Population Growth Population growth is directly related to birth rates, death rates and migration. Birth and death rates are measured by the average number of births and deaths per thousand people. The rate of natural increase is the difference between the birth and death rates. According to the March 1998 census Pakistan's population swelled to 130.58 million, showing an overall increase of about 55% over the last census held in 1981.This indicates an average growth fate of 2.6% as against 3.1% during 1972-81. By 2006, the population is estimated to have reached 156.77 million For the last thirty years, the death rate has declined due to access to medical facilities by the people Diseases like cholera, malaria and typhoid have been brought under control. There has also been an improvement in food production. The death rate has come down from 30 in 1947 to 8.10 per 1000 in 2004. There has been a decline in the birth rate from 50 in 1947 to 28 per thousand in 2004 9.121] Year | Annual growth rate (%) 1951 1961 1971 1981 1983 1987 1988 1989 1993 1994-95 1995-96 1996-97, Percentage of population growth from 1051-2004 (Eeonomic Srey of abt Population in Pakistan In spite of the decline in population growth rl since 1971 (Fig.12.1), it still remains one of highest in the region compared to 2.2% Bangladesh and 1.9% in India Birth Rate - Death Rate = Rate of Natural Increast Reasons for high population growth Pakistan is faced with the problem of overpopulatia Overpopulation occurs when an area's populatiol is too large to be supported by the availatl resources. Although there has been a fall in t birth rate, itis still very high in relation to resource This high population growth is damaging seve developmental plans for the uplift of society. Th increase in population is due to economic, politi and social factors, (Figs 12.2 a, b, c,d, & f Fig. 1228 arty mariage increases | te spanforenraductuty )Muslims have a firm belief that Allah gives: Rizq” to everyone therefore why have Afghan refugees, started centering Pakistan in 1979 and, their number reached 3.7 mmllion in 1990. Pakistan is, Still hosting 1.818 million few children? Afghan refugees. Family Planning Programmes receive strong resistance on religious grounds, | Frequent change of governments hinders the Consistency of the Population welfare projects, Se in Pakistan, majority of the | People are iliterate. They ar ot aware of economic distress caused by high birth rate \ Raictac Tica. | (Woheatesom amas aeThe Demographic Transition Model Fig.12.4 suggests a sequence of change in the relationship between birth rates and death rates. It suggests population or demographic rate can be divided into four different stages. However, it must be noted that the model makes assumptions about a part of stage 3 and the whole of stage 4. [Fig. 12.4 : — aes a aes Fezemne Se eames ipa acsnns a Drop in death rate was due to © Increased medical facilities that incl vaccinations, hospitals, doctors, us antibiotics and other life-saving drugs. ‘© Improvement in sanitation and water s @ Increase in food production due to be farming methods. ‘© Better transportation system to move d food etc to the places where they were (nearly all the urban areas and some rural were provided with transport facilities) @ A decrease in child mortality due to improve in medical facilities. sett ppsaton | _—- re. Crude Birth | Crude Des ‘Survey Period | Rate per 1000) Rate per 1984-1988 427 108 "989-1994 335 104 1996 355. 87 | 1998 (census) 327 ot 2008 260 310 Economie Survey of Pakistan 2001-2002 Tarra Tess eRe "05 250 Ti Demographic Transition Medel of Pakistan Stage 1: 1905 -1935 There were high birth rates and death rates resulting in small population growth. Birth rates were high because of © No birth control or family planning. © Large families were taken as a matter of pride. ‘Farming was the main occupation and many children were needed to work on the land igh death rates were due t @ High infant mortality rate. Many children used to die of diseases like diarrhoea, cholera, malaria etc. © Shortage of food supplies due to traditional methods of farming and dependence on rainfall ‘© Poor hygienic facilities and improper sewage disposal resulting in spread of diseases. © Little development in medical science - use of antibiotics and other life-saving drugs not started at that time Stage 2: 1935 -1970 Birth rates were still high, but death rates fell rapidly, Natural increase was the highest at the end of this stage Stage 3: 1970 - 2005 There has been a fall in both birth and death r According to the Pakistan Demographic Sut (PDS) except for the period between 1996-96, th was a decline in the death rate. But