Chapter 1 - Transformations π 3π 5π π

y = af[b(x-h)]+k domain=Ө∈R except , , … → (2n-1) where n is an

2 2 2 2
a – vertical dilation (x, ay) integer
if 0<a<1 → vertical compression
if a>1 → vertical expansion Chapter 5 – Trig Eqns
x ex. find the exact solutions
b – horizontal dilation ( , y)
b 1
a) sinӨ = 1
if 0<b<1 → horizontal expansion 2 b) cosӨ =
if b>1 → horizontal compression π 2
h – horizontal translation (x+h, y) Ө= π
if h>0 → shift right 6 Ө=π-- =
π 5π 3
if h<0 → shift left
Ө=π-- = 2π
k – vertical translation (x, y+k) 6 6
if k>0 → shift up 3
if k<0 → shift down ex. use graphs to solve π
Ө=π+- =
a) sinӨ = 0 3
Reflections Ө = 0, π b) cosӨ = 1 c) tanӨ = 0
-a refl over x-axis (y values switch “charge”)
4π Ө = 0, π
Ө=0
(y=-f(x)) (-y=f(x)) (x, -y) General Solution 3
-b refl over y-axis (x values switch “charge”) add per to smallest pos solution
(y=f(-x)) (-x, y) ex. find the general solution of
1) sinӨ = 0
Inverse Ө = 0, π
y=f(x) → x=f(y) GS: Ө = nπ where n is an integer
f-1(x), reflect over line y=x (swap x & y values) (y, x) 2) cotӨ = 0
solve: interchange x & y in fn & solve for y π 3π
Ө= ,
Reciprocals 2 2
1 1 π
y=f(x) → y= (x, ) GS: Ө = + nπ where n is an integer
f ( x) y 2
where y=0 on orig graph → vertical asymptote(s) *for 0≤Ө<2π cosӨ has 2 sol’s → cos4Ө has 4 sol’s.
reciprocal values keep same “charge” add per to each sol until 2π is reached
x-axis: horizontal asymptote
y=1, y=-1 stay the same showing difference thing?
ex. solve for x
Absolute Values a) cscx=3.2
sinx=1/3.2 b) csc3.2=x
•y=|f(x)| (graph → refl all parts of orig graph below x-
x1=0.3178 1/sin3.2=x
axis to above x-axis; all parts above x-axis on orig
x2=π-0.3178=2.824 x=-17.1308
graph stay same)
•y=f(|x|) (graph → 1st graph y=f(x) then refl only +x
values over y-axis; keep points with +x value) Solving 1st Degree Equations
ex. Solve (0≤Ө<360°)
Chapter 4 – Trig Fns cosӨ = -0.468
Sector Angle a=rӨ (Ө in rad) ref angle = 62.095
Ө = 180° - 62.095° = 117.905°
Angle Definitions Ө = 180° + 62.095° = 242.095°
Standard position – angle has vertex on origin &
initial arm on pose x-axis; rotation counter clockwise ex. Solve (0≤Ө<360°)
+
- → angle is pos; rotation clockwise → angle is neg cscӨ = -1.346
Coterminal angle - ±360° or ±2πrad 1
Principal angle – least of pos coterminal angles sinӨ =
−1.346
ref angle = 47.98°
Special Right ∆s Ө = 180° + 47.98° = 227.983°
*factor out coefficient before finding phase shift Ө = 360° - 47.98° = 312.017°
*y=asin[b(Ө-c)]+d (b=2π/per; per=2π/b
a-amp, b-per, c-ps, d-vd Solving 2nd Degree Equations
*put calc in RAD mode for q’s like ‘cos2’ or ‘sec2’ factor or use quadratic formula
ex. solve for 0≤Ө<2π cosӨ
tan
per= π
range=y∈R
 1
a) cos2Ө =
3
xm * xn = xm+n
2
1 xm / xn = xm-n x-n = 1/xn
√cos Ө = √
3 (xm)n = xmn x0 = 1
1 (x/y)m = xm/ym xm/n = (x1/n)m = n√(xm) = (n√x)m
cosӨ = ±
√3
inverse of y=2x is x=2y ... log2x=y
1 logbx=y ↔ by=x b>0, b≠ 1
cosӨ = 1
√3 cosӨ = - y=bx
1 √3 b>1
Ө = cos-1( ) 1 y=bx
√3 Ө = cos-1( - )
Ө = 0.955 √3 0<b<1
Ө = 2π – 0.955 = 5.328 ref angle = 0.955
Ө = π - 0.955 = 2.186
Ө = π + 0.955 = 4.097 Inverse x=by
b) 4tan2Ө – tanӨ – 3 = 0 logbx
(tanӨ – 1)(4tanӨ + 3) b>1 logbx
x>0 0<b<1
tanӨ = 1 x>1
π −3
Ө= tanӨ =
4 y= logb(x-h)+k
4 asymptote: x=h
5π 3
Ө= Ө = tan-1( - ) domain: x>h if y=logx
4 4 x<h of y=log(-x)
ref angle = -0.644 range: y∈R
Ө = π – 0.644 = 2.498
c) csc2Ө + 5cscӨ + 6 = 0 logbbx=x
(cscӨ + 3)(cscӨ + 2) blogbx=x
logbb=1
cscӨ = -3
cscӨ = - 2
1 logb(xy) = logbx + logby
sinӨ = - 1 logb(x/y) = logbx - logby
3 sinӨ = -
ref angle = 0.34 2 logb(xn) = nlogbx
