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Hypothesis
Definition
Literature Study
Conclusion
Physical Properties
Chemical Properties
Hypothesis
Definition
Literature Study
Conclusion
STATEMENTS
EXPLANATION
Abstract-1
Abstract-2
Abstract-3
Abstract-4
Hypothesis
Definition
Literature Study
Conclusion
STATEMENTS
EXPLANATION
Intro-1
Intro-2
Intro-3
Abstract-4
Hypothesis
Definition
Literature Study
Conclusion
Hypothesis
Definition
Conclusion
Literature Study
Coal Samples
0.8
Reactivity (1/min)
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Time (min)
Petrographic Analysis
Maceral Analysis-Reactivity
Maceral Reflectance
Petrofactor
Hypothesis
Definition
Conclusion
Literature Study
THERMOGRAVIMETRIC ANALYSIS
Coal Sample
Char Making
Heated to 850C at 10 K
min-1, in air, Flow Rate
15 cm3 min-1
Initial Temperature
Peak Temperature
Char Reactivity
R = (-1/Wo)(dW/Dt)
Burnoff Temperature
Definition
Literature Study
Hypothesis
Conclusion
1. Coal Sample
- Ground sample to -200 mesh (75m)
- Do Proximate Analysis (Measured Fuel Ratio, FC/VM)
- Do Ultimate Analysis (Measured H/C Ratio)
2. Petrographic Analysis
- Prepared polished block sample based on standard method (ASTM & ISO)
- Maceral Analysis & Reflectance; Maceral classified into Vitrinite, Liptinite, & Inertinite
(Semi-Fusinite)
- Calculate Petrofactor; Pf = (Rm/Reactive Macerals)*100; Rm represent Mean
Reflectance, Reactive Macerals (Vitrinite, Liptinite, and Fusible Inertinite)
3. Thermogravimetric Analysis
- 10 0.1 mg coal heated to 850C at 10 K/min in air, with flow rate 15 cm3/min
- From TGA result, calculate: Ti (Initial Temperature where mass loss reaches 1%/min);
Tp (Peak Temperature at the maximum weight loss rate); T1/2 (Temperature at which
50% burnoff), Tb (Burnout temperature where DTG curve reaches a 1% combustion
rate at the tail-end of the curve)
- Calculate Activation Energy (Ea) using Arrhenius Equation
Definition
Literature Study
Hypothesis
Conclusion
3. Thermogravimetric Analysis
- Prepared Char Samples to Analyze Char Reactivity Using TGA; 10 mg Coal sample heat
to 700C at 10 K/min in Nitrogen with flow rate of 15 cm3/min then switch to air at
the same flow rate following cooling of the furnace to 500C for char reactivity
calculation
- Calculate Char Reactivity Coefficient (R); R = (-1/Wo)(dW/dt); Wo is the Initial mass of
char and dW/dt is the maximum rate of mass loss, %/min
Definition
Literature Study
Hypothesis
Conclusion
Char Reactivity
Hypothesis
Definition
Conclusion
Literature Study
Cutted Sample
Sample Cutting
Microscopically Evaluation
Maceral Type
Char Morphology
Definition
Literature Study
Hypothesis
Conclusion
Definition
Literature Study
Hypothesis
Conclusion
Hypothesis
Definition
Conclusion
Literature Study
EXPLANATION
Maceral Identification
Maceral Quantitatively Report
Maceral Identification
Maceral Reflectance
Hypothesis
Definition
Conclusion
Literature Study
Parameter
Proximate
(d.b.) wt%
Ash
Volatiles
Fixed Carbon
Fuel Ratio
11.1
25.3
63.6
2.51
6.2
27.0
66.8
2.47
9.6
27.3
63.0
2.31
5.2
24.8
70.0
2.82
7.6
28.5
63.9
2.24
5.3
31.1
63.7
2.05
Ultimate
(d.b.) wt%
C
H
N
O
S
H/C ratio
77.2
4.6
0.8
6.3
0.7
0.72
81.9
4.5
0.8
6.6
0.5
0.66
78.9
4.3
0.9
6.2
0.6
0.65
83.8
4.5
0.6
5.9
0.4
0.64
80.7
4.4
0.7
6.6
0.4
0.65
82.4
4.8
0.7
6.8
1
0.70
10
11
12
9.5
27.7
62.7
2.26
7.9
28.7
63.4
2.21
5.1
36.5
58.4
1.60
3.8
34.9
61.4
1.76
10.4
29.2
60.4
2.07
8.0
38.1
53.8
1.41
79.4
4.3
1.1
5.7
0.6
0.65
80.3
4.6
0.9
6.2
0.7
0.69
78.8
4.8
0.9
7
0.8
0.73
83.7
4.8
0.9
7
0.8
0.69
77.6
4.4
0.8
6.8
1.1
0.68
72.4
4.5
0.6
14.5
0.6
0.75
Hypothesis
Definition
Literature Study
Conclusion
NO-CHAPTER
STATEMENTS
Experimental-1
Experimental-2
Experimental-3
EXPLANATION
Pf = (Rm/reactive macrals)*100
Hypothesis
Definition
Conclusion
Literature Study
Maceral Group
Maceral Sub-Group
Vitrinite
Liptinite
Sporinite
Hypothesis
Definition
Conclusion
Literature Study
Maceral Group
Maceral Sub-Group
Inertinite
Semi Fusinite
Inertinite
Fusinite
Definition
Literature Study
Hypothesis
Experiment & Analysis
COAL COMBUSTION PROFILE
CHAR REACTIVITY
Conclusion
Definition
Literature Study
Hypothesis
Experiment & Analysis
CORRELATION FACTOR (r)
Conclusion
Hypothesis
Definition
Literature Study
Conclusion
Hypothesis
Definition
Literature Study
Conclusion
Hypothesis
Definition
Literature Study
Conclusion
1. Ignition Temperature (Ti) and Burnout Temperature (Tb) were better parameters to
estimate combustion differences of the coal samples than other characteristic parameter
derived from combustion profiles.
2. The total amount of reactive macerals could be used to asses combustion differences of
same rank coals.
Teichmuller, 1979
REFERENCES
1. KIZGUT Sait, Dilek CUHADAROGLU, Ihsan TOROGLU, Thermogravimetric Characterization of
Turkish Bituminous Coals for Combustion, Turk J Chem 27 (2003), 521 528.
2. Cloke Michael, Lester Edward, Characterization of Coals for Combustion Using Petrographic Analysis,
Fuel 1994 Volume 73 Number 3, University of Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK.
3. Tomeczek Jerzy, Coal Combustion, Krieger Publishing Company, Malabar, Florida, 1994.