we can predict whether birth rates will continue to fall 2005, leading to a decline in natural increase The fall in the birth rate is due to: © Ambitious Family Planning Programmes by| government and NGOs (Non-Governme Organizations) like “Subz-Sitara Clinics", "Ch ka Nishan“etc. © Improvement in literacy rates and liv standards, @ Increased industrialization and mechani farming needing fewer workers. © Greater number of women in urban areas have started to work and are career orient © Women marrying at a later age in urban er © Improvement in living standards with a de for more material possessions rather th children, Stage 4 : 2005 - 2040 When Pakistan reaches this stage, whether i 2005 or later, it will be a stable stage when b the birth rate and death rate remain low, lead to a low natural increase.Population Structures The population structure is the percentage of males and females in different age groups. (A population ‘pyramid’ normally shows it). It is the result of a population's birth and death rates, and the life expectancy of a particular area. It is divided into age groups, and into females and males. Fig. 126 | Population Pyramid (1981 Census) 85,090,000 Mates % ‘Age groups. Females % Population Pyramid (1998 Census) 130,580,000 Mates % ‘Age groups Females % [Fis 127] Fig. 127] O-t4years | 15~ 64 yoars [65 years & above) Mates 1981 consus “5 510 45 1998 cansus a4 533. 36 Females 1981 ansus 458 504 38 [1998 census 2 56 a2 | The population pyramids indicate: © Ahigh birth rate leading to a high dependency ratio. © Fallin death rate with more people in the middle age group. © Slightly longer life expectancy. The 1998 population pyramid shows that Pakistan’s population structure is youthful, as the 0- 14 years age group forms a wide base to the pyramid, accounting for 43 % of the population. Although it has declined slightly from 45.2 in 1981 it still indicates prevalence of high fertility rate and high dependency ratio. The ratio of the population for the 15 ~64 age has shown proportional increase from 51.8 % in 1981, to 54.2 % in 1998. This shows that productive population in the country has increased. Employment According to the labour survey, the employed comprised all persons of ten years of age and above, ——— —_ —_ os Fig. 128 20] 2 10 “ ao Population Pyramids 198181098 Teal one nd nenpyed ar rn 90H ———] ‘ PnP te tgwho worked one hour during the reference period nd were either "paid employed” or “self-employed Based on this definition, acco Survey of Pakistan 2003-04, the total number of the employed labour force in 2004 was estimat at 40.47 million (Fig 12.10) ding to the Econom Employed labour force by sectors The occupations can be divided into three broad categories a) Primary b) Secondary ©) Tertiary The Primary sector, share is 56.5% and it is related to all such occupations that extract raw material directly from the earth or sea. These are farming (crop growing and animal husbandry), fishing, mining, forestry. In Pakistan, agriculture continues to be the major employment-generating sector although its share has declined from 46.79 % in 1995 to 42.1 % in 2004, A large portion of the employed labour force in rural areas indicates that non-wage employment, (mainly comprising the self-employed and unpaid family helpers) dominates the employment scene. However, this figure reveals a high degree of disguised unemployment (i.e a greater number of workers than the actual requirement). The Secondary sector includes occupations which process and manufacture the primary products Fig 129] (e.g. steel making, shipbuilding or fur making). It also includes the construction in nd assembly industries, This sector gen t 20% of the employment opportuniti # all those mprise which prov ransport, ban trade, insurance, administration, hi and others. This sector absorbs about 36% ¢ labour force The table shows that the agricultural sector largest employment-generating sector. Th also large scale disguised unempl areas. Disguised unemploy lent occurs whe number of wo ‘or example ates employmen Fig. *2:10| Sectoral Distribution of Employed Labour (in milions 1995 [2 Sector Agriculture | Transport 1ce community & Social Se Others [ett : Fig. 12.11 (Percent sh Sector [i008 [a Total 100 Agriculture | Mantechuing incaaing en a nstruction 21 [anon [er] passin mmr” 2" 505 O} Others - 0.86 ae es Lten workers and fifteen people work, the extra five will come under disguised unemployment. It is difficult to make an accurate estimate of the disguised unemployment. Unemployment Unemployment means the state of being unable to find a paid job. In Pakistan, about 3.65 million Persons were unemployed in 2004. The estimated rate of