Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
2012
Duplex Microstructure
S32101
S82011
S32202
S32304
High Cr
Cr
Ni
Mo
.04
.03
.03
.03
21
21.5
22
23
1.5 0.5
1.5 0.5
2
0.5
4
0.5
.22
.21
.22
.12
low Ni
0.2 N
Other
Mn=5
Mn=2.5
and no Mo
Chemistry of Duplex SS
Name UNS No.
2003
2404
2205
2205
High Cr
S32003
S82441
S31803
S32205
C
.03
.03
.03
.03
Cr
Ni
20
24
21.8
22.5
3.5 1.7
3.5 1.5
5
2.8
5
3.2
Moderate Ni and Mo
Mo
Other
.16
.22
.12
.16
and 0.16N
Cu
C
.03
.03
.03
Cr
25
25.5
25
Ni Mo
7
4.0
5.5 3.4
7
3.5
N
Other
.28
Cu=.5
.20
Cu=2.0
.25 Cu=.75W=.75
2707
.03
27
6.5
.40
S32707
Higher Cr
More Ni and Mo
and others
4.8
.25+N
General Corrosion
Similar to relative austenitic alloys.
(e.g. 2202 and 2304 are similar
to 304 & 316)
General corrosion resistance can vary
greatly with changes in concentration, pH,
temperature and impurities. It is important
to discuss these variables for any
application!
Duplex Grades
2202 /2101/2102
2304
2003 /2404
Austenitic Grades
304L
316L
317L
317LMN
2205
904L
255 / 2507 / Z100
6Mo Grades
2707
(increased resistance)
PREN
18
19
24
26
30
30
33
35
35
41
42
43
45
49
Chloride Stress
Corrosion Cracking
The greatest corrosion advantage for duplex
stainless steels is their improved resistance
to CSCC when compared to the austenitic
grades.
Only the 25% Nickel grades have similar
CSCC resistance.
Mechanical Properties
Duplex Stainless Steels have roughly twice
the yield strength of their counterpart
austenitic grades.
This allows equipment designers to use
thinner gauge material for vessel
construction!
200F
26.9
24.0
25.7
33.0
31.3
300F
25.1
22.5
24.8
31.2
29.5
400F
25.1
21.7
23.9
30.1
28.6
500F
25.1
21.3
23.3
29.6
28.2
600F
25.1
21.0
23.1
29.4
--
Hardness
@212F
6.66
7.16
7.05
7.22
7.22
7.22
7.22
7.00
9.11
392F
7.22
7.50
7.50
7.50
7.50
7.50
7.50
7.22
9.40
572F
-7.77
8.00
8.00
8.00
8.00
8.00
7.50
9.60
752F
7.77
8.05
-8.05
8.06
8.06
7.39
7.77
9.77
932F
--
8.33
8.33
8.33
7.56
10.00
Fatigue Strength
Higher strength means higher cyclicstresses can be applied without fatigue
failures.
This holds true even in corrosion fatigue
environments!
400
MPa
300
S31803/S32205
S32304
200
316L
105
106
317 LN
316L 2.5 Mo
107
60
45
KSI
30
Cycle to rupture
Fatigue and fatigue corrosion resistance of stainless steels are enhanced by the
use of duplex grades (higher mechanical properties, chromium content and
duplex microstructure
Fracture Toughness
Due to the high ferrite content the Duplex SS
have a ductile brittle transition temperature of
-50F.
This restricts the minimum operating
temperature to -50F.
In certain circumstances the Duplex SS may be
used down to -100F.
Mo, W, Si
1000C/ 1832F
phase
Cr N nitride
2
c
phase
g phase
2
M C carbide
23 6
R Phase
Cr
Mo
W
Si
p phase
e phase (Cu)
a' phase
G. phase...
300C/572F
Cr, Mo, Cu, W
Time
Fabrication
Welding
Welding procedures must be developed to
achieve acceptable corrosion resistance and
mechanical properties/toughness in the weld
zone.
Welding of Duplex SS is not difficult. It is
just different!
lean duplex = welder friendly!
WE NEED
CORROSION
RESISTANCE
CONTROL OF FERRITE
in HAZ
< 70 %
in welds
20-40 % SAW, SMAW
25-60 % TIG, MIG, PLASMA
TOUGHNESS
AT LOW TEMPERATURE
WE NEED
CORROSION
RESISTANCE
TOUGHNESS
AT LOW TEMPERATURE
Standard Specifications
Grade
ASTM
ASME
(Sect VIII Div I)
2101*
A240
-code case 2418
2202
A240
-Code Case 2669
2304*
A240
SA240
yes
2003*
A240
-code case 2503
2205(S31803)*
A240
SA240
yes
2205(S32205)*
A240
-no
255* Z100*
A240
SA240
yes
2507*
A240
SA789/790 tube/pipe
2707
A789/A790
-code case
*API 650 11th Ed Add 1 Appendix X
Standard Specifications
Grade
2101
2202
2102
2304
2003
2205(dual)
255
2507
Z100
2707
Bar
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
W/S Pipe
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X(s)
W/S Tube
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X(s)
Fittings
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Cost Comparison
Cost ratio based on 304L=1.0 (3/8 pattern mill plate)
Duplex
2202 2101
2102
2304
2003/2404
2205
255/2507
Z100
= 0.80
= 0.80
= 0.93
= 1.23
Austenitic
201LN = 0.84
304L
= 1.00
316L
= 1.28
317L
= 1.74
= 1.18
= 1.76
= 1.80
317LMN = 2.10
904L
= 2.69
6Mo
= 2.92 3.45
Ni = 9.89 Mo = 16.22 Cr = 1.28
Cost Advantage
If a vessel design uses the Duplex SSs additional
strength to decrease wall thickness savings of up to
25% may be achieved for the fabrication vs. a
comparable austenitic grade.
Machining cost savings may be considerable.
Physical property advantages must be evaluated for
process and fabrication cost savings.
Iceberg
Representative NA
Duplex Plate Stock
96x240
.187 - .500
223
122
170
52
880
49
81
45
72
347
1.250 2.00
17
28
105
2.50 3.50
21
30
280
220
264
259
.625 1.000
2507 2205
96 X 144
Total
Stock given as 1000#
1234
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
20
15
10
10
10
15
10
Offshore :
Tubes, blast walls, topsides
flow lines
10
12
13
New applications :
hydrometallurgy, water,
structures, other
0,5
1,5
2,5
Desalination
0,5
0,5
1,5
15
18
21
Pulp + Paper
10
10
10
Chemicals, Fertilizers,
Petrochemicals
12
14
Pollution control
0,5
0,5
10
Distribution
10
12
15
16
42
39
35
38
46
63
80
Total SS production
660
700
720
680
760
800
850
900
950
% Duplex
6%
5.5
%
5%
5.5
%
6%
8%
9%
10%
10.5
%
Chemical tankers
Terminals
TOTAL (KT)
90
100
Duplex
grades
32