8oct15 - Spatial Analysis - Functionality and Tools - DR - Vandita Srivastava PDF

SPATIAL DATA ANALYSIS
By
Dr. Vandita Srivastava
vandita@iirs.gov.in
Geoinformatics Department, RSGG
Indian Institute of Remote Sensing,
Dehradun, India
Satellite Based Training Programme on RS-GIS-GPS

Module 3-GIS, 8th October 2015
Coverage
Introduction to Spatial Data Analysis
Spatial Analysis Functions & Tools
08/10/2015
Why Spatial Analysis

What is special about spatial analysis
Spatial and non-spatial queries
Classification of Spatial Functions
General Operations
Retrieval & Selection
Measurement
(Re) Classification
Overlay Operations (Vector & Raster)
Neighborhood & Connectivity
Dr. Vandita Srivastava, Geoinformatics Department,
RSGG/IIRS, ISRO/DOS/GOI
Measurement
Measurement on Vector Data
Point, Line Polygon
Measurement on Raster Data
Measurement - Vector
Distance between two points

Pythagorean distance
function:
dist ( p, q) ( x p xq ) 2 ( y p yq ) 2
If one or both features are

not a point minimal
distance
Bounding box computation

Support function
Dr. Vandita Srivastava, Geoinformatics
Department, RSGG/IIRS, ISRO/DOS/GOI
Measurement - Raster
Raster measurements
include: location, distance
and area size
Location of an individual cell
derived from anchor point
and resolution
Area size number of cells
* cell size
Distance standard
distance function applied to
the locations of their midpoints
Cell size: 30 m X 30 m
900 * 5 = 4500 m2

(re)Classification
M:N
User controlled vs. Automatic
Equal Interval vs. Equal Frequency
Classification
Classification involves the selection and presentation of a selected
layer of data based on the classes or values of a specific attribute.
Remove detail from an input dataset to reveal important spatial

patterns or Reduce the number of classes and eliminate details.
If the input dataset itself is the result of a classification we call it a
reclassification
Reclassify data in different systems for different purposes.
Classification Types
Classification - Reclassification
Post processing
User controlled classification
Classification table
Automatic classification
Equal interval technique

Equal frequency technique
(Re) Classifications
a) one to one (1:1)
b)
many to one (M:1)
c)
one to many (1:M)

Example: 1:M
Attribute map: Land Use
Attribute table:
City blocks
Map: City blocks
Cityblocks Landuse
001
002
003
004
005
006
007
008
009
010
011
012
013
014
015
Institutional
Commercial
Commercial
Residential
Residential
Residential
Industrial
Residential
Industrial
Industrial
Residential
Industrial
Residential
Residential
Residential

10
Example: M:1
Geological map reclassified in
7 classes based on geological
age
Geological map reclassified in

3 classes based on type of
lithology

11
Example: 1:1
High
Above Average
Average
Below average
Low
Classification
Reclassification
0-50,000
0-25,000
50,000-100,000
25,000-50,000
100,000-125,000
50,000-75,000
125,000-150,000
75,000-100,000
More than 150,000
More than 100,000

12
Examples using the Map calculator

Reclassification using iff:
Output_Map = Iff(Condition, Then Expression, Else Expression)
Reclassification using a table

outmap = inmap . Table
Or
outmap = inmap . Table . column
Reclassification using a domain
outmap = clfy ( inmap , domain)
08/10/2015

13
Reclassification
(re-assignment based on attribute name)
newmap:=iff(soils=redzina,3,0)
Soils
Newmap
Mollisol
Alfisol
Redzina
COLUMN (X-AXIS)
08/10/2015

3
COLUMN (X-AXIS)
14
Data reclassification from tables

(re-assigment based on attribute column)
Soils
Infilt
30
25
COLUMN(X-AXIS)
COLUMN(X-AXIS)
Soilstab.tbl
Recnr
1
2
3
08/10/2015
Type
Alfisol
Mollisol
Redzina
infilcol
30
30
25
Infilt = Soils.soilstab.infilcol

15
Examples using the Map calculator

Grass = Landuse = grassland
Landwat = iff (landuse = lake) or (landuse = riverbed),
water , land)
Demcl = iff(dem < 3000, low, iff(dem < 4000, moderate, high))
08/10/2015

