized
Not oxidized
Moderately oxidized
Highly oxidized
Not oxidized
Not oxidized
Not oxidized
() not detected
Table 2
Results of selected FP/AC samples thermogravimetric analysis.
Sample
Volatiles (%)a
Organics (%)b
Inorganics (%)c
Residue (%)d
A
B
C
E
F
J
T
U
V
W
3.13
6.04
3.39
2.46
3.24
0.21
2.42
1.21
0.27
3.24
84.32
86.38
92.71
94.37
94.43
97.65
95.04
96.20
97.34
91.05
0.00
2.99
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
12.55
4.59
3.90
3.17
2.32
2.14
2.54
2.59
2.39
5.72
R.C. da Silva Junior et al. / Forensic Science International 221 (2012) 113119
117
Table 3
CP/AC cocaine, phenacetin and cinnamoylcocaine levels and sample classications based on oxidation degree.
Sample
Cocaine (%)
Phenacetin (%)
Cinnamoylcocaine (%)
Cinnamoylcocaine/cocaine (%)
Classication
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
29.6
43.2
43.2
43.3
46.8
50.3
55.6
66.6
71.0
73.2
73.5
73.6
79.6
85.0
18.3
13.3
22.0
1.5
14.6
19.8
0.4
0.7
4.7
0.8
5.1
2.4
1.9
6.8
5.1
5.9
5.8
6.7
1.6
7.0
6.2
2.5
10.8
1.9
11.7
5.0
3.8
12.3
7.6
8.3
7.9
9.1
2.2
8.9
7.3
Moderately oxidized
Not oxidized
Highly oxidized
Not oxidized
Moderately oxidized
Moderately oxidized
Not oxidized
Not oxidized
Not oxidized
Not oxidized
Not oxidized
Moderately oxidized
Not oxidized
Not oxidized
() not detected.
Table 4
Results of selected CP/AC samples thermogravimetric analysis.
Sample
Volatiles (%)a
Organics (%)b
Inorganics (%)c
Residue (%)d
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
13
14
1.28
1.17
3.59
0.85
2.03
3.46
1.70
1.38
1.21
0.95
67.74
78.03
90.84
69.72
69.17
88.58
94.89
95.25
95.63
96.02
17.80
13.64
0.00
20.41
22.81
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
13.17
7.16
5.57
9.02
5.98
7.96
3.40
3.37
3.16
3.03
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R.C. da Silva Junior et al. / Forensic Science International 221 (2012) 113119
Fig. 4. Overlay of typical chromatograms obtained in the headspace-GC/MS analysis of CP/AC samples (above) and FP/AC samples (below).
4. Conclusion
R.C. da Silva Junior et al. / Forensic Science International 221 (2012) 113119
119
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