Ө = π + 0.34 = 3.481 π logb(n√x) = logb(x1/n) = (1/n)logbx
ref angle =
Ө = π + 0.34 = 5.943 6
ex. b/w ’56 & ’76 the annual pH of pption dropped
π 7π from 5.6 to 4.3. how many times as acidic as the
d) secӨcscӨ – 3secӨ = 0 Ө = π + =
secӨ(cscӨ – 3) = 0
6 6 pption in ’56 was the pption in ’76?
105.6 1.3
=10 =20׿
1 10 4.3
cosӨ = - 1
0 sinӨ =
no sol. b/c cos Ө is 3 logba = logca/ logcb
defined everywhere Ө = 0.34 a>0, b>0, c>0; b≠ 1, c≠ 1
Ө = π – 0.34 = 2.802
Chapter 2 – Exponents & Logs log 12
ex. log512 = = 1.54
log 5
y=bx b>1
y=bx 0<b<1
ex. simplify log92=x
log32 = 2x
y=bx-h+k
asymptote: y=k ex. solve for x
domain: x∈R a) 2logx = log32 + log2
logx2 = log(32 * 2)
range: y>k if y=+bx
logx2 = log(64)
A=P(1+r/n) nt
y<k if y=-bx
x2 = 64
A=AoXt/T x = ±8
X: growth or decay factor reject x = -8
Increase by 10% → 1.10
Decrease by 10% → 0.90
 ∴x=8 b c
→ (geometric ratio) = → b2 = ac
a b
b) log2(-x) + log2(2-x) = 3 thus, geometric mean b/w a & c is √ ac , -√ ac
log2(x2 – 2x) = 3
23 = x2 – 2x
ex. Between 8 & 128, insert 1 geometric mean
x2 – 2x – 8 = 0
8, x, 128
(x + 4)(x + 2)
x = 4, -2 x 128
= 8, 32, 128
reject x = 4 8 x
8. -32, 128
∴ x = -2 2
x = 1024
x = 32, -32
Continuous Growth/Decay A=Aoekt
3
Natural Logarithm (ln) ex. $8500 invested at 7 % per year compounded
4
y=ex ↔ logey=x ↔ lny=x monthly for 15 months
lne = 1 nt
r
ex. solve for x ( )
A=P 1+
n
a) 45 = e0.075x 0.0775 15
x 12
A=8500 ( 1+
12 n )
12
ln45 = lne0.075x
ln45 = 0.075x(lne) 1
ln 45 = $9361.73
x= = 50.755
0.075 Applications
b) 7 = e1-x Use tn = an-1 to fill in all given info & find unknown
ln7 = (1 – x)lne 1 ex. If an apt. was purchased last year for $21000 and
x = 1 – ln7 is now worth $226800. find the value 10 years from
Chapter 6 – Sequences & Series the original price. (Assume value continues to
Geometric Sequence Formula depreciate at same rate each year).
tn = arn-1 210000, 226000, ...
tn = nth term r = common ratio
a = 1 st
term n = # terms 226000
Finding Terms r= = 1.08 (since n=1 corresponds
ex. find the indicated term 210000 to original amount at year
t11 = 210000(1.08)11-1 0 would make n = 11)
8, 16, 32, 64, ... t12
t12 = 8(2)12-1 = 16384 Geometric Series
a(1−r n ) Sn=
a−rl
Finding Number of Terms Sn= or
1−r 1−r
ex. find the # of terms in the sequence
l = last term
8, 16, 32, ... 131072
Sn = sum of 1st n terms
131072 = 8(2)n-1
a = first term
16384 = 2n-1
r = common ratio
log16384 = (n-1)log2
n = # of terms
log16384 = nlog2 – log2
log16384 + log2 = nlog2
ex. find sum of 1st 8 terms of 14 - 7 + 3.5 - 1.75 + ...
log 16384+log 2
n= −1 8 n
log 2 14 (1−( ) )
n = 15 2
S❑
8 =
1−¿¿
Finding the Sequence 595
ex. find the geometric sequence with t3 = 45 & ¿ = 9.27
64
t7 = 3645 from t1 to t7
45, __, __, __, 3645 ex. find t1 & t3 if t2 = 24 & S3 = 126 for a sequence
a = 45 r = ? n=5 t5 = 3645
3645 = 45r5-1
24
t1, t2, t3 → t1, 24, t3 → , 24, 24r
81 = r4 r
r = 3, -3 24
r = 3: 5, 15, 45, 135, 405, 1215, 3645 + 24 + 24r = 126
r
r = -3: 5, -15, 45, -135, 405, -1215, 3645 24 + 24r + 24r2 = 126
4r2 – 17r + 4 = 0
Geometric Mean (r - 4)(4r - 1) = 0 6, 24, 96
ex. Given the geometric sequence: a, b, c 96, 24, 6
 1
r = 4, Writing Sigma Notation ∑
4
ex. Given 4+8+16+...+128 write ∑ notation
1. need to know # of terms
To find the last term of a series given the sum use
tn = 128 a = 4 r = 2
Sn-1 +tn = Sn or tn = Sn – Sn-1
tn = arn-1
128 = 4(2)n-1
ex. If Sn = 2n2 +3n find tn
32 = 2n-1
tn = 2n2 +3n – [2(n-1)2 + 3(n-1)]
n=6
= 2n2 +3n – [2(n2 – 2n + 1) + 3n-3]
2. find general term
= 2n2 +3n – [2n2 – 4n + 2 + 3n-3]
tn = 4(2)n-1 → tn = 22(2)n-1 → tn = 2n+1
= 4n + 1 6

