Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
Recap
Network security?
Basic security definitions
Security services
Security mechanisms
Possible threats
Firewalls types, limitations, gateways
IDS model, architecture.
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Session Content
||| Introduction to WWW as a digital library
||| HyperText Markup Language (HTML)
- overview
- format and representation
||| HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
- overview
- message format
- http example
||| Summary
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Lesson objectives
At the completion of this lesson you should be
able to
- understand and describe characteristics of
the HTML
- understand and describe the concepts of
the HTTP
Introduction
||| A conventional library is a more or less coherent and comprehensive collection of
information: it so happens that the information is stored on paper.
||| The World Wide Web (WWW) can also be seen as a library: the fact that the
information is stored electronically in a digital format leads us to refer to it as a digital
library.
||| The web was first conceived in 1989 by Tim Berners-Lee (U.K.) at CERN.
using traditional database was difficult to store information
the first web client and server in 1990
His specifications of URIs, HTTP and HTML were refined as Web
technology spread.
used hypertext network of information instead
- any document can contain a link to any other document
Marc Andreessen (USA) led a team that wrote Mosaic, the first graphical
web browser, by the end of 1993
- in 1994, Andreessen and some colleagues formed Netscape
Communication Corporation, which is now owned by AOL.
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Introduction - cont
||| With a digital library, as with a conventional one, information must
be stored and must then be made accessible.
||| On the Web, the information is stored in documents on Internet
computers, which act as Web servers, and is made available from
them on request by clients (i.e., uses a client-server model).
||| Documents are stored in mark-up language using HyperText
Markup Language (HTML).
||| A document is accessed by using a browser to send a request for
it and, when it is received, to display it in accordance with the way it
is marked up.
||| The interchange takes place using the communication protocol
known as HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP).
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Web: browser
E-mail: mail reader
streaming audio/video:
media player
application
transport
network
data link
physical
Application-layer protocols
application
transport
network
data link
physical
application
transport
network
data link
physical
Types of messages
exchanged, eg, request
& response messages
Syntax of message
types: what fields in
messages & how fields
are delineated
Semantics of the fields,
ie, meaning of
information in fields
Rules for when and how
processes send &
respond to messages
Public-domain protocols:
defined in RFCs
allows for
interoperability
eg, HTTP, SMTP
Proprietary protocols:
eg, KaZaA
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Client-server paradigm
Typical network app has two
pieces: client and server
Client:
initiates contact with server (speaks
first)
typically requests service from
server,
Web: client implemented in browser;
e-mail: in mail reader
Server:
application
transport
network
data link
physical
request
reply
application
transport
network
data link
physical
process sends/receives
messages to/from its
socket
socket analogous to door
host or
server
host or
server
process
controlled by
app developer
socket
sending process shoves
TCP with
message out door
Internet
buffers,
sending process asssumes
variables
transport infrastructure on
other side of door which
controlled
brings message to socket at
by OS
receiving process
API: (1) choice of transport protocol; (2) ability to fix a few
parameters
process
socket
TCP with
buffers,
variables
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http://www.someschool.edu/someDept/pic.gif
protocol
host name
path name
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||| Technically, the web is a distributed hypermedia (i.e. hypertext mixed with
other media e.g. audio tracks, video clips, or both) system that supports
interactive access
<TAGNAME>
||| To end operation - corresponding tag with two character sequence
less than and slash, and ends with a greater-than symbol.
</TAGNAME>
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<html>...</html>
The Root element of an HTML document; all other elements are
contained in this.
The HTML element delimits the beginning and the end of an HTML
document.
Standardised in HTML 2.0; still current.
<head>...</head>
Container for processing information and metadata for an HTML
document.
Standardised in HTML 2.0; still current.
<body>...</body>
Container for the displayable content of an HTML document.
Standardised in HTML 2.0; still current.
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||| The HTML code above will be interpreted and displayed by a browser
in a form similar to that shown below:
Heading
A short illustrative paragraph that includes a single hyperlink to the
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WWW Consortium home page.
HTML EXAMPLE
<html>
<head>
<title>Hello</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>Hello, world!</p>
<p>This is a picture: <img src="some-image.gif"></p>
<p>This is a <a href="another-page.html">link</a> to another page.</p>
</body>
</html>
PC running
Explorer
Server
running
apache Web
server
Mac running
Navigator
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http is stateless
aside
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FIN
Initiates a
connection
Open
SYN +
ACK
time
Accepts and
acknowledges
FIN
ACK
Acknowledges
and begins tx
application
transport
Network
Network
access
3. ACK
2. SYN + ACK
1. SYN
ACK
Three-way
Threehandshake
Close
ACK
4. Receive data
3. ACK
application
2. SYN + ACK transport
Network
1. SYN
Network
access
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time
time
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Summary
||| The WWW is a distributed hypermedia repository of
information (i.e. digital library) that is accessed with an
interactive browser
||| A browser displays a Web page of information.
||| Web pages are written in the HTML
||| Web browser interacts with a Web server via the HTTP
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