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8, AUGUST 2004
1963
I. INTRODUCTION
UTURE communication systems have to fulfill the requirements of high data rates and flexible interfaces for different communication system standards. Multistandard radios,
offering the demanded flexibility to use different standards, require very broadband antennas. multiple-input multiple-output
(MIMO) and diversity systems allow exploitation of the spatial
channel properties. If the signals received by different antennas
are uncorrelated, very high data rates may be reached as recent
studies have shown, first in [1] and later in [2], [3]. Usually uncorrelated signals are obtained by spatial diversity, which requires large antenna spacings.
This paper presents new broadband antenna solutions, that
are small enough to fit into laptops or organizers, but that still
yield uncorrelated signals for MIMO or diversity applications.
The compactness of the broadband MIMO antenna system is not
achieved by using different antennas, but by one antenna with
different, independently fed, modes. This results in multimode
diversity, a combination of pattern- and polarization diversity to
obtain uncorrelated channel impulse responses for the MIMO or
diversity system. As far as the authors are aware multimode diversity has first been suggested in [4], where orthogonal azimuth
patterns were used. In [5] a multimode patch antenna with different modes for diversity was presented. Multimode diversity
for MIMO has been suggested in [6], but this paper presents
a new and practical antenna concept, based on spiral and sinuous antennas. In [7] the ability of logarithmic spiral antennas
to radiate in different polarizations is discussed and a possible
application for diversity is mentioned, but not explicated.
Besides uncorrelated signals at the antennas, which are obtained by orthogonal patterns the mean signal to noise ratio
Manuscript received February 4, 2003; revised August 25, 2003.
The authors are with the Institut fr Hchstfrequenztechnik und Elektronik
(IHE), Universitt Karlsruhe (TH), Karlsruhe D-76128 Germany (e-mail: Christian.Waldschmidt@ihe.uka.de).
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TAP.2004.832495
Fig. 1. Geometry of a spiral antenna with voltage sources between the single
arms of the spiral.
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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 52, NO. 8, AUGUST 2004
and elliptically polarized otherwise. Due to the self-complementarily the antennas are frequency-independent or, in other
words, extremely broadband. Since the geometrical structure
of the spiral antenna is finite, there exists a lower frequency
bound. This bound is
(1)
is the speed of light, the outer radius of the spiral
where
the effective substrate permittivity.
has to be deand
termined by simulations of the spiral antenna or experimentally.
is close to one for etched spirals,
According to experience,
also for a high of the substrate. For all simulations presented
in this paper the antennas were simulated with FEKO [12], a
standard software tool based on method of moments. Equation
(1) is explicable by the current distribution within the active
zones of the single modes [10]. The active zone is a circular area
located around the center of the antenna. The energy is radiated
from the antenna in the active zone. This zone is characterized
by a certain ratio of its circumference to the wavelength. For
Fig. 5. Phase of the pattern of mode 1 and mode 2, shown in Figs. 3 and 4.
The phase of mode 1 changes 360 per circulation around the antenna, mode 2
changes 720 .
WALDSCHMIDT AND WIESBECK: COMPACT WIDE-BAND MULTIMODE ANTENNAS FOR MIMO AND DIVERSITY
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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 52, NO. 8, AUGUST 2004
Fig. 9. Correlation coefficient among mode 1 (a) and mode 2 (c), excited at
the center of the spiral, and mode 1 (b), excited at the outer edge of the spiral to
generate orthogonal polarizations. The incident field has an elevation spread of
5 and azimuth spread of 60 . The lower frequency bound of mode 2 is 1.2 GHz,
thus the spiral does not work correctly for lower frequencies.
Fig. 10. Correlation coefficient among the same modes as in Fig. 9, but the
incident field has an elevation spread of 5 and an azimuth spread of 20 .
Due to slight changes in the pattern for different frequencies the correlation
coefficient changes. But it is over the whole frequency range low enough to
obtain a diversity gain.
(3)
where
(4)
is the ratio of the power in -polarization to the
where
is a funcpower in polarization at the receiver. Note, that
tion of the polarimetric radiation pattern, thus disappears for
orthogonally polarized antennas in this case lhc and rhc polarized modes. The power correlation coefficient is obtained by
, according to [15].
Basically it is possible to use spiral or sinuous antennas with
any different modes and polarizations for multimode-diversity.
In the following first a spiral and second a sinuous antenna are
used to calculate the correlation coefficients among receive signals. The orientation of the both antenna planes is vertical. A
spiral antenna with mode 1 and mode 2, excited at the center of
the antenna, and a third mode (mode 1) with orthogonal polarization excited at the outer edge of the antenna is used. Figs. 9
between
and 10 show the power correlation coefficient
different modes for a large azimuth angular spread of 60 and
a small spread of 20 for a mean direction of 10 in azimuth
and 0 in elevation of the incident waves. The third mode is orthogonally polarized to the other modes, thus the correlation is
almost zero. The other modes are more strongly correlated as
the pattern of mode 1 and 2 partly overlap. On the other hand,
Fig. 11. Correlation coefficient among mode 1 (1), mode 2 (2) and mode 3
(3) of the sinuous antenna. The incident field has an elevation spread of 5 and
azimuth spread of 60 . The lower frequency bound of mode 2 is 1.7 GHz, thus
the antenna does not work correctly for lower frequencies.
WALDSCHMIDT AND WIESBECK: COMPACT WIDE-BAND MULTIMODE ANTENNAS FOR MIMO AND DIVERSITY
1967
Fig. 12. Correlation coefficient among the same modes as in Fig. 11, but the
incident field has an elevation spread of 5 and an azimuth spread of 20 . With
decreasing angular spread the correlation increases.
