Power Electronics For Utility Applications (EE529) Chapter 2: Static Shunt Compensators

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POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY_______________________________________________________
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Department of Electrical Engineering
Subject : Power
Electronics for Utility Applications(EE529)

Chapter 2: Static Shunt Compensators
2.0 Introduction
Consider a simple per-phase system equivalent circuit as shown in Fig. 2.1(a). Fig. 2.1(b) shows the
phasor diagram for transmission of power through a series impedance.
(a)
(b)
Fig. 2.1 (a) Simple per-phase equivalent circuit for transmission of power through a series impedance.
(b) phasor diagram.
Let VP be the change of terminal voltage (along the real axis)
E 2 = (V + V p ) 2 + Vq2
(1)
= (V + IR cos + IX sin ) + (IX cos IR sin )

2
RP XQ XP RQ
E = V +
+
V
V V
V
Comparing (1) and (2), V p =
If Vq << V + V
(2)
RP + XQ
XP RQ
and Vq =
V
V
RP XQ
E = V +
+
V
V
Giving
RP XQ
+
= V p
V
V
Under normal situation, R 0 and R << X , therefore
XQ
V p =
V
E V =
That is, terminal voltage change depends basically on Q. If Q can be minimized then V p can be
minimized.
EE529_PowerElectronicsForUtilityApplications\
0910EE529_Ch2 _StaticShuntCompensators.doc
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2.1 Variable Impedance Type Static Var Generators

Reference: Mathur, R.M.; Varma, R. K. Tyhristor-Based FACTs Controllers for Electrical
Transmission Systems,Wiley interscience, 2002
Thyristor-Switched Capacitor (TSC)
Fig. 2.2 Thyristor-switched capacitor (TSC) and associated waveforms

Fig. 2.2 shows a thyristor-switched capacitor (TSC). The capacitor can be switched in or out by the
bidirectional switches. The TSC can be switch out at any current zero by removal of the gate signal of
the thyristor. And the voltage across the capacitor will remain at peak value of the supply voltage.
Normally, the capacitor will be discharging after disconnected from the supply. Thus, the reconnection
of the capacitor may have to be executed at some residual capacitor voltage. In order to minimize the
transient disturbance when the thyristor valve is turned on, four conditions are summarized as follow
(see Fig. 2.3). A relatively small surge current limiting inductor is required for TSC. This inductor is
needed primarily to limit the surge current in the thyristor valve under abnormal operating conditions
such as control malfunction switching at a wrong time.
Fig. 2.3 The switching strategy for a TSC.

(a) firing at the minimum valve voltage ( vC > v ). (b) firing at the zero valve voltage ( vC = v ).
(c) firing at the zero valve voltage ( vC < v ). (c) firing at the zero valve voltage ( vC = 0 ).
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Thyristor-Controlled Reactor (TCR) and Thyristor-Switched Reactor (TSR)
Fig. 2.4 (a) TCR. (b) firing delay angle control. (c) operating waveforms.
Fig. 2.4 shows the basic principle of TCR. An inductor is connected to the supply through a bidirectional
switch which consists of two back to back connected thyristors. The inductor current can be controlled
by the delay angle . The same is used for both thyristor (one in the positive half and the other in
negative half.). The current in the inductor can be expressed with
t
1
i (t ) = v(t )dt
L
=
V
(sin t sin )
L
(without proof here)
I L1 ( ) =
1
V 2
1 sin 2
L
for 0
The effective inductance Leff =
V
I L1
Fig. 2.5 Normalized TCR fundamental current variation with .
The normalized amplitude variation of the fundamental TCR current with the delay angle = 0 is shown
in Fig. 2.5. If the TCR switching is restricted to a fixed delay angle, usually = 0 , then it becomes a
thyristor-switched reactor (TSR), the TSR provides a fixed inductive admittance and thus, when
connected to the ac system, the reactive current in it will be proportional to the applied voltage.
The conduction angle control of TCR results in nonsinusoidal current waveform. Thus, it generates
harmonics. Fig. 2.6 shows the harmonic components versus the delay angle .
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Fig. 2.6 TCR harmonic current (Normalized to fundamental) variation with .
Fixed Capacitor, Thyristor-Controlled Reactor Type Var Generator(FC-TCR)