unemployment in urban and rural areas since 1996 is given in Fig. 12.12. Approximate Unemployment Rates Orton | emiauain |” Unepirn Seopa | soe eae as | liptea 13151 | 231 | 0.86 | 1.45 | 6.10 | 740 | 57 2000 139.76 | 3.12 | 1.22 | 1.90 | 782 | 9.92 en | ear 142.86 | 3.48 | 1.26 | 1.92 | 7.82 | 992 | 6.94 ee 145.96 | 3.25 | 1.30 | 1.95 | 7.82 | 992 | 6.94 [eae l 149.03 308 | 138 [227 8.27 | 9.80 | 7.55 What causes unemployment? Unemployment occurs when the authorities are unable to generate enough economic opportunities for the skilled and unskilled labour force. This is Partly the result of inadequate manpower planning by the government, but this is no easy task when there are many outside influences beyond its control. This situation creates a gap between demand and supply of the labour force which leads to unemployment. In 2004 approximately 8.27 % of the total labour force was unemployed (see above table). Correct figures are not available because it is extremely difficult to measure disguised unemployment in the primary sectors Unemployment is an alarming situation that may cause many social and economic problems, The causes of unemployment in Pakistan can be explained through the examples on Fig.12.13 In order to combat the problem of unemployment, More employment opportunities should be created in rural and urban areas. The government should assess the demand for and supply of manpower in each sector of economy through proper manpower planning. Comprehensive literacy and training programmes are extremely helpful in finding the solution to unemployment. The importance of literacy and training can be viewed in the following ways. © Increase in literacy ratio will reduce the pressure on land in rural areas and may help people to choose other occupations especially the ones that require basic education © Literate and trained labour force can make economic activities more productive than the illiterate and unskilled manpower. © If the education system can fulfill the market demand for specialized labour, there will be no gap between demand and supply of labour force. © Trained and skilled manpower will have better employment opportunities in the country and abroad. This can bring foreign exchange to Pakistan in the form of remittances. © Aliterate population is more concerned about the standard of living. It is more likely to understand and appreciate the advantages of a small family. This will also increase employment opportunities. It is quite obvious that illiterate and unskilled manpower generates less income and low investment. In Pakistan there is a slight improvement in the education sector, as literacy has increased to 54 % of the total population in 2003-04. Yet the progress on the whole is not satisfactory. There is a dire need to implement a realistic plan of literacy and training to meet the requirements of manpower in various sectors of economy, The guidelines for the programme are discussed further on in the coming pages.WHAT CAUSES UNEMPLOYMENT? Sa © High rate of population growth © Mechanization in agricultur Population growth rate 2.3% per annum. ‘Afew years ago when | was ) not using tractors and other machinery, | needed 50 workers on my farm. Now | just need 5 workers to operate the machinery. { The population is | growing so rapidly that a huge number of jobs | will have to be created High rate of population growth is the | — | During recent years mechanized farming is beco major factor for rising unemployment. popular and fewer farm workers are neede © Revolution in information technology © Cultural restraints / ‘pin togiveS \ sets of gold and “00 sulls tomy > daughter on her wedding. With great improvement in information technology, extensive use of | computers and fully automatic | machines, the demand for manual I This ime wal { _ invite the whole \ village on my son's \valima. x 4 (workers has gone down (Pakistani society is a consumption orientated one. Too mu spending by people on weddings and other festivals leads to domestic savings. As a result less money is invested in econ. activities e.g industry, trade, farming etc. This eventually lea @ limited employment opportunities.