MS EXCEL 2010

Electronic Spreadsheet is financial management software for microcomputers that contains

worksheets arranged into columns and rows. It is very useful for manipulating data, numeric
problems, and also used to show the ease in managing the tasks for budget preparation, financial
statements, inventory, and analysis of numerical computations.
Microsoft Excel 2010 is a graphical-based spreadsheet program that was developed by the
Microsoft Corporation for Microsoft Windows and for MAC OS. It enables the user to use
multiple typeface, font sizes, shading, and object-oriented images. Using MS Excel 2010, you
can include business charts, business graphs in the output and a useful tool in statistics for
research. The .xlsx file is the default extension name used for every spreadsheet created in this
version.
DEFINITION OF TERMS:
1. CELL

2. ROWS and COLUMNS :

3. ADDRESS

4. WORKSHEET

5. RANGE

6. FORMULA

7. CHART

The basic unit of a worksheet is a single address which is the

intersection of a column and a row. Cell address is located
beside the Insert Fx bar.
The horizontal numbered-rows and the vertical letter-named
columns make a two-dimensional grid. Columns are labeled
from left to right, beginning with A to Z. After Z, labeling
continues with AA up to AZ, then BA through BZ, and so on.
The total number of columns in a worksheet is up to 16, 384.
Rows are numbered down from 1 to 1,048,576.
Address is a specific location. Using column and the row grid
combination, you can form an address. You can write the
address as N4 (Column N, Row 4, or A9 (Column A, Row 9)
Also called a spreadsheet (an accountants columnar pad) is the
main document used in storing and working with data.
Is a rectangular block of cells. It can be a single cell (A1:A1), a
row of cells (A1:D1), column of cells (A1:A16), and a block of
cells (A12:D16)
It is a sequence of values, names, functions, cell references and
operators that is contained in a cell to produce a new value
from an existing value. It is use to perform mathematical
operations.
A graphical representation of a worksheet. Some charts
available in this version are Line, Pie, Column, Area, Bar,
Stock, and Radar.

46

8. FUNCTIONS

Built-in formula that uses values in performing a variety of

calculations and then return a new value. Mathematical,
statistical, date and time are some of the well-known functions
in MS Excel 2010.

THE MS EXCEL 2010 ENVIRONMENT

The 2010 version of MS Excel has many similar features with that of the previous versions. You
will also become aware of that there are many new features that youll be able to make use of.
There are two features that you should remember as you work within Excel 2010. And when you
begin to explore Excel 2010 you will notice a new look to the menu bar. And these features
include:

Quick Access Toolbar - As the name suggests, it enable users to access the mostly used
buttons easily and quickly and to customize those buttons according to your needs and
preferences you can basically click on the Quick Access Toolbar and choose the icons
you want to see in the Quick Access Toolbar of Excel 2010

Ribbon This feature allows you to access all of the program's features and commands.
It is the horizontal strip that runs across the top of the Excel 2010 window, just below the
title bar

RIBBON
The ribbon is a panel positioned at the top section of the document. It has seven tabs: Home,
Insert, Page Layouts, Formulas, Data, Review, and View. Each tab is divided into groups which
is a consistent collections of features intended to perform function that you will utilize in
developing or editing your Excel spreadsheets.

MS QUICK ACCESS TOOLBAR

As the name suggests, it enable users to access the mostly used buttons easily and quickly and to
customize those buttons according to your needs and preferences you can basically click on the
Quick Access Toolbar and choose the icons you want to see in the Quick Access Toolbar of Excel
2010.

47

Useful MS EXCEL 2010 Shortcut Keys

Key Combination
F2
Esc
Ctrl + Y
Ctrl + Z
Ctrl + C
Ctrl + V
Ctrl + X
Ctrl + S
Ctrl + O
Ctrl + P
F1

:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:

Description
Edit the active cell with cursor at end of the line.
Use to Cancel selection
Redo last action
Undo last action
Copy contents of selected cells.
Paste content from clipboard into selected cell.
Cut contents of selected cells.
Save
Open
Print
Help

WORKBOOK/s
A. To create a New Workbook:
1. Click on the File Menu
2. Click New
3. Choose Blank Workbook and click on

Note: If you want to create a new workbook coming from a template, look at the templates and
choose one that fits your needs.

Note: When you save a workbook, you have two choices: Save or Save As.