A basic var generator arrangement using a FC-TCR is shown in Fig. 2.7(a). The V-I operating area of a
FC-TCR var generator is shown in Fig. 2.7(b). The fixed capacitor is permanently connected. The
current in the reactor is varied by delay angle . The constant capacitive var generation of the fixed
capacitor is opposed by the variable var absorption of the TCR. At the maximum capacitive var output,
the TCR is off ( = 90o ). To decrease the capacitive output, the current in the reactor is increased by
decreasing delay angle . At zero var output, the capacitive and inductive currents become equal and
thus the capacitive and inductive vars cancel out. This means that the current in the capacitor is
circulated through the reactor via the thyristor valve.
In an FC-TCR type var generator, there are four types of losses:
-
capacitor losses (relatively small)
reactor resistive losses (increase with the square of the current)
thyristor conduction and switching losses (almost linearly with the current)
Filter losses (relatively small and almost constant)
Thus the total losses increase with increasing TCR current and decrease with increasing capacitive var
output. A typical losses of a FC-TCR with var output is shown in Fig. 2.8.
(b)
(a)
Fig. 2.7 (a) FC-TCR (b) FC-TCR operating V-I characteristic.

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Fig. 2.8 Typical FC-TCR losses with var ouput characteristic.
Thyristor-Switched Capacitor, Thyristor-Controlled Reactor Type Var Generator(TSCTCR)

Fig. 2.9 shows the operation of a TSC-TCR var generator. A TSC-TCR usually comprises n TSC banks
and a single TCR that are connected in parallel. The rating of the TCR is chosen to be 1/n of the total
SVC rating. The capacitors can be switched in discrete steps, whereas continuous control within the
reactive-power span of each step is provided by the TCR (see Fig. 2.9(b)). The main motivations in
developing TSC-TCR was for enhancing the operational flexibility of the compensator. TSC-TCR can
quickly operate to disconnect all the capacitors from the compensator, precluding the resonant
oscillations. In order to ensure the switching conditions at the endpoints of the intervals are not
indeterminate, the var rating the TCR has to be larger than on TSC to provide enough overlap for TSC
switching in and out action. A typical losses of a TSC-TCR with var output is shown in Fig. 2.10.
=90
=0
Fig. 2.9 (a)TSC-TCR. (b) TSC-TCR operating V-I characteristic.

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Fig. 2.10 Typical TSC-TCR losses with var ouput characteristic.
References:
Siemens Powerline SVC:
http://www.energy.siemens.com/hq/en/power-transmission/facts/static-var-compensator-classic/references.htm
Simens Reactive Power Company List

http://www.energy.siemens.com/hq/pool/hq/power-transmission/FACTS/Siemens_Reference_List_FACTS.pdf
ABB SVC for Utility:

http://www.abb.com/industries/db0003db004333/c12573e7003305cbc1257004003c963a.aspx?productLanguage=us&countr
y=00
Re-locatable SVC for National Grid Company 400/275kV network

http://www05.abb.com/global/scot/scot221.nsf/veritydisplay/aa7eda097828ac36c1257745002978be/$file/A020152_Relocatable%20SVC_LR.pdf
SVC for enhancing of power transmission capability over long AC interconnector

http://www05.abb.com/global/scot/scot221.nsf/veritydisplay/945a8cc24735c26ec1256fda003b4d55/$file/a020181%20e%20lr.pdf
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Variable Source Type Static Var Generators

Static Synchronous Compensation (STATCOM)
The variable impedance type static var generators consist of large energy storage inductors and
capacitors to meet the var demand. The switching mode converter can be used to provide instantaneous
var control. The AC current of the converter can be controlled quickly in magnitude and in their
relationship with the AC voltage. Leading, unity or lagging power factor can be achieved. The DC
source can be provided by a small capacitor with minimum energy storage and the average power of the
converter is zero. The only losses are the conduction and switching losses of the switching devices. The
high frequency switching of the converter (say 10kHz) can react to instantaneous demand within
hundreds of microseconds rather than tens of milliseconds.
STATCOM operates as a voltage source in series with a reactance. The voltage of the STATCOM is
synchronized with the voltage of the line to which the STATCOM system is connected see Fig. 2.11.
STATCOM
X/2
X/2
XU
V1
Vmid
V2
VU
Vmid
Voltage Source Inverter
Figure 2.11 Simplified diagrams of two power sources with midpoint reactive power compensation.
The general expression for the apparent power flowing between the AC mains (midpoint of transmission
line) and the STATCOM is given by (detail see section 2.4)
VmidVU
VmidVU
VU2
sin( ) j
cos( )
S mid =
XU
XU
XU
where S mid is the apparent power flowing between the AC mains the STATOCM. is the power
angle between the AC mains and the STATCOM. The resistance of the impedance X U is assumed to be
zero. STATCOM absorbs real power flow from Vmid for lagging power angle and injects it to the AC
mains for leading power angle. Thus, it can be used to control the DC link voltage of the inverter. Fig.
2.12 illustrates the phase diagram of a STATCOM operation.
When the angle is zero and Vmid > Vu , STATCOM absorbs a lagging current (Inductive mode).
When the angle is zero and Vmid < Vu , STATCOM injects a leading current (Capacitive mode).
IU
IU
Vmid
Vmid
Vmid
VU
(a)
jXUIU
VU
(b)
VU
jXUIU
IU
(c)
Fig. 2.12 Operating modes of a STATCOM (a) Standby mode, (b) Capacitive mode and (c) Inductive
mode.
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2.2 Basic Control Scheme for STATCOM