16
User indicates the classification attribute(s)

User specifies the classification method:
the number of output classes
the correspondence between the original attribute
values and the new attribute values
called classification table
CODE
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
08/10/2015
OLD TYPE
Planned Residential
Industry
Commercial
Institutional
Transport
Recreational
Non Built-up
Unplanned Residential
NEW TYPE
Residential
Commercial
Commercial
Public
Public
Public
Non Built-up
Residential

17

Classification on a selection of features. Not selected is No Data.
08/10/2015
Dr. Vandita Srivastava,

Geoinformatics Department,
18
Automatic classification
Equal interval:
class interval = (Vmax - Vmin ) / n.
Equal frequency (quantile):
maintain equal or nearly equal no. of features in

each category in the output.
08/10/2015

19
(Re)Classification - automatic
Equal interval
(5 classes)
EI: ~number of data values/ n

n: number of classes
Equal frequency
(5 classes)
EF:~N/n
N: number of
pixels/ number
of classes

08/10/2015
20
Overlay
Vector (point, lines, polygons)
Clip, Erase, Split

Intersection, Union, Identity
Raster
Arithmetic, Relational & Logical operators

Local, focal, zonal and global functions
Using other methods(iff, table, column..)
Overlay
The principle of spatial overlay is to compare the

characteristics of the same location in both data layers,
and to produce a new output value for each location.
08/10/2015

22
General Principles of vector overlay

6
Spatial join = join attribute tables (include fields from both tables) based on the spatial relationship (not on attribute)
08/10/2015
23
Vector Overlay Operations
08/10/2015

24
Raster Functions
Using local, focal, zonal and global

functions
08/10/2015

25
Raster Overlay using arithmetic operators

Map A
Map C
15 15 12 12
MapC= MapA + 10 15 15 15 12
16 12 12 12
16 16 16 16
Map B
4
08/10/2015
MapC1= MapA + MapB
Map C1
9
10 10
10
10
14 14
MapC2= ((MapA - MapB)/(MapA + MapB)) *100

Map -C211 11 60 60
11 11 11 60
- 60
71 33 33
71 71 14 14
26
Relational overlays
Map A
5
Map B
08/10/2015
Output = MAP A > MAP B
Output
0
0 = FALSE
1 = TRUE
27
Raster Overlay using Logical Operators

Overlaying using AND statement
Landuse = forest
08/10/2015
AND
Slope = steep

28
Combining Relational and logical operators

F
F
F
F
F
F = forest
7 = 700 m
6 = 600 m
4 = 400 m
Map D
0
MapD=(MapA= Forest) and (MapB <500)

MapD1=(MapA= Forest) or (MapB <500)
Map D2
Map D1
MapD2=(MapA= Forest) xor (MapB <500)
MapD3=(MapA= Forest) and not (MapB <500)
0 1
08/10/2015
0 = false
1 = true
Map D3

29
Conditional functions
Output_Map = Iff(Condition, Then Expression, Else Expression)

Map C
F
F
MapC= iff(MapA= Forest,1,?)
F
F
F
F
MapC1=iff((MapA= Forest)
7
08/10/2015
and (MapB= 700),1,0)

F = forest
7 = 700 m
6 = 600 m
4 = 400 m
0 = false
1 = true
? = undefined
Map C1
1
0 0

30
Neighbourhood functions
Many Decisions depend not only on what is at the

location, but also what is near the location!
Reveal characteristics of the vicinity (neighborhood) of
a location
08/10/2015

31
Neighborhood functions
1. Target: medical clinics
2. Neighborhood
2 km
distance
3. Characteristics
2 km travel
distance
In a straight
line
How many people live in the area

What is their average household income
Are there any high-risk industries located in the neighborhood
08/10/2015

32
Buffer zone generation
Fixed & Variable width
Buffer of 500 meters around

the Main Roads
08/10/2015
Buffer of 1 km around the

Highways

33
Multiple Ring Buffer
Between
0- 100 m
Between
100-200 m
Between
200-300 m
08/10/2015

34
Networks
Network is a set of connecting lines

Network can represent rivers, roads, pipelines,
telecommunication lines etc.
Network analysis can be done in raster or in vector.
08/10/2015