© Mismatch in demand & supply of labour force @ Agriculture My steel factory needs many specializes workers. So far Phave interviewed a hundred Candidates but nebody possesses. the kis/qualfcation requited for hese js, lown a small farm and all of my five sons help me to cultivate wheat which is not enough for our! |) | family. | am looking for other jobs for two of my | iLL EF | sons who are not actually needed on the farm. 2 a eT —___! There is a great degree of mismatch in demand and supply of labour in different sectors of economy. | “Tq Ne jobs available ~| People from rural areas migrate to urban areas to seek jobs. Many of them remain unemployed in urban areas due to lack of employment opportunities. © Political instability | = ; Martial Law imposed. Constitution’ | Benazir Bhutto's government dismissed. | ‘suspended. Election after 90 days. Fresh election within three months. | 20 people including Imam of mosque killed in Karachi 3 days of mourning. Call for strike. “| |__ Governor Rule clamped on Karachi {Political instability and frequent change of governments has slowed down the industrial | expansion. The prolonged ethnic troubles in Karachi have also created an unfavourable environment for employment opportunitiesEmployment Generation Programme Through Literacy and Training Training of Labour Force to meet Agricultural Requirements Pakistan's economy mainly depends on agriculture as it provides employment to about 42.10 % of the population. In order to meet the requirements of agriculture, the labour force should be trained on the following lines. Establishment of training institutions where agriculture is taught as the basic subject along with the formal education at primary and secondary level. © Enrollment of young people to these institutions. © Model farms should be attached to these institutions for practical demonstrations © Workshops should be established and people should be provided with technical training to repair and maintain the agricultural machinery. © Rural areas have the potential for even greater development of cottage industries. Training centres for such industries will help to provide enough employment opportunities to the rural population. Training of Labour Force to meet Industrial Requirements The present industrial plants require a skilled labour force with a potential to work with the changingtechnology of production. In order to impart this complex training, special training centres, should be set up all over the country [Fig waa] depending upon the particular type of industries in that area, The training programme can deal with the following issues: © specialized training according to the requirement of particular manufacturers, © a good understanding of the basic function of the plant, @ maintenance of plant and machinery, © safety measures and emergency procedures, © handling of new, sophisticated machines through practical demonstration, @ regular in-service refresher courses for industrial workers, © send trainees abroad to centres of excel in highly specialised / advanced technique © training for managers. Training of Labour Force to meet Terti Sector Requirements The tertiary sector employs a large number of educated and trained labour force; about 33% the total workforce. This sector includes vari services ike medicine, education, banking, insura transport, electricity supply, telephone etc. The service sector's requirements are very wit Pakistan needs skilled servicing electricians, sh supervisors, trained teachers, doctors, bankel insurance agents, accountants, executi politicians etc. After analysing the requirer each profession, special training programmes be formulated, Population Distribution and Density The distribution of population refers to the spre of people in an area. The distribution is normal uneven and it changes as time passes. The map. 7 Fig 12.14 shows l the distribution of the urban centres with populations of 50,000 and above. The density Fane ans Population distbutlon, (For the sake of clan the isrict boundaries have been dele),Density of population 1981 of population is the number of people per unit area. The unit can be a sq. mile, sq. km, hectare or acre. The density is obtained by dividing the total population of a country (province, district etc.) by its area. The population density of Pakistan, according to the 1988 census, is: 130.58 miltion 796,095iq kn ~ 164 persons per sq. km. The map Fig 12.15 shows the densities of population in Pakistan. It does not, therefore, show information about the distributions of rural and urban Populations within each area. Other density maps can be drawn to show e.g. the density of the rural Population or that of the urban population, Factors affecting distribution and density of population in Pakistan The pattern of distribution and density are mainly affected by physical factors such as relief, climate, soil, water supply, natural vegetation, existence of natural routes and mineral resources Human factors include all the economic, political and social factors. Fig. 12.16 & Fig, 12.17 give reasons, with examples, from different areas of Pakistan Why population distribution and density vary from area to area [rw-t21¢] | Examples of