The reactive current I q I drawn by the STATCOM is determined by the magnitude of the system
voltageV , that of the internal voltage, VO , and the total circuit reactance The corresponding reactive
power Q exchanged can be expressed as follows:
Iq =
V VO
X
VO
1
V
Q=
X
V 2
A simplified block diagram of the internal control for a converter with internal voltage control capability,
such as the three-level converter are illustrated in Fig. 2.15. The reactive power output is controlled by
internal voltage magnitude (PWM) and angle. The feedback signals are system voltage V , converter
output current I O , DC bus voltage Vdc . The control input signals are reactive current reference I Q Re f ,
and DC bus voltage reference Vdc Re f . The DC voltage reference determines the real power of the
converter must absorb from the ac system in order to supply its internal losses. As the block diagram
illustrates, the converter output current is decomposed into reactive and real current components. These
components are compared to the reactive current reference and real current reference (derived from the
dc bus voltage regulation loop). The real and reactive current error signal is converted into the
magnitude and angle of the wanted converter output voltage from by appropriate gate drive signals.
Fig. 2.13 STATCOM Connection.
Fig. 2.14 Typical STATCOM operating V-I characteristic and

losses with var ouput characteristic.
Fig. 2.15 Basic control scheme for a STACOM.

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Example: A 1.5KVA STATCOM

A 1.5kVA three-level neutral point clamped inverter has been used to demonstrate the operation of a
STATCOM. Fig. 2.16 shows the simplified power circuit and connection. The STATCOM output is
coupled by a step-up transformer with a series reactance. The reactive power output of the STATCOM is
governed by the voltage difference between the series reactance and the value of the reactance. With a
small series reactance, the output voltage of the inverter can be lowered to achieve the same level of
reactive power output. One consideration for determining the value of the series reactance is the fault
current. The use of a small series reactance will increase the magnitude of fault current. In literature
search, the series reactance is usually limited to 10% to 15% (per unit) for fault current limitation. In
principle, a STATCOM can compensate the reactive power without energy storage. Practically,
minimum energy storage is required due to voltage imbalance of the system. In this STATCOM
prototype, two small DC capacitors with 220uF capacitance are selected. The circuit parameters of the
STATCOM are listed on Table 2.1.
STATCOM
Inverter Topology
3-Level VSI
Rated Capacity
1000Var
Nominal Voltage
190V
DC Link Capacitance
220F x 2, (VC_U + VC_L)
Series Reactance ( XU, XV, XW )
17.2mH (15%)
Modulation Index ( m )
Transformer Ratio ( Tx 1)
1:0.5 ( Wyn/Wyn )
Table 2.1 Circuit parameters of the STATCOM

To Transmission Line Mode
Tx1
Buffer Reactor
VC _ U
XU
XV
XW
SW1U
SW1V
SW1W
SW2U
SW2V
SW2W
SW3U
SW3V
SW3W
SW4U
SW4V
SW4W
VC _ L
Figure 2.16 Simplified power circuit diagram of the STATCOM

