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leaders lobbied the British to allow for a Jewish state in Palestine. Britain and France agreed to divide up the Arab world
after the war.
Balfour Declaration 1917
-British Promise to the Jews. British committed itself to a Jewish national home in Palestine.
-Arthur James Balfour: His majestys government views with favor of the establishment in Palestine of a national home
for the Jewish people and will use their best endeavors to facilitate the achievement of this object.ppppp
-The British did not consult Palestinian Arabs, who made up almost 85% of population. Thus, the Palestinians opposed
the declaration as a violation of their rights.
-declaration seen as a great diplomatic victory for Zionism and Jewish immigration into Palestine increased.
Armenian Genocide
-Ottomans government systematic extermination of its Armenian subjects inside their homeland which lies in present
day Republic of Turkey
-total number of people killed is between 1 and 1.5 million people
-genocide was carried out during and after World War 1 and implemented two phases: wholesale killing of the male
population and deportation of women and children
British Mandate in Palestine 1922
When the Ottoman Empire fell at the end of the war in 1918, the British officially took control of Palestine as a
mandate (colony).
-Palestinian Arabs were outraged that although they comprised the large majority of the population Britain had not
allowed them to determine how Palestine would be governed. As Jewish immigration continued, Arab-Jewish tensions
rose, and by 1929 riots and attacks had left 133 Jews and 116 Arabs dead.
Arab Riots
-1936-1939 Arab Revolt in Palestine was a national uprising by Palestinian Arabs in mandatory palestine against British
colonial rule, as a demand for independence and opposition to the mass jewish immigration
Peel Commission Partition 1937
-formally known as the Palestinian Royal Commission
-British Royal commision of inquiry headed by Lord Peel appointed in 1963 to investigate the causes of unrest in british
mandate for palestine following the 6 month long arab general strike in mandatory palestine
-1937 commission published report that the mandate had become unworkable and recommended partition
British Whitepaper 1939
Limited Jewish immigration to Palestine to 75,000 over the next 5 years.
Ended Jewish land purchases.
I
ndependence for Palestine within 10 years.
NOT British policy.
Holocaust:
-genocide of the Jews, Gypsies, homosexuals, Communists, and the disabled in Nazi occupied Europe
-Jews living in Jerusalem revolted against the Romans, Roman armies sacked Jerusalem (70 AD)
Adolf Hitler dictator of Germany, destroyed oppositions, highly centralized and militarized the government,
aggressive foreign policy
-Hitler believed that the Aryans were his master race (fair skinned, blue eyes, blonde hair)
-Nuremberg Laws: discriminatory laws against the Jews (Star of David, no intermarriage, removed from positions)
-Ghettos were set up in order to confine & segregate the Jews
-Warsaw Ghetto Uprising: largest ghetto where jewish occupants revolted
Aliyah Bet:
illegal Jewish immigration
1945-1947
UN Partition Plan 1947
-proposal developed by the United Nations which recommended a partition with Economic Union of Mandatory
Palestine
-creation of an independent Arab and Jewish states and the Special International Regime for the city of Jerusalem
termination of the Mandate, progressive withdrawal of British armed forces
-plan was accepted by the Jewish public
Israel declares Independence 5/14/48 & Israeli War for Independence 5/15/48
A provisional government in Israel issues the Israeli Declaration of Independence (1948). Israelis defeat the
Palestinians in the Israeli War that follows and establish the state of Israel.
Suez Canal Crisis
-on october 29, 1956, Israeli armed forces pushed into egypt toward the suez canal after egyptian president, Gamal
Abdel Nasser nationalized the canal in July of that same year, initiating the Suez Crisis
-israelis soon were joined by the French and british forces, which nearly brought the Soviet Union into the conflict and
damaged their relationships w the United States
British, French, and Israeli governments withdrew their troops
6 Day War 1967
-Israel launches air strikes against Egypt, beginning the Six-Day War. The war pits Israel against Egypt, Jordan, and
Syria and ends with the Israeli occupation of the Sinai Peninsula, the Gaza Strip, the Golan Heights, and the West Bank.