48

B.To Save a Document:

1. Click the File Menu
2. Click Save
Note: Use the SAVE AS feature of the MS Excel when you need to save a workbook under a
different name or to save it for earlier versions of Excel.
To use the SAVE AS feature:
1.
2.
3.
4.

Click the File Menu

Click Save As
Type in the name for the Workbook
In the Save as Type box, choose Excel 97-2003 Workbook

C. To Open Workbook:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Click the File Menu

Click Open
Browse to the workbook
Click the title of the workbook
Click Open

49

ENTERING DATA
There are many ways to enter data in Excel. First is entering data in an active cell and the
secondly is in the formula bar.

A. To enter data in an active cell:

1. Click in the cell where you want the data
2. Begin typing
B. To enter data into the formula bar
1. Click the cell where you would like the data
2. Place the cursor in the Formula Bar
3. Type in the data

You can also use the following:

Press the TAB key to move the selector one cell to the right.
Press the ENTER key for moving the cell selector one cell downward.

When entering time, type the number, space and a for AM and p for PM, example 8 a and
press enter

When entering the date, use SLASH or HYPEN

To enter NUMBER as TEXT (cannot be used for computation), precede the number with an
APOSTROPHE ( ), E.g. 19

To enter FRACTION, type the whole number, a space and the fraction. E.g. 1

To enter FRACTION ONLY, type zero (0) first.

For negative numbers, enclose the number in PARENTHESIS (5)

50

EDITING DATA
A. To edit a data on a particular cell you can use any of the following ways:
1. Click on the cell and press F2
2. Double-click on the cell, and type the correct value
3. Select the cell to edit, and edit the cell in the Formula Bar
MS Excel 2010 allows you to move, copy, and paste cells and cell content through CUT and
PASTE and COPY and PASTE.
B. To select a cell or data to be copied or cut:
1. Click the cell
2. Click and drag the cursor to select many
a range

cells in

C. To select a row or column

1.

Click on the row or column header.

AUTO FILL
The Auto Fill feature fills cell data or series of data in a worksheet into a selected range of cells.
If you want the same data copied into the other cells, you only need to complete one cell. If you
want to have a series of data, for example, days of the week:
Fill in the first two cells in the series and then use the auto fill feature.
A. To use the Auto Fill feature:

51

1. Click the Fill Handle

2. Drag the Fill Handle to complete the cells

CELLS, ROWS, AND COLUMNS

A.To insert cells, rows, and columns in Excel:
1. Place the cursor in the row below where you want the
row, or in the column to the left of where you want the
column
2. Click the Insert button on the Cells group of the Home tab
3. Click the appropriate choice: Cell, Row, or Column

new
new

B.To delete cells, rows, and columns:

1. Place the cursor in the cell, row, or column that you
want to delete
2. Click the Delete button on the Cells group of the Home
3. Click the appropriate choice: Cell, Row, or Column

tab

C.To change the column width

1. Select any cell in the column
2. Click on the HOME tab and click on FORMAT
3. FORMAT is used to change the column width or the row height, organize sheets, or protect
or hide cells
4. Click on COLUMN WIDTH
5. The COLUMN WIDTH dialog box will appear
6. Supply the size in the column width box
7. Click on the

button

4.

6.

3.

52

You can also select the AUTO FIT selection in resizing the column width to automatically fit the
data selected or DOUBLE CLICK on the border of the column heading.
D. To change the Row heigth
1. Select any cell in the column
2. Click on the HOME tab and click on FORMAT
3. FORMAT is used to change the column width or the row height, organize sheets, or
protect or hide cells
2
.

4. Click on ROW HEIGHT

5. The ROW HEIGHT dialog box will appear
6. Supply the size in the row height box
7. Click on the

button

1
.

3
.

3
.

You can also select the AUTO FIT selection in resizing the row height to automatically fit the
data selected or DOUBLE CLICK on the border of the row heading.
E. To merge and unmerge cell/s
Merging is the process of combining cells into a single cell. To merge cells follow these steps:
E.1Using the Merge and Center
The four choices for merging cells are:

53

2.

Merge & Center: Joins the selected cells into one larger cell and centers the contents in
the new cell.
Merge Across: Combines the cells across columns without centering data

3.

Merge Cells: Merge the selected cell into one cell.

4.

Unmerge Cells: Splits the selected cells into multiple new cells.

1.