areas/cities with high Examples of areas with low Physical Population density Population density ‘Natural Flat or undulating | Punjab & Sindh Steep or rugged ] Karakoram, Himalayas, mountains Bindu Kush, Gaga Fs Topography : z Doabs iocated in Punjab | Sargodha, Faisalabad | Sane Sia ikhushab ete Climate. Moderate foterable | Karachi, Lahore, | Extreme temperature | Kharan Deco temperature throughout | Peshawar Mountain areas over | the year 4000 metres i Moderate monsoon | Northern Punjab & | Less than 125 mm | Kharan, Kachhv ana rainfall NWweP anal rainfall Nara deserts [natural Baron lands South weston Balochistan, Swamps Vegetation Mangroves along coast of Indus Det Soil Deep, ferti alluvium | Areas around rvers. | Thin sols, bare rack and| South -westem [ spread by vers, dlacialy croded areas. | Balochistan and Balistan, Natural Mineral resources | There are no areas in | Minerals not explored, | Part of Balochistan Pakistan which have Resources a high density due to mineral explotstion loher ei depe ane Punjab & Sinan, | Nonavaiabiy ofwat, | Knaran, Tharana | Chotistan deserts Natural Routes | Gaps trough mountains,| Peshawar (Khyber | Mountain barier Safed Koh, Hindu confluence of valeys, "| Pass), Gusta Kush and Karakoram natural harbours (Bolan Pass), Karachi Mountains[Fa waa7] ] Examples of areasicites with Examples of areas with Human high population density Tow population density Economic | Efficient transport Karachi, Lahore Poor transport links. ] Kech District, Kharan system Rawalpindh, Desert. Chagal hil ((oad, rai & air network) | Faisalabad and Baitstan Port facilites Kerachi Limited facities for | Most ofthe port Balochistan coast Industral areas | Karachi Lack of industrial Khuzdar and Sibi established early, development Distal. Trade & business | Karachi, Lahore Limited trade & South-westem centres Rawalpind! business Balochistan, High va portunities. inNorthern Mountain | Tourism development | Muree, Swat,Kaghan | Lack of tourism FATA Areas, development Waaiistan Fils HEP suppies,themal | Peshawar islamabad | Unreliable power Rural areas of Slations Kerach supplies. southern NWEP. Reclamation of land | Bahawalpur (par of Loss of and through, | Rural areas of Lower Cholstandeser) and | deforestaton sal rosion | Sraah ‘hal Desert waterogging and sainty { Favourat on, (pomest (Ena ‘sand nttiaewings on, [tng ghgmverment | Kraan Dosen ———— | New Towns Islamabad, : Extensions of Lahore, [ Karachi & Faisalabad | ‘Social | Better accommodation | Karachi, Lahore in er Let angy [PP PouSna Testis Ru ras tne Education & Heatth [Karachi Lahore | united eaucalon facilities Islamabad Peshawar |healthfaciiies "| Rural areas of all the Rawalp rgunces especialy Rural urban Karachi, Hyderabad, Quetta, |Depopulaton of rural | Rural ar fi al Karachi, Hyderabad Depepan ofl | Rul aras ofa te 1981 Census POPULATION BY PROVINCE et saogrstan The percentages in each province ol he ota change in he methodology IsLawanan anocpestan 2epuaton of Pakistan in 1963 and 1808. There are sigh variations which Goud be ae Say nthe $898 Census and varying degrees of noutmgratan i trent mens one ME COU be de eg = :Migration Migration is simply the movement of people from one area to another. Migration can be of different types depending on the cause, duration, distance, origin and destination. Population of an area will grow if in-migration [people arriving in the area from other places] is greater than that of out- migration [people leaving the area to go to other areas). Immigrants are the people who arrive in the country e.g. Afghan refugees in Pakistan, and emigrants are those who leave a country. e.g. many Pakistanis leaving for Canada or the Middle East. Migration can be ‘internal within the country e.g rural to urban or ‘international’ e.g. to other countries, Migration within Pakistan In internal migration rural-urban migration is on the increase in Pakistan, as is shown in Fig 12.19. The urban/rural break up shows that the share of rural population has declined from 71.7% in 1981 t0 67.5% in 1998 and the share of urban population has increased from 28.3% to 32.5%. [20] Area ~ Rural Proportion’ Urban Proportions id toa 1908 % Change to2 19 ‘change PAKISTAN mT | 67s 59 28.3 325 148 | NWFP : 834 2 154 169 19 | FATA 100 97.3 27 27 PUNIAB naa eer a m6 3 134 swnow 7 ieee as 83 ae 129 | BALOCHISTAN : 344 76.7 a4 15.6 233 49.4 [ LAwABAD 0 ma 140 coo 6 a | Rural/ Urban Population, 1987 and 1908 Census The movement to the city from rural areas is due to ‘rural push’ and ‘urban pull’ factors. Figs 12.20 and 12.21 Fig, 1220 RURAL PUSH" FACTORS ee. Rural push’ and Urban "pull factorset Rural Push Factors Urban Pull Factors © Pressure on