Yom Kippur War 1973
-Egypt, led by Anwar Sadat, attacks Israel on October 6, starting the Yom Kippur War.
-By October 9, both sides seek aid from their allies: Israel from the United States, and Egypt from the Soviet Union.
Over the next week, both superpowers airlift supplies to the warring Middle Eastern nations and put their own military
forces on alert. Israel gains the advantage, and a cease-fire is reached on October 22.
UN Resolution 242
-was adopted by the UN security council in 1967 after the Six Day war
-resolution was sponsored by the British ambassadors
-the ultimate goal is the achievement of a peaceful and accepted settlement = a negotiated agreement based on the
resolutions principles rather than one imposed upon the parties
Camp David Peace Accords 1978
U.S. President Carter invites Sadat and Israeli Prime Minister to begin Camp David.
-Egypt recognizes Israel as a country.
Israel gives Sinai peninsula back to Egypt.
First agreement between Israel and an Arab Nation
First Intifada 1987
-After years of frustration in their efforts to establish a Palestinian homeland, the Palestinian people engage in a series
of small-scale demonstrations and riots directed against Israelis that become known as the Palestinian Intifada
("shaking off").
Second Intifada 2000
By 2000, peace process has faded.
-2000: Israeli political figure Ariel Sharon visits Temple Mount (Western Wall are and Al Aqsa Mosque area) in
Jerusalem.
-Palestinian violence erupts beginning the Second Intifada.
-Buses, discos, hotels, restaurants, etc in Israel blow up by Palestinian suicide bombers.
-Israel responds militarily
-2000-2008: over 4500 Palestinian killed and over 1000 Israelis killed.
Hamas declares Jihad on Israel 1988
Hamas adopts the Hamas Covenant (1988), stating its goals to foment a jihad, or holy war, against the Israelis and
ensure the Palestinian occupation of territory in and around Jerusalem.
Oslso Accords 1993
-attempt to set up a framework that would hopefully hope lead to the resolution of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict
-first face to face agreement between the government of Israel and the Palestinian Liberal Organization
-Debates and negotiaions about the accord were discussed in Oslso
Jordanian-Israeli Peace Agreement 1994
-On October 26, representatives from both countries sign the Israeli-Jordanian Peace Accord (need more information,
cant find anything rn lol)
Arab Spring
-2011: A year ago, 26 year old Tunisian named Mohamed Bouazizi set himself on fire. It was an extreme act by a
young man who had reached the end of his tether after being banned from selling fuit to earn a living but it triggered a
remarkable series of events known as Arab Spring.
Gaza Strip
-2005: Israel removed its settlements from the Gaza Strip and gave much control of the area to the Palestinian
government (with exceptions: border, airspace, coastline).
-Later comes under the control of Hamas: a terrorist organization considered by Israel and other countries.
-Hamas and Israel have entered into a cease fire agreement.
Occupied Territories
-Palestinian territories are West bank (east jerusalem) and the Gaza Strip
-Israeli-occupied territories occupied by israel during the six day war from Egypt, Jordan, syria
ANCIENT & MODERN CHINA
What are the basic beliefs of Confucianism and Daoism?
Confucianism- Mandate of Heaven, Code of Ethics, respect your elders, be polite
Daoism- basic unity behind the universe is the Dao; life is to be lived simply
What impact did Confucianism and Legalism have on the early Chinese dynasties?
Confucianism was the state religion for dynasties like the Han. These dynasties were more prosperous because they
didnt rule with an iron fist, and focused on building a better self. Everyone was happy under Confucianism. Legalism
was more effective, especially under the Qin. Tasks were executed efficiently and with an iron fist.
How do the written languages of the Phoenicians and Chinese differ?
Phoenicians had cuneiform, or pictures
Chinese used symbols
How can communism benefit a society?
In theory, communism is built around equality and strong social communities. There are no social classes and
everyone works together. All people contribute equally, making a society seemingly more prosperous.
How can capitalism benefit a society?
Capitalism has economic and political freedom and means of production owned by private parties/firms. Prices can be
determined by the producer. This gives people room to make their own profit and create social classes.