To merge cells:
1. Select the cells to merge
2. Click on the
Merge and Center button to merge and unmerge cells
MERGE and CENTER joins the selected cells into one larger cell and centers the contents in the
new cell.
E.2.Using the Format Cell Button
1. Select the cells to merge
2. Click on the HOME TAB and click on the FORMAT
CELLS button

2
.

3. Format Cells dialog box will appear.

4. Select the ALIGNMENT TAB and in the TEXT
CONTROL put a check mark on MERGE CELLS
5. Click on the

button.

3
.

F. To align the contents of the cell or cells:

1. Click on the cell or cells you want to align
2.

Click on the options within the Alignment

on the Home tab.

group

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Several options for alignment of cell contents:

Top Align
Middle Align

: Align text to the top of the cell

: Align text so that it is centered between the top and bottom of the cell

Bottom Align

: Align text to the bottom of the cell

Align Text Left

: Align text to the left of the cell

Center

: Centers the text

Align Text Right

: Align text to the right of the cell

Decrease Indent

: Decreases the indent between the left border and the text

Increase Indent

: Increase the indent between the left border and the text

Orientation

: Rotate the text diagonally or vertically

G. To change the format of the numbers in Excel:

1. Changing DOLLAR SIGN to PESO SIGN
2. Select the cell/s you wish to change the format
3. Click on the FORMAT CELLS button
4. Format Cells dialog box will appear.
5. Click on the NUMBER TAB and select
CURRENCY
6. In the SYMBOL combo box select Php
(Philippines)
7. Click on the

English

button

H. To change the alignment of data:

1. Select the cell/s you wish to change the alignment
2. Click on the FORMAT CELLS button
55

3. Format Cells dialog box will appear.

4. Click on the ALIGNMENT TAB
5. Under the TEXT ALIGNMENT, you may change the alignment of text into horizontal and
vertical
6. You can also change the ORIENTATION of the text cell by incrementing or decrementing the
DEGREES scroll bar.
7. Under the TEXT CONTROL, you can put a check to WRAP TEXT to display long text in
multiple lines in a cell, SHRINK TO FIT to shrink long text to fit inside a cell. And you can
check or uncheck MERGE CELLS to merge and unmerge cells.
8. Click on the

button

I. To change the font style of the text:

1. Select the cell/s you wish to change font style
2. Click on the FORMAT CELLS button
3. Format Cells dialog box will appear.
4. Select the FONT TAB
5. Under the FONT, FONT STYLE, SIZE list boxes, select the font name, style of the font
and the size of the font.
6. You can also change the color under the COLOR dropdown list box and the
UNDERLINE option using the underline dropdown list box.
7. Under the EFFECTS, put a check mark on the checkboxes for added effects of the text.

56

8. Click on the

button

J. To apply borders to the cell or cells:

1. Select the cell/s you wish to change font

style

2. Click on the FORMAT CELLS button

3. Format Cells dialog box will appear.
4. Select the BORDER TAB
5. Under the LINE style, you may select a line style
6. Under the COLOR dropdown list box, select the line color
7. Select the appropriate border buttons you wish to apply.
8. Click on the

button

BACKGROUND
A.

To change the background

1. Select the cell/s you wish to change background color
2. Click on the FORMAT CELLS button
3. Format Cells dialog box will appear.
4. Select the FILL TAB
5. Click on the color you want as background color
6. Under the PATTERNS COLOR and PATTERN STYLE dropdown list boxes, select a
pattern color and a pattern style.
7. You can also apply fill effects by clicking the
8. Click on the

command button.

button

57

ORGANIZING CELLS, ROWS AND COLUMNS

A. To insert Row/s:
1. Select the cell you wish to insert row/s
2. Right-click and then click on INSERT
3. The INSERT dialog box will appear
4. Under Insert selection, click on Entire Row
5. Click on the

button

You can also use these steps:

1. Select the row number you wish to insert row/s
2. Right-click and then click on INSERT
B. To insert Column/s:
1. Select the cell you wish to insert column/s
2. Right-click and then click on INSERT
3. The INSERT dialog box will appear
4. Under Insert selection, click on Entire Column
5. Click on the

button

You can also use these steps:

1.
2.

