Tsai Lun Lun It was this Chinese minister who had the idea of making "chih" (strips of silk

k on which was
written) from tree bark, hemp, rags and fish nets. This brilliant discovery came from observing wasps.
Paper (105) Tsai Lun Lun was an official in the Chinese civil service. He reported its use and developed its
use in recording the business of the Chinese state.

Galileo (1564-1642) Italian scientist. Galileo developed a powerful telescope and confirmed revolutionary
theories about the nature of the world. Also developed an improved compass.
Thermometer (17th Century) Galileo Galilei (Italy) claimed the invention of a thermoscope which showed
changes in temperature as liquid expanded and contracted. Many other scientists contributed to the
development of the thermometer (G.Bianci, Robert Fludd)

William Cullen (17101790) UK. Scottish physician and chemist. He is credited with inventing the basis for the
first artificial refrigerator. Although it took others to make his designs suitable for practical use.
Refrigerators (1748) -William Cullen (Scotland) Cullen displayed the first successful refrigeration at the
University of Glasgow. Fridges use rapid cooling of gases as the main source of their artificial cooling effect. In
1805 Oliver Evans (US) invented the first refrigerator machine.

Sam Di Vita: who sparked the development of SiO2 fiber by soliciting bids for a glass fiber capable of
transmitting light signals in 1961, died on July 2 at his home in West Long Branch, NJ.
Di Vita was a scientist for the Department of the Army, Fort Monmouth, N.J. retiring in 1982 after 41 yrs. He
began civilian service to the U.S. Army Signal Corps in 1941.

Fiber Optics (1958) Modern fibre optics using high purity SiO2 (rather than copper wire) was developed by
Sam DiVita (US) and Richard Sturzebecher (US). This enabled much more efficient communication

Joseph Aspdin: (Dec 1778 - 20 Mar 1855 ) of Leeds, England, received a British Patent (No. 5022, issued 21
Oct 1824) for a product which he named "Portland cement" because the set cement resembled the oolitic
limestone of Portland, England. The specifications for the new cement were somewhat vague; a very pure
limestone was to be burned to lime, the lime mixed with a definite quantity of clay, and the mixture pulverized
wet. The wet mixture was to be dried and crushed and then calcined in a vertical kiln and finally the calcine
was to be powdered. The patent does not state what proportions of lime and clay should be used, nor at what
temperature the mixture should be burned.
Concrete (1824) English inventor, Joseph Aspdin developed hydraulic cement, which used a mix of limestone,
clay and aggregate.