Buddhism- philosophy created by Siddhartha Guatema that teaches ways to reach Nirvana
Taiwan - currently independent country off coast of China which is in conflict with the mainland over over reunification
Xinjiang- mountainous region east of China
Yellow Sea- part of East China that separates China from the Korean Peninsula
Confucianism- Chinese philosophy established by Confucius which influenced many factors of life in Ancient China
Manchu - individual of Manchuria which was the last dynasty of China
Huang He- aka Yellow River. major river in northern China where the first Chinese civilization was said to originate
Xizang- aka Tibet, a region located in the Himalayan region of Asia. China seized control and uses it as a military base
Mao Zedong- Chinese revolutionary that lead the uprising of the communist party
Daoism- Chinese philosophy that focuses on being selfless and passive in order to create harmony in ones life
Grand Canal- largest man made river in China that travels from Beijing to Tianjin and connects the Yangtze to the
Yellow River
Silk Road- a trade route series connecting the Mediterranean and Asia, created in the Han dynasty under Wudi
was an example of the modern day phenomenon globalization
ideograms- symbols that carry the ideas of certain groups of people
Mandarin- a language spoken in China
Beijing- capital of China that is a popular city for economic and political events in Chinas history.
Tibet- **refer to Xizang**
Communes- groups of people that share the same property and ideals in a community
Oracle Bones - ritualistic practices where Chinese priests predicted the future of an event thru the cracks in burnt
bones during the Shang Dynasty
Communism- govt system with equal society, drawbacks to the citizens personal wealth and rights
Hong Kong- capitalist city in China
Himalayas- mountains that stretch between India and China
Mandate of Heaven- an idea created by the Zhou that guarantees a leaders power thru their virtue and destiny and
checks their power
Legalism- Chinese philosophy with realistic views of society in order to create organized laws and government systems
Shi Huangdi and his Terra Cotta soldiers- emperor of the Qin that had a huge tomb built with thousands of terra cotta
statues of warriors
Silk RoadGlobalization- oh.
Impact of Northern Peoples- the Mongols invaded China and made an empire that had a lasting impact on Asia and
even Europe
Confucianism v Legalism
Religious Freedom
Taiwan- currently independent country off the coast of China which is in conflict with the mainland over reunification
Peoples Republic Of China vs. Republic of China- ROC in China and POC in Taiwan
One Child Policy- only one child per family
State Sponsored Churches- The Chinese Patriotic Catholic Association abbreviated CPA, CPCA, or CCPA, is an
association of people, established in 1957 by the People's Republic of China's Religious Affairs Bureau to exercise state
supervision over mainland China's Catholics
Tiananmen Square- protests of 1989, where student-led popular demonstrations in Beijing received broad support from
city residents, exposing deep splits within Chinas political leadership
Censorship and the internet- China controls the internet by filtering searches and monitoring individuals browsing
history. More extensive than any country in the world.
Yellow River- ***refer to Huang He***
Two State Theory- Taiwan and China
GREECE
Polis
a large city or a body of citizens
symbolized self governance under a selected king
The main city or town served as a central meeting point for social, political, and religious events. The meeting point
was usually an acropolis
Athens
A Greek city-state that founded democracy
first a monarchy, then an oligarchy with Areopagus council and six arching.
Draco started a government with civil rights.
Solon then reformed government, eliminated slavery debt, and gave rights of a jury. He divided people into 4 classes
with archonship in the top 3 of them. He also made the council of 400, and was considered the starter of democracy.
Although, Solons reforms didnt give land to peasants, so aristocrats still held all the good land, thus the aristocrats
were still in power. This resulted in many tyrants
Later, a man named Cleisthenes made the council of 500, with 50 people elected from each of 10 tribes.
Ephialtes limited the Areopagus (oligarchy).
A leader named Pericles created and expanded a greater Athenian empire.
Women and slaves had very little rights and only men over 18 were considered citizens. Education began at age 7 and
was taught by a mother or slave. Boys began military at age 21. Soldiers were known in Athens as Hoplites.Trade
helped Athens economy strive. Slaves typically worked on farms and in mines.