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Test Results
Vmid(Phase-Voltage)
IU(Phase-Current)
Vmid(Line- Voltage)
VUV(Line-Voltage)
Fig. 2.17 STATCOM at standby mode, Ch1. Source phase voltage (low voltage side, 200V/div), Ch2.
STATCOM line current (low voltage side, 5A/div), Ch3. Source line voltage (low voltage side,
200V/div), Ch4. Inverter line voltage (low voltage side, 200V/div).
Vmid(Phase-Voltage)
IU(Phase-Current)
Vmid(Line- Voltage)
VUV(Line-Voltage)
Fig. 2.18 STATCOM at capacitive mode, Ch1. Source phase voltage (low voltage side, 200V/div), Ch2.
200V/div), Ch4. Inverter line voltage (low voltage side, 200V/div).
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Vmid(Phase-Voltage)
IU(Phase-Current)
Vmid(Line- Voltage)
VUV(Line-Voltage)
Fig. 2.19 STATCOM at inductive mode, Ch1. Source phase voltage (low voltage side, 200V/div), Ch2.
200V/div), Ch4. Inverter line voltage (low voltage side, 200v/div).
Vmid(Phase-Voltage)
IU(Phase-Current)
VDC
Trigging reference
Fig. 2.20 Step response of the STATCOM from +500Var (capacitive mode) to -500Var (inductive mode),
Ch1. Source phase voltage (low volt side, 200V/div), Ch2. STATCOM DC bus voltage (200V/div), Ch3.
Trigging reference (power angle , 0.1V/degree), Ch4. STATCOM line current (low voltage side,
5A/div).
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Vmid(Phase-Voltage)
IU(Phase-Current)
VDC
Trigging reference
Fig. 2.21 Step response of the STATCOM from -500Var (inductive mode) to +500Var (capacitive mode),
Ch1. Source phase voltage (low volt side, 200V/div), Ch2. STATCOM DC bus voltage (200V/div), Ch3.
Trigging reference (power angle , 0.1V/degree), Ch4. STATCOM line current (low voltage side,
5A/div).
Power system without static var compensation
Watts
VS
Vmid
VLOAD
Load Resistance
1200W
220
216
212
119
1720W
220
212
207
80
2180W
220
208
200
59
2567W
220
202
193
48
Power system with static var compensation

Watts
VS
Vmid
VLOAD
Load Resistance
1360W
220
220
216
119
2040W
220
220
214
80
2280W
220
220
211
59
3444W
220
217
206
48
Table 2.2: Comparison of transmitted power of the scaled-down power system with and without static
var compensation.
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2.3 Power Flow of a Transmission Interconnection and Midpoint Voltage

Support/Regulation
Fig. 2.22 Simplified diagram of two power sources with transmission line inter-connected.
Assume V1=|V1| 1, V2=|V2| 2, Z=R+jX =|Z|.
The current flow at voltage sources V1 is
(1)
I = (V1 V2 ) / Z
=
| V1 | 1 | V2 | 2 | V1 |
|V |
=
( 1 ) 2 ( 2 )
| Z |
|Z|
|Z|
The power S drawn from V1 is:

|V |
|V |
S=V1I*=|V1| 1{ 1 ( 1 ) 2 ( 2 ) }
|Z |
|Z |
2
| V || V2 |
|V |
= 1 ( ) 1
( + 1 2 )
|Z|
|Z|
(2a)
(2b)
Thus, the active power and reactive power transmitted at V1 are

| V || V |
| V1 | 2
V1V1 sin ( )
P1 =
P1 =
cos( ) 1 2 cos( + 1 2 )
X
|Z|
|Z|
2
V (V V2 cos( ))
|V |
| V || V |
Q1 = 1 1
Q1 = 1 sin( ) 1 2 sin( + 1 2 )
X
|Z|
|Z|
If the transmission line has small resistive part compared to reactive part.
(2c)
(2d)
| V1 || V2 |
sin( 1 2 )
X
| V1 | 2 | V1 || V2 |
Q1 =
cos( 1 2 )
X
X
Assume two power sources have the same amplitude (| V1 |=| V2 |= V ), and the phase angle between V1 and
V2 is ,
V2
P1 =
sin( )
(3a)
X
V2 V2
Q1 =
cos( 1 2 )
(3b)
X
X
P1 =
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A plot of power flow (normalized) versus power angle is plotted on Fig. 2.23. It can be seen that the
power transfer of a system depends on two factors: power angle ( ) and the length of transmission line
( X ). For a fixed system, the power transfer achieves its maximum at power angle 2 . Practically, the
power angle of the system will only have a few degrees of difference, thus the power transfer is mainly
limited by the length of transmission line.
2
1.5
Power
Q=(V2-V2cos() )/X
1
P=(V2sin() )/X
0.5
0
0
0.5
1.5
2
Power Angle ()
2.5
Fig. 2.23 A typical plot of active and reactive power flow between two sources with transmission line
inter-connected.
Midpoint Voltage Support/Regulation

X/2
X/2
V1
Vmid
V2
Fig. 2.24 Simplified diagram of two power sources with midpoint reactive power compensation.
V1
jX/2 I1,m
Vmid
I1,m
jX/2 Im,2
V2
Im,2
Fig. 2.25 Phaser diagram of two power sources with midpoint reactive power compensation.
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Consider the simple two ideal power sources transmission system again. The system carries power from
the sending end V1 to the receiving end V2 . An ideal static var compensator is shunt connected at the
midpoint Vmid of the transmission line (see Fig. 2.24). The transmission line is divided into two segments
with impedance of X/2. The corresponding phasor diagram is shown on Fig. 2.25.
Using equation (3a), the active power flow from the sending end V1 to the midpoint Vmid is:
VV