land, disguised unemployment, and division of land among sons. © Better employment opportunities, especially in factories. © Overpopulation due to high birth rate. Poor quality of life. © Expectation about better quality of life @ Limited food production on small-scale subsistence farms due to over-grazing or misuse of the land, resulting in soil erosion ‘or exhaustion. In many areas land has become uncultivable due to waterlogging and salinity. @ Mechanization causes reduction in job availability. @ Natural disasters such as floods (areas around Indus and Jhelum), thunderstorms (Potwar Plateau and Vale of Peshawar) destroy villages and crops. © More reliable sources of food, © Attraction of entertainment places and bright lights. © Better chances of civic services like transport, health, education etc. Rural push and urban pul factors In Pakistan most of the people move from rural areas to the big cities like Karachi, Lahore, Faisalabad, Islamabad, Rawalpindi, Multan, Hyderabad, Gujranwala and Peshawar etc. The first three big cities account for 38.4 % of the total urban population of Pakistan and over half of the urban population lives in the nine big cities. The Fig.12.22 shows that among the provinces Sindh is the most urbanized (48.9 %). Try and find out why? In Punjab 31.3% live in urban areas, in Balochistan 23.3% do so and in NWFP it is 16.9%. The rate of change clearly indicates the rise in urban population due to the ‘push’ and ‘pull’ factors, Problems resulting from the rural- urban migration 1) Housing problems As a result of rapid urbanization and higher population growth, the housing situation in Pakistan has remained under tremendous pressure. The provision of shelter has not kept pace with rural-urban migration which has resulted in © the deterioration of living conditions, © increased health hazards, © the rapid growth of slums and squatter settlements (Katchi Abadis) ‘Also, the increased rural-urban migration due the pull and push factors, is putting tremendot pressure on the civic amenities in urban are: The improvement of slums and squatter settlerne and provision of affordable housing for th population without adequate homes, will help alleviate the condition of urban and rural pover as well as increase the productivity of the | income population through improved public healt The government and private sector are workin together to meet the demand for houses. Th following institutions are working on this; i. Pakistan Public Works Department (PWD) ii, National Housing Authority (NHA) ili, Pakistan Housing Authority iv. Federal Government Employees Housin Foundation (FGEHF) v. House Building Finance Corporation (HBF) 2) Environmental degradation The acute pressure on urban resources due to rurdl urban migration and overpopulation has threatenet our environment to a great extent. For exampl the excessive generation of solid waste due te rural-urban migration is causing serious air, wate and land pollution and health hazards. Dumping of untreated municipal and industrial wastes he caused contamination of surface and ground-wate sources and threatened the aquatic life.id 1998 Ce 1998 % Change Balochistan 15.6 Islamabad Capital Area 60.0 325 148 NWFP & FATA 155 169 oma mes| Punjab 276 313 13.4 | Sindh 43.3 48.9 : 129 | apres” 49.4 65.6 93 Survey of Pakistan 1996-98 frean migration ] Due to increased pressure on the transport system, the vehicular emission are the largest sources of air pollution in Pakistani cities. During the last few years, traffic in urban areas has increased tremendously. The level of air pollution in Pakistani cities is three times higher than the acceptable limits. t has been estimated that, on average, each vehicle in Pakistan emits 15-20 times more pollutants than the average vehicle in developed country. 3) Pressure on Infrastructure facilities Rural-urban migration overburdens all the resources of urban areas such as the food supply, health facilities, educational institutions, the transport system, sanitation and drainage systems, electricity supply, water supply, gas supply, telephone lines and employment opportunities etc. [Fo-1226]yp, por vehicles ‘rom | sbaindard eres. Te prograph shows ay odes Eres The infrastructure system of urban areas is normally not designed to cope with the needs of a growing population thus resulting in degradation of cities In order to maintain the civic facilities, more allocation of development funds and a comprehensive plan to cope with the requirements of the growing population is required 4) Increase in crime rate and terrorist activities Due to lack of employment opportunities in urban areas and greater exposure to the media, many of the young people are getting involved in crimes activities. In some cases terrorist organizations also use the unemployed youth for their own purposes thus creating violence in the cities5) Social and Psychological problems Rural-urban migration disturbs the balance of family life and the social structure. Combined with the problem of unemployment, the life in cities becomes too stressful to manage. A number of psychiatric problems such as depression, drug addiction and child abuse are very common in urban areas. The suicide rate has reached to an alarming level in major cities of Pakistan. These problems need to be addressed promptly by the authorities in order to have a healthy society. 