In the First Battle of Chaeronea, the Macedonian army with Alexander the Great took over Athens
Sparta
Military was Spartans biggest achievement; Boys began training at age 7; began military at 20 and retired at 60
oligarchy government: 2 kings who led army campaigns, council of elders ( 28 retired men), the assembly,
magistrates
Spartan women had many rights, including education and exercise. When their husbands went to war, they had the
authority of the house
Spartans were not allowed to travel abroad.
they conquered their neighbors Messenia even; made the Messenians there serfs, and the Messenians were forced to
work the land for the Spartan's benefit; aka helot
Spartans were discouraged from arts, literature, and philosophy because it distracted them from staying focussed with
military
Persia
Country in conflict with Asia Minor
Greece aided Asia= Darius of Persia became furious= Persian Wars
Darius I attacked Greece for helping, but Greece won
his son, Xerxes, avenged his father's loss at the Battle of Marathon at the Battle of Thermopylae, but lost at the Battle
of Salamis
Battle of Marathon: : the Persians station their army on the plain of Marathon, 26 miles out of Athens. The Athenians
defeated the Persians, even though they were outnumbered. It was a minor defeat to the persians, but the Athenians
proved the Persians could be beaten, and took pride in the victory. The battle preserved Athenian freedom
Battle of Thermopylae: Xerxes planned to invade Greece, so some Greek states allied their militia with Sparta for
defense. The Athenians followed a new plan by Themistocles to build a navy. The persians sent 150,000 troops, about
700 naval ships, and hundreds of supply ships for troop's food on the way to greece. Under the leadership of Sparta,
the greeks tried to hold off the coming of the Persians at the pass of Thermopylae. A greek traitor told the Persians
how to take a mountain path to outsmart the greek army. All greeks died at the battle. (all greek soldgers). Athenians
abandoned their city and the Persians sacked it and burned it to the ground.
Battle of Salamis: The Greek fleet remained on the shore near the island of Salamis while Athens was destroyed. The
Greeks then challenged the Persians to war at Salamis. The army managed to outsmart the persians despite their
lesser numbers, and crushed the Persians in defeat.
Pericles
Ruler of Athens in Athenian Golden Age that enforced democracy and expanded empire
made an assembly of male citizens over 18 to govern and make decisions
gave lower class more rights such as being able to be a public officer
created temples, statues, architecture, art, and philosophy
Delian League
Athens alliance that said all Greek city-states will come together to fight Persia
Peloponnesian War
A long war between Athens, Sparta, and its allies= weakened all city-states
occured because Sparta was fearful of Athens expanding
first there was Peace of Nicias treaty that lasted from 421- 415
Athens won the Battle of Cyzicus and the Battle of Arginusae
Lysander of Sparta crushed the Athenians at the Battle of Aegospotami= Athenians surrendered
Hellenism
a period where Greece prospered with Alexander the Great, who spread Greek culture
Greece transformed from localized city-states to open city-states
languages, arts, etc. were adopted
Democracy
government style founded in Athens
gave (lower class) citizens more equality
Cleisthenes created the foundation and Pericles expanded it, giving citizens more power
Greek Mythology (Gods & Goddesses)
Myths were very popular to tell stories and teach lessons of life
Minotaur- myth of a half bull half human, born from Queen Pasiphe and a bull sent by Zeus; put in a labyrinth, where
he attacked anyone sent in; the son of Aegus, Theseus, killed him
Olympians were the gods that ruled everything atop Mount Olympus
LOOK ONLINE
Alexander the Great
Macedonian prince
had a love for Greece, influenced by teacher Aristotle, who taught Alexander his love for Greek gods, language, arts,
etc.
conquered much of the Mediterranean and taught them of the Greek culture
his army consisted of Greeks and Macedonians
he invaded the Persian empire and through the Indus Valley, Egypt, Asia, and Asia Minor
spread Hellenism
Socrates
Philosopher that influenced Western philosophers and taught Plato
was a hoplite in Peloponnesian War= very brave
his philosophy developed based off his capability to ignore bad weather , tiredness, etc.
