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RADIATION EXPERIMENTS: STEFAN-BOLTZMANN LAW AND INVERSE SQUARE LAW OF HEAT

Bonn Axell Moran*, Mark Joseph Reyes, Leonard Sagaral


Xavier-University Ateneo de Cagayan, Chemical Engineering Department, Misamis Oriental 9000
*moranbonn@gmail.com
Abstract There are three mechanisms of heat transferconduction, convection, and radiation. In this experiment,
the focused mode of heat transfer is thermal radiation. Thermal radiation is a mode of heat transfer by
electromagnetic radiation where the medium through which the heat is transferred usually not heated. The
objectives of this experiment were to verify the Stefan-Boltzmann Law and the Inverse Square Law of Heat,
respectively. Stefan-Boltzmann law was validated by recording the radiometer reading with respect to the
temperature at ambient conditions (TA) and the source temperature (Ts).Consequently, the inverse square law of
heat was proven by determining the radiometer reading while varying the distance of the radiometer sensor with
an increment of 50 mm. In conclusion, the Stefan-Boltzmann law was verified through the direct proportionality
and conformity of the values of equation 1 and equation 3 which produced only a 1.07 % difference. For inverse
square law of heat, it was confirmed due to the linearity and slope of log Intensity (R) vs log X (distance) which
yields a slope of -1.81 which is close to the theoretical -2.
Keywords: Heat transfer, radiation, radiation intensity, Stefan-Boltzmann Law, Inverse Square Law of Heat
I. INTRODUCTION
Radiation is the exchange of thermal radiation
energy between two or more bodies. No medium is
required between two bodies compared to conduction and
convection. The intermediaries are photons which travel at
the speed of light (Geankoplis, 2003).
Stefan-Boltzmann law describes how a body at a
definite temperature absorbs and emits electromagnetic
radiation. It states that the total energy radiated per unit
surface area of a black body across all wavelengths per unit
time is directly proportional to the fourth power of the
black body thermodynamic temperature, where
is a
constant of proportionality known as Stephans constant
having a value of

Eq.1

Where:
= energy emitted by unit area of a black body surface
(W.m2)
=
Stefan-Boltzmann
constant
equal
to

Ts= Source Temperature of radiometer and surroundings


(K)
T= Temperature of radiometer and surroundings (K)

Fig. 1 Light Source and Flux


Inverse-square law is any physical law stating that
a specified physical quantity or intensity is inversely
proportional to the square of the distance from the source
of that physical quantity.
Based from Fig. 1 above, S represents the light
source, while r represents the measured points. The lines
represent the flux emanating from the source. The total
number of flux lines depends on the strength of the source
and is constant with increasing distance. A greater density
of flux lines (lines per unit area) means a stronger field.
The density of flux lines is inversely proportional to the
square of the distance from the source because the surface
area of a sphere increases with the square of the radius.
Thus the strength of the field is inversely proportional to
the square of the distance from the source.

Eq. 2

Using the inverse square relationship of intensity


and distance, the slope of the graph log R vs log X is -2
(Welty, 2007).
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Figure 2. Log R vs. Log X (Theoretical)


II. EXPERIMENTAL SECTION

A. Stefan-Boltzmann Law

B. Inverse Square Law

A. Stefan-Boltzmann Law
At fixed distance X = 200 mm, the distance between
the black plate and the Radiometer, and Y = 50 mm, the
distance between the black plate and the heat source. The
experiment described the power radiated from a black body
in terms of its temperature. The StefanBoltzmann law
states that the total energy radiated per unit surface area of
a black body across all wavelengths per unit time (also
known as the black-body radiant emissive power), is
directly proportional to the fourth power of the black
body's thermodynamic temperature T (Cardoso 2005).

qb = 11.07 x R
qb = (TS4 - TA4)
% Difference
2
W/m
W/m2
66.42
67.05
0.94
210.33
208.97
0.65
298.89
307.70
2.9
464.94
466.81
0.40
774.9
771.15
0.49
Average % difference
1.076
Table 2. Experimental and theoretical intensity of
radiation and percentage error
Table 2 shows the energy that was emitted per unit
area by a black bodys surface determined through the
radiometer reading. The first column shows the
experimental values from the radiometer reading R.
Eq. 3
Where 11.07 is the view factor with basis of the fixed
distance.
The second column is the theoretical values obtained
using the Stefan Boltzmann Law equation based from Eq.1.

Based on our calculated results, the intensity of the


radiation increases as the temperature increases; thus,
validating the direct proportionality of radiation intensity
(qb) and source temperature (T s) from the StefanBoltzmann law equation. Also, for both columns
theoretical and experimental calculated values have the
same trends and resulting to a percent difference less than 5
% and averaging 1.1 % difference only. Hence, verifying
the Stefan-Boltzmann law.

B. Inverse Square Law of Heat


Any object at elevated temperature in the experiment
which is 294 K and gives off light known as thermal Figure 3. log R vs log X
radiation. The hotter an object gets the more light it emits.
The experiments objective is to show that the
As the temperature of the object increase, it emits most of
intensity
of radiation on a surface is inversely proportional
its light at higher and higher energies. As one moves
to
the
square
of the distance of the surface from the
further from the source, the emitted particles are dispersed
radiation
source.
As seen in the Figure 3 above, its
and are therefore less likely to strike the radiation
2
R
=0.9552,
which
signifies its linearity and the plot
measurement device. Since the area over which the
emissions are dispersed is that of an expanding sphere displays a line decreasing from left to right. This kind of
about the source, the radiation intensity follows the inverse configuration will give us a negative slope of the line. To
prove the existence of the inverse square law of heat, the
square law as one move away from the source.
line must display a slope close to or equal to -2.0. The
Distanc
Radiometer
determined slope in the experiment is -1.81 close to -2.0
e, X
reading, R
log X
log R
which is determined from equation. Therefore,
(W/m2)
(mm)
demonstrating the validity of the Stefan-Boltzmann law.
2.90 0.903089
800
8
31
99
2.87 0.954242
IV. CONCLUSION
750
9
51
51
2.84 0.954242
In part A, based on the gathered and calculated
700
9
51
51
results, Stefan-Boltzmann law was verified in two ways;
2.81
(1) through the direct proportionality of the radiation
650
10
29
1
intensity (qb) and source temperature (T s) and (2)
2.77 1.041392
comparing and getting the % difference of the experimental
600
11
82
69
result which was obtained via Eq.3 and theoretical result
2.74 1.230448
from Eq.1. After comparing, the % difference generates an
550
17
04
92
average of 1.07% which proves the validity of Stefan2.69 1.278753
Boltzmann law.
500
19
9
6
2.65 1.342422
In part B, it aimed to show the inverse square law
450
22
32
68
relationship between the radiation intensity (R) and
2.60 1.397940
distance (X). To prove this, log R vs log X was plotted,
400
25
21
01
producing a linear graph and having a slope of
Table 3. Inverse Square Law of Heat data
approximately -2. Based from the data and plot developed,
the slope was determined m=-1.81, hence, supporting the
inverse square law of heat relationship.
VI. REFERENCES
[1] Geankoplis, C.J. Principles of Transport Processes and
Separation Processes. 4th Ed. Pearson Education, Inc.
2003.

[2] Welty,J.R. Fundamentals of Momentum, Heat, and


Mass Transfer. 5th Ed. John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
2007...
VI. APPENDICES
Sample Calculations:
Stefan-Boltzmann Law
Calculation of Emitted Energy flux:

Eq. 3

Eq. 4

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