6) The unplanned growth of cities It has been observed that the basic principles of town planning are not taken into consideration in the major cities of Pakistan. The unplanned construction by the commercial companies is posing another threat to the civic facilities. This further leads to the deterioration of the conditions in urban areas. The Civic agencies must keep a check on unplanned growth by taking strict action against the commercial companies. Rural areas also feel the effects of emigration. The composition of the rural population is disturbed because itis mostly the male members who migrate to urban areas. In order to avoid rural to urban migration, civic facilities and better employment opportunities should be provided in rural areas. Cottage and small-scale industries, for example, provide jobs and relieve pressure on farming to provide employment. In addition they utilise local raw materials which may also promote expansion of their production and provide more employment opportunities. Out-migration from Pakistan During the past few years, emigration has become common in Pakistan. Many people migrate to other countries because: there is unemployment or underemployment especially among educated and ambitious young people, who want better reward for their services, '® the developmental projects in the Middle Ea opened up job opportunities for the skill and unskilled labourers in the 80s and 90s, @ the glamorous life-style of the advanc countries, especially of USA, has attract educated and talented young people, © corruption, delayed justice, favouritism an high crime rates in Pakistan have created unr among young people, the recent policy of the Canadian governmen to attract more Asians as their country is und the constant threat of depopulation. Emigration has positive as well as negative points © Overseas Pakistanis send remittances in th form of foreign exchange which is extreme! precious for a developing country like Pakistan| They continue to be a significant component of balance of payment and have made sufficient contribution towards overall foreign exchange earnings. n 2001-02 the remittances were $ 1865.41 million. @ Emigration encourages flow of information technology to the country. Extra pressure on limited employment opportunities is also relieved and the rate of unemployment decreases. © The overseas Pakistanis invest more capital in Pakistan than the locals because of the differences in their income. It helps to form strong cultural ties between different nations However, despite the temporary gains, emigration deprives the Country of its intelligent and talented people. Many qualified Pakistani professionals like doctors, engineers, bankers, teachers and lawyers are working abroad. Even the skilled labourers who are badly needed in factories are serving other countries on high wages. It is therefore essential to utilize the country's talent by providing better facilities for meaningful education and training to the maximum number of people.Population in Pakistan QUESTIONS 1. (a) i. Explain what is meant by ‘overpopulation’ ii, How you can tell that ‘A. a rural area is overpopulated ? B- an urban area is overpopulated ? (b) Fig.12-A gives information on female literacy and population growth in Pakistan and other developing countries, What is suggested by Fig.12-A about the influence of education upon population growth? Give reasons for your answer. (UCLES tune 1999) 2. (a) Study Fig.12.6 (in the text), which shows population pyramids for Pakistan for the years 198181998 (UCteS June 1999) i. What does a population pyramid show? ii, With reference to the shapes of the pyramids, describe the features of Pakistan's population (b) Table Fig.12-B below gives information on the life expectancy in Pakistan. i. State the meaning of the term ‘life expectancy’ ii, Suggest reasons for the change in life expectancy shown in Table Fig.12-B (©) Fig 12-C below shows how the birth rate and death rate have changed in Pakistan since 1950. i. What