MI 304 FLUID MACHINES

LECTURE 10
B. K. Gandhi

HISTORICAL
First bladed water wheel in 135 BC by Ctebios.
Current wheel during 260 300 AD in France : 18 m
head by 18 wheels in 211 channels.
Under shot water wheel 30% upto 1800
30% upto 1850
Breast wheel
30% upto 1850 extensively.
Overshot water wheel
After 1850, water wheels starts replacing by Turbines.
A Turbine may be as a water wheel in which a motion of
the water relative to its buckets is essential to its action.

CURRENT WHEEL & BREAST

WHEEL

Current wheel

Breast wheel

Courtsey: R.L. Daugherty, Hydraulic Turbines, Mc Graw Hill Company Ltd., 1998

I.X.L. STEEL OVERSHOT WATER

WHEEL

Courtsey: R.L. Daugherty, Hydraulic Turbines, Mc Graw Hill Company Ltd., 1998

FRANCIS TURBINE IN FLUME

Courtesy: R.L. Daugherty, Hydraulic Turbines, Mc Graw Hill Company Ltd., 1998

FRANCIS TURBINE

Courtsey: R.L. Daugherty, Hydraulic Turbines, Mc Graw Hill Company Ltd., 1998

PURE RADIAL INWARD FLOW

RUNNER FRANCIS TURBINE

Courtesy: R.L. Daugherty, Hydraulic Turbines, Mc Graw Hill Company Ltd., 1998

TANGENTIAL WATER WHEEL

WITH DEFLECTING NOZZLE

Courtsey: R.L. Daugherty, Hydraulic Turbines, Mc Graw Hill Company Ltd., 1998

VERTICAL SHAFT TURBINE IN

OPEN FLUME

Courtesy: R.L. Daugherty, Hydraulic Turbines, Mc Graw Hill Company Ltd., 1998

VERTICAL SHAFT TURBINE WITH

SPIRAL CASE

Courtsey: R.L. Daugherty, Hydraulic Turbines, Mc Graw Hill Company Ltd., 1998

HORIZONTAL SHAFT TURBINE IN

CASE

Vertical shaft turbine with spiral case.

HORIZONTAL SHAFT TURBINE

SHOWING DRAFT ELBOW

Courtesy: R.L. Daugherty, Hydraulic Turbines, Mc Graw Hill Company Ltd., 1998

ADVANTAGES OF TURBINES
OVER WATER WHEEL
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Turbine occupies less space.

A higher speed may be obtained.
A wide range of speed is possible.
It can be used over wide range of heads.
A greater capacity may be obtained with
excessive size.
6. It can work submerged.
7. Less trouble with ice.
8. Usually cheaper.

ADVANTAGE OF WATER WHEEL

OVER TURBINES
1. Overshot wheel may be better if Turbine is
poorly designed, universally selected, cheaply
made and improperly set.
2. Overshot wheel has high efficiency when water
supply is much less than its nominal value.
3. Good for 10 40 ft head and 2 30 fts

ESSENTIALS OF WATER POWER

PLANT
1. Storage Reservoir : should hold enough water
several months or more.
2. Dam : Create most of head available and
primary erect to provide storage capacity and
intake for the water conduit. In some cases
dam may be no more than a diversion wall to
deflect a portion of current into the intake.
3. Intake Equipment : Usually consists of Racks
or Screens to keep trash from being carried
down to the wheel and of head gates to shut
down water.

4. The Conduit : Water may be convey by either

an open channel or flume, through a tunnel or
by means of a closed pipe under pressure
(called penstock).
5. Forebay : A small equalizing reservoir
generally placed at the end of the conduit from
the intake so that water is led into the turbine.
(Also referred as the head water).
6. The Turbine : Power converting device.
7. The Tail Race : The body of water into which
the turbine discharges. The channel conducting
the water away is called the TAIL RACE.

1. Introduction (3): Hydroelectric power plant

Reservoir
Intake
Penstock
Hydraulic
turbine
Tail race
Generator
Governor and
controls
Circuit breaker
Transformer
Transmission

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CLASSIFICATION
Impulse (or pressure less)

1. Action of water

Reaction (or pressure)

inward
Radial
outward
Mixed

2. Direction of flow

Axial
Horizontal

3. Position of Shaft

Vertical

4. Available head
Low head
Medium
High
Very high

=
=
=
=

2 15 m
15 70 m
71 500 m
500 m onwards

Head loss

Tail water rise

Efficiencies and Sources of Inefficiencies in

a Turbine
Net Available power for turbine (QgH)
Water power of the runner QU 1Vw

Net output
Mechanical losses power

brake

Penstock losses

Hydraulic losses

Penstock Inlet, loss Fluid

friction Disc
(friction)
through Turbulence shock-in- Bearings
Penstock
vane Draft tube and Windage
Leakage

vol .
mech.

Friction Net Shaft Power

Gland

Useful runner disch arg e Q Q

Supply disch arg e

Q

Net Shaft Power Output

Water power developed by the runner Assu min g Q 0

 hyd .

overall

Water power developed by runner

Net avaiolable power for Turbine

Net Shaft Power output

Net available power

mech. hyd . vol .

system

Net output Shaft brake power

Gross Available power at Re servoir