known as the wisest man in Greece
interested in human life, and gained knowledge to effect the righteousness and intellect of Athenians
believed in cross elimination
believed that all souls are good and reveal your true self
believed virtue and knowledge were the same and couldnt be taught
didnt believe in gods, so his ideas were hated and hard for others to believe
an unquestioned life is a life not worth living
died by drinking hemlock
Plato
philosopher that formed an idea of reality, the nature of moral government, and made a huge organization for learning
after Socrates death, Plato turned from democracy to lead a philosophical path
he established the Academy to create rulers who would make all Athenians fair
wrote a series of 30 dialogues
in one dialogue, he explained the idea of good was in everything and could be proven with math(Euclidea)
believed human knowledge should be perfected
believed heaven souls rotated in spheres
wrote the Apology, which was a recreation of Socrates's speech where he explains he is wise in knowing that he knows
nothing
Aristotle
teacher of Alexander the Great and founder of the Peripatetic school of thought
was an empirical thinker, but he incorporated science as well; many of his theories were rejected
Plato taught him at the Academy about the divine essence
Aristotle believed in using prior knowledge whereas Plato believed in knowledge of truth of reason
Allegory of the Cave
an allegory of philosopher Platos
explains how prisoners were tied to a wall in a cave and could only see reflections from a fire on the wall
these prisoners represented people who didnt learn the Theory of Forms
these people learn the Theory of Forms by learning some things are grasped without being seen
City-states
a self governed, large city
Sophists
philosophers that claimed they knew the answer to everything, known by Plato and Aristotle
they influenced the nature of language and culture
they questioned existence which made people dislike them
Epicureans
created by Epicurus, who believed the main reason for philosophy was to make a happy life for yourself
believed sadness was caused by not getting what you want: if you dont want anything, you wont suffer
they believed peoples soul died, so death wasnt feared
Stoics
group of philosophers in Hellenistic period
founded by Zeno, who thought peacefulness needs moderateness: people shouldnt do too much or little
believed you should be happy with what you have
ROME
10 reasons why Rome fell
the empire became too big to control
the change of religion and cultural diversity
the foreign attacks
the lack of speed the army had to respond to attacks
the corruption of some of the emperors
the splitting of the empire into Western and Eastern halves. The Western empire relied on the east, and fell when it
was attacked
The gap in poor vs. rich
The Etruscans
people from northern Italy- had ruled with 7 kings and the last three were Etruscan. They influenced Rome:
religion
roads and shops
arches, grid cities
alphabet
Romulus and Remus
Rome was founded in 753 BC by Romulus and Remus, who were sons of Rhea Silvia. They were has into a river and
rescued by a she-wolf, then a shepherd found and raised them. They vowed to build a city for the shepherd. Romulus
killed Remus in a dispute over city boundaries, hence the name Rome.
Patricians
aristocratic class, claimed to be the descendants of original senators; could be consuls, magistrates and senators;
could make legal contracts, could marry
Plebeians
non-Patrician, poor, were landowners, farmers, merchants, artisans, and could vote
Senators
head of administrative council, proposed legislation, passed decrees, advised magistrates, determined foreign policy,
managed finances, and managed provincial administration
Who could vote and hold office?
Patricians
Tribunes
an elected official of the plebeian assembly that protected the plebeians and could veto laws
Carthage
a city in north Africa with an empire that rivaled the Roman Empire and eventually was taken over by Rome
Punic Wars
Romans sent an army to Sicily to intervene with the local dispute- Carthaginians considered this an invasion of
territory
in 241 Carthage gave up all rights to Sicily due to Roman dominance and naval strength
Hannibal began the Second War when he retaliated against Roman attempts to get Spain to invade Carthage
he led an army of 30-40k men and 6k horses/elephants across the Alps and defeated Rome because Rome thought
they would attack from the sea
Rome invaded Carthage and beat Hannibal. A peace treaty was signed in 201 and Carthage lost Spain
50 years later, Rome went to war and destroyed Carthage in 146, naming the territory Africa
Hannibal
the Carthaginian general that successfully attacked Rome in the second Punic War, but was defeated when Rome
attacked Carthage. He nearly defeated Rome.