35
Network analysis
Types of networks
Directed network and undirected network
Planar network and non-planar network
Two types of operations
Optimal path finding
Ordered
Unordered
Network partitioning
Network allocation
Trace analysis
08/10/2015

36
Planar Non-planar
Multi-level
crossings
Embedded in a
2-dimensional
plane
Underpasses
Overpasses
Non-Planar
08/10/2015
Planar

37
Cost factor
37
0.38 minutes
0.31
min
36
Arc 89
Arc 119
Node 71
0.50 minutes
08/10/2015

38
Ordered and unordered pathfinding
08/10/2015
3
2

39
Network partitioning network allocation
08/10/2015

40
Network partitioning - trace
Tracing upstream
08/10/2015
Tracing downstream
Tracing without condition

on direction

41
Steps for performing spatial analysis

Step
Step
Step
Step
Step
Step
Step
Step
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Establish the objectives & criteria for the analysis

Selection of right parameters necessary for analysis
Data collection and input to GIS System.
Prepare data for spatial operations and tabular analysis
Perform spatial and tabular operations
Carryout final analysis by combining various layers
Evaluate & interpret the results
Refine the analysis if necessary
08/10/2015

42
Types of Spatial Analyses
Single layer operations

Multi layer operations (Topological overlay)
Geometric modeling
Calculating the distance between geographic features

Calculating area, length and perimeter
Geometric buffers
Point Pattern Analysis

Network analysis
Surface analysis
Fuzzy Spatial Analysis
Geostatistical Analysis
Raster/Grid analysis
08/10/2015

43
Thankyou for your attention!
Interactive Session

8oct15 - Spatial Analysis - Functionality and Tools - DR - Vandita Srivastava PDF

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SPATIAL DATA ANALYSIS

Satellite Based Training Programme on RS-GIS-GPS

Introduction to Spatial Data Analysis

Spatial Analysis Functions & Tools

Why Spatial Analysis

Measurement on Vector Data

Point, Line Polygon

Measurement on Raster Data

Distance between two points

If one or both features are

Bounding box computation

Dr. Vandita Srivastava, Geoinformatics

Remove detail from an input dataset to reveal important spatial

Equal interval technique

many to one (M:1)

one to many (1:M)

Dr. Vandita Srivastava, Geoinformatics

Map: City blocks

Dr. Vandita Srivastava, Geoinformatics

Geological map reclassified in

Dr. Vandita Srivastava, Geoinformatics

More than 150,000

More than 100,000

Examples using the Map calculator

Reclassification using a table

Dr. Vandita Srivastava, Geoinformatics

Dr. Vandita Srivastava, Geoinformatics

Data reclassification from tables

Dr. Vandita Srivastava, Geoinformatics

Examples using the Map calculator

Dr. Vandita Srivastava, Geoinformatics

User controlled classification

User indicates the classification attribute(s)

Dr. Vandita Srivastava, Geoinformatics

User controlled classification

Dr. Vandita Srivastava,

Equal frequency (quantile):

maintain equal or nearly equal no. of features in

Dr. Vandita Srivastava, Geoinformatics

EI: ~number of data values/ n

Dr. Vandita Srivastava,

Clip, Erase, Split

Arithmetic, Relational & Logical operators

The principle of spatial overlay is to compare the

Dr. Vandita Srivastava, Geoinformatics

General Principles of vector overlay

Vector Overlay Operations

Dr. Vandita Srivastava, Geoinformatics

Using local, focal, zonal and global

Dr. Vandita Srivastava, Geoinformatics

Raster Overlay using arithmetic operators

MapC1= MapA + MapB

MapC2= ((MapA - MapB)/(MapA + MapB)) *100

Dr. Vandita Srivastava, Geoinformatics

Output = MAP A > MAP B

Raster Overlay using Logical Operators

Dr. Vandita Srivastava, Geoinformatics

Combining Relational and logical operators

MapD=(MapA= Forest) and (MapB <500)

MapD2=(MapA= Forest) xor (MapB <500)

MapD3=(MapA= Forest) and not (MapB <500)

Dr. Vandita Srivastava, Geoinformatics

Output_Map = Iff(Condition, Then Expression, Else Expression)