was the death rate per 1000 people in 1950? ii, What was the death rate per 1000 people in 1957? iii, What was the rate of natural increase in 1950? iv, What was the rate of natural increase in 1990? v. Pakistan continue to have a high birth rate but a very low death rate... How is this affecting the total population of Pakistan? (d) i. Why has the death rate fallen between 1950 and 19: ii, Give three reasons why the birth rate has remained high (e) i. Study Table Fig 12-D which shows how the percentage of each of the three groups A,B and Cis changing ji. What problems of Pakistan are caused by the change shown in Table Fig 12-D? Fig. 12-0 FF ing A 0~ 14 years Ineres B 15 — 64 years decreasing C_| 65 years and over increasing, 1985 (2) Agnansian Female Meracy Unit 12 Foputaion grown 1988-2000 (2) Life | | in PakisPopulation in Pakistan Unit 12 (f) The sex ratio is changing in rural and urban areas. How and why it is changing? (UCLES June 2000) (g) Several million of Afghan refugees have entered Pakistan, especially since 1979. i. Why has Pakistan received so many refugees from Afghanistan? ii. What problems for Pakistan have resulted from this immigration of Afghan refugees? iii, Name one area and one city of Pakistan, which have been especially affected by the influx of Afghan refugees. iv. Many of the refugees are contributing to the economy of Pakistan by working in the lorry transport business or trading as shopkeepers, Are these primary, secondary or tertiary occupations? (UCAES tune 2002) Fig 12-£ is a model, which shows changes in the birth rate and death rate of countries over a period of time. The changes in the birth rate and death rate may be divided in four stages | marked 1,2,3 and 4. On Fig 12-E mark clearly by the letter given ; the lowest birth rate (A), the highest death rate (B), one period with a small natural increase in population(C), one period with a natural decrease in population growth(D), Explain how you arrived at your answers for C and D. | (UCLES November 1994) | (a) Study the graph, Fig 12-F which shows employment in Pakistan in 1994 according to the type of occupation i. With the help of an example, Figg explain what ‘primary occupation’ jreseel| = — Employment in Pakistan in 1994 ii, Why are so many of Pakistan's (according to type of occupation) workforce employed in primary | Primary s] Tertiary occupations? | ii, Using Fig 12-f, state the o 70 20 3 40 80 60 70 0 So 100 percentage employed in Percentage secondary occupations in 1994 See iv. Name two examples of ‘tertiary occupations’. v. Why is the percentage employed in tertiary occupations increasing? (b) i. Why do some people emigrate from Pakistan? ii. Why do some people make seasonal migrations within Pakistan? (©) Give four reasons for the low density of population in Balochistan (a) With reference to the unemployment situation in Pakistan explain the causes of rural and urban unemployment in Pakistan. (b) With reference to literacy and training suggest measures to solve the problems of unemployment. Ployment: yctEs November 2000)6 Population in Pakistan Fig.12-G shows some of the features of [Fig 126] migration, i. Using the ideas in Fig.12-G and referring to examples you have studied, explain why people migrate 8. within Pakistan C. to and from Pakistan ii. Describe some of the difficulties for people when they leave home or wish to return, (CLES November 1999) Study Figs 12-H & 12-1 and answer. { area (a) Which province has: ao i. The smallest area; | ii, The lowest population | 9 iii. The highest density of population. Population iv. The lowest density of || [> ——— population? (b) With the help of named examples explain why density of population varies considerably in the NWFP. Punjab jo ” e Koy 8* Balochistan (©) What are the ‘push’ factors that have led to large numbers of people leaving the rural areas of Pakistan? (d) In 1995 male illiteracy was 50 % and female illiteracy was 76 % i, Why is illiteracy so high? li, Give two reasons why female illiteracy is higher than male illiteracy, iii. State two ways in which the high illiteracy rate affects industrial growth. (UCLES November 2001) (a) Study Fig.12-J, which shows types of employment in rural and urban areas. i. Inwhich area is the proportion of those employed in the primary sector highest? Sectors of Employment ii. What is the main type of Prmay | employment in the primary oa. sector in rural areas? iii, Why is this type of ‘employment probably underestimated? (b) Why is there unemployment and underemployment in rural and urban areas? (©) Why is the sector of tertiary employment likely to increase more in urban areas than in rural 2 37085? suc1es octoberMovember 2006)