Applications ∑ 2 k+1
k =1
ex. Suppose you drop a ball from a window
45m above the ground. It bounces to 65% of Geometric Series
its previous height w/ each bounce. Find the 2+8+32+128+... 512+128+32+8+2
total distance that the ball travels up to the 8 th
2048
bounce. S∞ = ᴓ S∞ =
3
a (1−r n ) 45(1−0.658)
S8 = = =124.47 m a
1−r 1−0.65 sum of infinite series: S=
1−r
up & down: a = 1st term
= 2 x 124.47 - 45 r = common ratio
= 204.4 m -1< r <1

∞
Sigma Notation ∑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 4 1−k
Greek letter used to abbreviate a series/sum
ex. Find the sum of the series ∑ 3) (
k =3
j
9
∑ f (x ) k=3:
16
k =i
k – index of summation 27
i – lower limit of summation k=4:
64
j – upper limit of summation
f(x) - function 3
a=
4
5 9
ex. Find the sum ∑ 7 k−3 r=
k =2
16
k=2: 7(2)-3=11 9
k=3: 7(3)-3 =18 1) substitute lower limit into expression & solve 16
k=4: 7(4)-3=25 2) add 1 to lower limit & repeat step 1 S=
3) repeat steps 1 & 2 until k = upper limit 3
k=5: 7(5)-3=32 1−
5
4) sum all solutions 4
∑ 7 k−3 = 11+18+25+32 = 86 9
S=
k =2 4
# terms in seq. = upper limit – lower limit + 1 ∞

ex. Find the sum

ex. Solve for x ∑ x k = 25
k =1
8
k−1 k=1: x
∑2 k=2: x2
k =2
2 x
k=1: 21-1=1 =
k=2: 22-1=2 5 1−x
k=3: 23-1=4 2-2x = 5x
n 2 = 7x
a ( 1−r )
Sn= 7
1−r x=
2
1(1−28)
S8= =255
1−2
ex. A weather balloon rises 60m the 1st min. & each
min. After that it rises 7% less than the previous
height. What is the max. Height reached by the
balloon?
55.8
a r = 0.93
S=
1−r 60
a = 60 S= 60 =857.14
1−0.93
Chapter 7 – Combinatorics
Fundamental Counting Principle
n1 · n2 · n3 … nk

Factorial !

n!
Permutation P(n,r)=nPr=
( n−r ) !
*circle vs row → /max # in circ
n!
*for identical stuff
a !b!c!
A
6!
= 15
2! 4 !
S E

Combinations
n n!
C(n,r)=nCr= () =
r r ! ( n−r ) !

pathways & pascal`s triangle

relating combinatorics & triangle

graphing calc
2nd STAT ops 5:seq(__ nCr x, x, __, __, __)

1 less than row # Increment (if none default is 1)

expression to be calc’d end
begin

binomial theorem

(on) (n1 )
(x+y)n= xny0 + xn-1y1 +
(n2 ) xn-2y2 …
n
(n−1 ) (nn )
x1yn-1 + x0yn

Chapter 8 – Probability