Microbiology

Cell cultivations

Department of Chemical Engineering

University of San Carlos

Microbiology
the science which studies living micro-organisms too small to
be seen by the naked eye, which included bacteria, fungi, algae,
protozoa, and the infectious agents at the borderline of life that are
called viruses;
this concerns with their forms, structure, reproduction,
physiology, metabolism, and classification;
includes the study of their distribution in nature, their
relationship to each other and to other living organisms, their
effects on human beings and on other plants and animals, their
abilities to make physical and chemical changes in our
environment and their reactions to physical and chemical agents.
Department of Chemical Engineering
University of San Carlos

Microbiology
All biological systems, or Life itself, have the following
characteristics in common:
the ability to reproduce,
the ability to ingest or assimilate food substances and
metabolise them for energy and growth,
the ability to excrete waste products,
the ability to react to changes in their environment sometimes
called irritability;
and the susceptibility to mutation.
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Department of Chemical Engineering

University of San Carlos

Domains of Life
Major categories of life:
Animal kingdom
Plant kingdom
Protist kingdom
Types of cells:
Animal cells
Plant cells
Microbial cells
Types of microbial cells:
prokaryotic cells
eukaryotic cells
Department of Chemical Engineering
University of San Carlos

Evolution of microorganisms

Department of Chemical Engineering

University of San Carlos

Protist Kingdom

Prokaryotes

Eukaryotes

Bacteria Blue-green algae

Fungi Algae Protozoa

Molds
Department of Chemical Engineering
University of San Carlos

Yeasts

Simple classification of Protists

Major characteristics of micro-organisms

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Morphological characteristics
Chemical composition
Cultural characteristics
Metabolic characteristics
Antigenic characteristics
Genetic characteristics
Pathogenicity
Ecological characteristics

Department of Chemical Engineering

University of San Carlos

Major characteristics of micro-organisms

1) Morphological characteristics
cell shape
cell size
cell structure
cell arrangement
occurrence of special structures and developmental forms
staining reactions
motility and flagellar arrangement
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Department of Chemical Engineering

University of San Carlos

Major characteristics of micro-organisms

2) Chemical composition
the various constituents of the cell
3) Cultural characteristics
nutritional requirements
physical conditions required for growth
manner in which growth occurs
4) Metabolic characteristics
the way in which cells obtain and use their energy, carry
out chemical reactions, and regulate these reactions.

Department of Chemical Engineering

University of San Carlos

Major characteristics of micro-organisms

5) Antigenic characteristics
special large chemical components (antigens) of the cell,
distinctive for certain kinds of micro-organisms.
6) Genetic characteristics
characteristics of the hereditary material of the cell (DNA)
occurrence and functions of other kinds of DNA that may
be present, such as plasmids.
7) Pathogenicity
The ability to cause disease in various plants or animals or
even other micro-organisms.

Department of Chemical Engineering

University of San Carlos

Major characteristics of micro-organisms

8) Ecological characteristics
habitat
distribution of the organism in nature
interactions between and among species in
natural environment

Department of Chemical Engineering

University of San Carlos

What are prokaryotic cells?

How do they look like?
What are they made up?
How do they multiply?
What are their shapes and structure?
Can they move?
Examples of them?
Find out?

Department of Chemical Engineering

University of San Carlos

Prokaryotic Cell
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1 Cytoplasmic membrane; 2 Cytoplasm; 3 Flagella; 4 Glycogen granules;

5 Envelope; 6 Nuclear region/nucleoid; 7 Poly--hydroxybutyrate; 8 Pili;
9 Plasmids; 10 Polyphosphate granules; 11 Ribosomes; 12 Sulfur particles;
13 Cell wall; 14 Fat particles
Department of Chemical Engineering
University of San Carlos

Prokaryotic Cell
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simplest form
1 Cytoplasmic membrane; 2 Cytoplasm; 3 Flagella; 4 Glycogen granules;
5 Envelope; 6 Nuclear region/nucleoid; 7 Poly--hydroxybutyrate; 8 Pili;
9 Plasmids; 10 Polyphosphate granules; 11 Ribosomes; 12 Sulfur particles;
13 Cell wall; 14 Fat particles
Department of Chemical Engineering
University of San Carlos

Nucleoid (nuclear region)

A network of very fine thread
Borders directly on the cytoplasm
Contains large quantities of ribosomes (70S
type)
Appears less dense than the ribosomecontaining cytoplasm
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Department of Chemical Engineering
University of San Carlos

Nucleoid (nuclear region)

Department of Chemical Engineering

University of San Carlos

Cytoplasm
Surrounded by the cytoplasmic membrane
Contains water, nucleic acids, proteins,
carbohydrates, lipids, inorganic ions, & a
variety of low molecular weight compounds
Contains ribosomes
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Department of Chemical Engineering
University of San Carlos

Cytoplasmic membrane
Osmotic regulator
Site of respiratory and photosynthetic
energy generation
Analogous to mitochondria and
chloroplasts
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Department of Chemical Engineering
University of San Carlos

Cytoplasmic membrane
Contains many transport systems for
various mineral ions, sugars, and amino
acids
Site of several enzyme systems
mitochondria (in eukaryotes)
Transports wastes outward
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Department of Chemical Engineering

University of San Carlos

Plasmids
Small circular DNA molecules separate
from chromosomal DNA
Self-replicating
Carry only a few genes that confer a
selective advantage on the bacterium
harboring them the ability to build an
antibiotic resistance

Department of Chemical Engineering

University of San Carlos

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