TABLE I
MEG OF DIFFERENT MODES IN DECIBELS (ELEVATION ANGULAR SPREAD 5 )
antennas are used in the same channel with the same transmit
antenna, see [17], [18]. For the assumptions on the wave propagation made above the MEG can be calculated analytically for
an isotropic reference antenna.
(5)
are the gain patterns for both polarizations. Table I
where
shows the MEGs for different antennas and modes for a crosspolarization coupling of 8 dB. The MEGs of mode 3 of both
antennas are equal to the one of mode 1. Since the requirement
of orthogonal patterns, i.e., uncorrelated signals, and similar
MEGs are fulfilled, a diversity gain over a large bandwidth with
both antenna types, used as multimode antennas, is obtained.
(6)
B. Power Considerations
When the normalization in (7) is used in other words when
the gain of each channel matrix is normalized, the information
about it is lost. But to assess arrays for MIMO completely, this
information needs to be taken into account to assure a high efficiency of the complete MIMO channel. Fig. 15 shows the cumulative distribution function of the gain of the channel matrices
of the simulations. The comparison with a MIMO
system with arrays consisting of three vertical half-wavelength
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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 52, NO. 8, AUGUST 2004
Fig. 13. Scenarios for the measurements. For the LOS scenarios transmitter
and receiver are placed in the same room. For the NLOS scenarios the
transmitter is placed in the corridor.
Fig. 15. Transmission gain of different MIMO systems for the path based
channel model. The SISO system has one transmit and one receive dipole.
for all measurements. The transmitter was moved along two different routes, shown in Fig. 13. During the first route a strong
LOS component is present, whereas the other route is always
NLOS. Along each route measurements at 801 discrete frequencies in the frequency range from 1.5 to 2.5 GHz at 210 different
positions were performed. The measured data are normalized,
according to (7), to obtain a constant mean SNR of each channel
matrix of 10 dB. Fig. 14 shows the cumulative capacity distribution for both routes at 2 GHz. The capacity distribution changes
negligibly with frequency. Due to the higher multipath richness
of the NLOS route, it outperforms the LOS route.
For comparison two dipole arrays, consisting of three dipoles
each, were used, one at each side of the link. The dipoles were
and vertical polarizaarranged in parallel with spacings of
tion. The array covers approximately the same area as the spiral
antenna with dimensions, so that the resonance frequency of the
dipoles equals the lower frequency bound of the spiral. Fig. 14
shows, that the dipoles perform worse than the spiral, since neither polarization nor pattern diversity is exploited. The space
diversity is very limited due to the small antenna spacings.
V. CONCLUSION
This paper shows that four-arm spiral and sinuous antennas
allow to exploit multimode diversity, which is a combination
of pattern and polarization diversity. The antennas are extremely broadband, thus allow applications for multistandard
radios. The space required for the antennas is relatively small.
If placing dipoles on the same space required by the spiral,
the dipoles do not reach the capacity of multimode-based
MIMO-systems.
REFERENCES
[1] J. H. Winters, On the capacity of radio communication systems with
diversity in a rayleigh fading environment, IEEE J. Select. Areas
Commun., vol. 5, pp. 871877, May 1987.
[2] G. J. Foschini and M. J. Gans, On limits of wireless communications in
a fading environment when using multiple antennas, Wireless Personal
Commun., vol. 6, pp. 311335, 1998.
WALDSCHMIDT AND WIESBECK: COMPACT WIDE-BAND MULTIMODE ANTENNAS FOR MIMO AND DIVERSITY
1969
Werner Wiesbeck (SM87F94) received the Dipl.Ing. (M.S.E.E.) and the Dr.-Ing. (Ph.D.E.E.) degrees
from the Technical University of Munich, Munich,
Germany, in 1969 and 1972, respectively.
From 1972 to 1983, he was with AEG-Telefunken in various positions including the Head of
Research and Development, Microwave Division,
Flensburg, Germany, and Marketing Director in
the Receiver and Direction Finder Division, Ulm.
During this period he had product responsibility for
millimeter-wave radars, receivers, direction finders
and electronic warfare systems. Since 1983, he has been Director of the Institut
fr Hchstfrequenztechnik und Elektronik (IHE), University of Karlsruhe,
Karlsruhe, Germany, where he is presently Dean of the Faculty of Electrical
Engineering. In 1989 and 1994, respectively, he spent a six month sabbatical
at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena. He serves as a Permanent Lecturer
for radar system engineering and for wave propagation For the Carl Cranz
Series for Scientific Education. He is a Member of an Advisory Committee of
the EU-Joint Research Centre (Ispra/Italy), and he is an advisor to the German
Research Council (DFG), to the Federal German Ministry for Research and to
industry in Germany. His research topics include radar, remote sensing, wave
propagation and antennas.
Dr. Wiesbeck has received a number of awards including the IEEE Millennium Medal. Since 2002, he has been a Member of the Heidelberger
Akademie der Wissenschaften. He was a Member of the IEEE GRS-S AdCom
from 19922000, Chairman of the GRS-S Awards Committee from 1994 to
1998, Executive Vice President IEEE GRS-S from 1998 to 1999, President
IEEE GRS-S from 2000 to 2002, Associate Editor IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON
ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION from 1996 to 1999, past Treasurer of the IEEE
German Section. He has been General Chairman of the 1988 Heinrich Hertz
Centennial Symposium, the 1993 Conference on Microwaves and Optics
(MIOP 93) and he has been a member of scientific committees of many
conferences.