From Republic to Empire
The Roman Republic fell because of the gap between rich and poor, and a new rise in power. When Julius Caesar
declared himself dictator for life, he was killed. Rome went into chaos and different generals fought for power. The
fighting ceased when Juliuss nephew Octavian Caesar rose to power. He didnt want the same fate as his uncle, so he
gradually concentrated power into his hands and became the first emperor. He let the Senate stay and made many
reforms:
created an army of 150k with legions of 5000
Roman citizens could be legionaries and subject people could serve under them
made Praetorian Guards which were personal guards and had about 9000 of them
standardized taxation
made states first police and firefighters
promoted literature
Julius Caesar
He was a popular general with a large army. The Senate ordered him to stay away from Rome and if he brought his
army across the Rubicon River, he would make a fatal mistake. Instead he crossed Rubicon and ended up coming to
power in Rome and being part of the first triumvirate.
1st triumvirate: Julius Caesar, Pompey, and Marcus Crassus
in 47 BC he seized power and became dictator. He declared himself dictator for life and because of this was killed in 44
BC
gave land to the poor
military campaigns and public works projects
increased senate to 900 members
increased Roman citizenship
Cincinnatus
a Roman aristocrat and statesman whose service as consul in 460 BC and dictator in 458 BC and 439 BC made him a
model of civic virtue.
Octavian or Augustus
***refer to From Republic to Empire
Bath to North Africa
the length of the Roman Empire. It encompassed the Mediterranean Sea which got the nickname of Roman Lake
Hadrians Wall
a wall built along the English border of the Roman Empire to increase security and prevent invasions
Pax Romana
a period of peace that lasted for 200 years and began with the rule of Octavian Caesar and ended with Nero and was a
time when the empire was in peace and there was little to no conflict. Trade was prosperous
Vespasian
emperor that restored Rome after Nero, put down revolts in Gaul and Judea, began the Flavian Line, began
construction of the Colosseum, and rotated the army in provinces to prevent mutiny and kept them far from homeland
The 5 good emperors
Nerva (96-98)
introduced the practice of naming successor after death
Trajan (98-117)
eased taxes, provided public service to the poor, conquered Dacia, Trajans column depicts military victories
Hadrian (117-138)
strengthened borders of Britain, Hadrians wall, fought Jewish revolts, Jews forced out of Palestine and sold into
slavery, encouraged non-Jews to settle in Palestine
Antonius Pius (138-161)
introduced laws that required humane treatment of slaves & introduced innocent until proven guilty
Marcus Aurelius (161-180)
philosopher emperor, writes the Meditations, Stoic, wages war in Germania and successfully brings barbarian groups
under Roman control
reintroduces the idea of co-emperor, makes brother co-emperor then his son Commodus whose 17
Family Life in Rome
lived together, fathers ruled, women ran businesses and managed estates, ancestor worship
Slavery in Rome
of Roman population, slaves in city had easier lives, slaves were chained in fields, Spartacus revolted in 73 BC, and
it was the largest slave revolt
Pompeii
a village that was a vacation spot for the rich and emperors, was destroyed when Mount Vesuvius erupted
Circus Maximus
an ancient Rome chariot racing stadium
THE MIDDLE AGES
Feifs
land given to the lords by the kings
the lords would repay the king with military aid
Churches
Roman Catholic Church gained popularity after Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne (At St. Peters Basilica)
churches were built in Gothic architecture
they had high towers, stained glass, and flying buttresses
under Charlemagne, (the Frank Empire), churches had become the advisors of justice, security, and wealth of the
community
churches became the center of the law system (Canon Law) when most of the judicial power was in their hands
canon law created a system that revolved around living a moral-based life and to not break any sins (this would be
committing a crime)
Canon means law or rule -- The law system gave the church more power and influence over Europe
Nobles
the king granted control of territory/land to the nobles -- the nobles gave military aid to repay the king-- the nobles
then allowed commoners to work on the land and offered protection for these commoners
also, the catholic church offered prayers for nobles and commoners in exchange for protection/ material support
The Plague