P1, mid = 1 mid sin
X 2
2
Once again, assume that the system is lossless and the static var compensator is ideal. The active power
consumption of the static var compensator is zero and the active power is the same at each terminal
( V1 , Vmid and V2 ). Assume the three power sources have the same output amplitude ( V1 = Vmid = V 2 = V ).
The total power transmitted from V1 to V2 is:
2V 2

sin
X
2
P1, mid = Pmid , 2 = P1, 2 =
(4)
Similarly
Q1,mid = Qmid , 2
V2

=
1 cos
X 2
2
Q1, 2 = Q1,mid + Qmid , 2
4V 2

1 cos
=
X
2
(5)
A new plot of active and reactive power flow versus power angle is shown on Fig 2.26. It can be
observed that the midpoint shunt compensation can significantly increase the transmittable power. The
midpoint shunt compensation breaks the transmission line into two equal segments with maximum
transmittable power. The maximum transmittable power is doubled compared with uncompensated
transmission. This concept can be expanded to multiple compensators located at equal segments of the
transmission line (eg. Four compensators can be inserted at each quarter section of the transmission line).
4
4V

1 cos
Q=
2
X
2)/X
Q=4V (1-cos
Power
2V 2

sin
2
X
P=2V (sin2) /X
P =
1
0
0
0.5
1.5
2
Power Angle ()
2.5
Fig 2.26 A typical plot of active and reactive power flow between two sources with midpoint reactive
power compensation.
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References:
Siemens SVC PLUS (VSC Technology):
http://www.energy.siemens.com/hq/en/power-transmission/facts/static-var-compensator-plus/
ABB STATCOM for Utility:

http://www.abb.com/industries/db0003db004333/c12573e7003305cbc1256fef003fad0a.aspx?productLanguage=us&country
=00
Advanced Power Electronics STATCOM solutions

http://www05.abb.com/global/scot/scot232.nsf/veritydisplay/fda417ed6d8fc3cfc125740f004502db/$file/pcs%2
06000%20statcom_industry_motors_en.pdf
STATCOM Technology for Wind Parks to Meet Grid Code Requirements

http://www05.abb.com/global/scot/scot232.nsf/veritydisplay/50fab2bdc45be270c12572ea0050ae66/$File/ST
ATCOM%20Technology%20for%20Wind%20Parks%20to%20Meet%20Grid%20Code.pdf

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Electronics for Utility Applications(EE529)

= (V + IR cos + IX sin ) + (IX cos IR sin )

Comparing (1) and (2), V p =

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Department of Electrical Engineering

2.1 Variable Impedance Type Static Var Generators

Thyristor-Switched Capacitor (TSC)

Fig. 2.2 Thyristor-switched capacitor (TSC) and associated waveforms

Fig. 2.3 The switching strategy for a TSC.

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Thyristor-Controlled Reactor (TCR) and Thyristor-Switched Reactor (TSR)

(without proof here)

The effective inductance Leff =

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Fig. 2.6 TCR harmonic current (Normalized to fundamental) variation with .

Fixed Capacitor, Thyristor-Controlled Reactor Type Var Generator(FC-TCR)

capacitor losses (relatively small)

reactor resistive losses (increase with the square of the current)

Filter losses (relatively small and almost constant)

Fig. 2.7 (a) FC-TCR (b) FC-TCR operating V-I characteristic.

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Fig. 2.8 Typical FC-TCR losses with var ouput characteristic.

Thyristor-Switched Capacitor, Thyristor-Controlled Reactor Type Var Generator(TSCTCR)

Fig. 2.9 (a)TSC-TCR. (b) TSC-TCR operating V-I characteristic.

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Fig. 2.10 Typical TSC-TCR losses with var ouput characteristic.

Simens Reactive Power Company List

ABB SVC for Utility:

Re-locatable SVC for National Grid Company 400/275kV network

SVC for enhancing of power transmission capability over long AC interconnector

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Variable Source Type Static Var Generators

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2.2 Basic Control Scheme for STATCOM

Fig. 2.13 STATCOM Connection.

Fig. 2.14 Typical STATCOM operating V-I characteristic and

Fig. 2.15 Basic control scheme for a STACOM.

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Example: A 1.5KVA STATCOM

220F x 2, (VC_U + VC_L)

Series Reactance ( XU, XV, XW )

Table 2.1 Circuit parameters of the STATCOM

Figure 2.16 Simplified power circuit diagram of the STATCOM

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Power system with static var compensation

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2.3 Power Flow of a Transmission Interconnection and Midpoint Voltage