Select the cell you wish to insert column/s

Right-click and then click on INSERT

C. To insert cell/s:
1. Select the location of the cell or cells to insert
2. Right-click and then click on INSERT

58

3. The INSERT dialog box will appear

4. Under Insert selection, click on Shift Cells down to move the cells down to insert the
blank cell or Shift Cells Right to move the cells to the right to insert blank cells.
5. Click on the

button

D. To delete row/s
Select the entire row/s by selecting the row heading number (cell number)
1. In the HOME TAB, select DELETE
2. Click on Delete Sheet Rows

E. To delete column/s
1. Select the entire column/s by
the column heading number ( that
LETTER)

selecting
is the

2. In the HOME TAB, select

DELETE

3. Click on Delete Sheet Columns

F. To delete Cell/s
1. Select the cells to delete
2. In the HOME TAB, select DELETE CELLS
3. The Delete dialog box will appear
4. Select Shift Cells up to move the cells up to delete the selected cells or select Shift cells
left to move the cells to the left to remove the selected cells.
5. Click on the

button

G. To hide or unhide rows or columns:

1. Select the row or column you
hide or unhide

wish to

59

2. Click the Format button on the Cells group of the Home tab
3. Click Hide & Unhide

ORGANIZING WORKSHEETS
A.

To insert a sheet, right-click on the sheet tab

1. Click on the INSERT selection
2. The INSERT dialog box will appear
3. Select Worksheet under the GENERAL tab
4. Click on the

button

NOTE: The default new workbook in Excel 2010 has three worksheets, although you can add
more worksheets or delete existing worksheets if you want.

B. To rename worksheet/s
1. Right-click on the sheet tab that you want to rename.
2. Click on RENAME and supply the new name for
worksheet.
C.

the

To delete worksheet/s
1. Right-click on the sheet tab that you want to delete.
2. Click on DELETE selection.

D.

To move or copy a worksheet:

1. Select the worksheet you wish to copy or move.
2. Click on the FORMAT CELLS button
3. Format Cells dialog box will appear.

60

4. Click on MOVE or COPY SHEET

Move or Copy dialog box will appear
1. Under To Book dropdown list box,
New Book or select an existing
workbook.
2. Under Before sheet list box, select
sheet number or move to end.

select

3. If you want to create the same copy

worksheet, put a check mark on
copy checkbox.

of your
Create a

4. Click on the

the

button

E. To hide a worksheet:
1. Select the tab of the sheet you wish to hide
2. Right-click on the tab
3. Click Hide

F. To unhide a worksheet:
1. Right-click on any worksheet tab
2. Click Unhide
3. Choose the worksheet to unhide
PRINTING A WORKSHEET

A. To print a worksheet using Excel 2010, follow these steps:

1. Click the File Menu
2. Click on PRINT
3. The Print Dialog box will appear
4. Select the Name of the printer

61

5. Under PRINT RANGE, select ALL or specify the PAGE(s)

6. Under COPIES, select on the number of copies by clicking the number of copies
dropdown list box.
7. Click on the
B.

button

To print a worksheet with formula, follow these steps:

1. Click on Formulas
2. Click on Show Formulas
3. Click the Microsoft Office Button
4. Click on PRINT
5. The Print Dialog box will appear
6. Select the Name of the printer
7. Under PRINT RANGE, select ALL or specify the PAGE(s)
8. Under COPIES, select on the number of copies by clicking the number of copies
dropdown list box.
9. Click on the

button

MS EXCEL 2010 EXCEL FORMULAS

A Formula is a sequence of values, names, functions, cell references and operators that is
contained in a cell to produce a new value from an existing value. It is use to perform

mathematical operations. A Formula always start the formula box with an = sign.
Formulas may have many elements

62

REFERENCE

: A cell or range of cells that you want to use in your computation.

OPERATORS

: Symbols that specify the calculation to be performed in a

workbook.
Numbers or text values that do not change

CONSTANT
FUNCTIONS

These are ready-made formulas in Excel

SYNTAX FOR CREATING A FORMULA

= <OPERAND><OPERATOR><OPERAND> [Press ENTER KEY]
Example: =10 + 15 [ENTER KEY]
A. To create an essential formula in
Excel:
1. Select the cell for the formula
2. Type = (the equal sign) and the
formula
3. Press Enter key from the
keyboard

MATHEMATICAL OPERATORS

OPERATION

OPERATOR

Addition

Subtraction

Multiplication

Division

Percentage

EXAMPLE

63

Exponentiation

(caret sign)

Negation

ORDER OF OPERATIONS

OPERATOR

DESCRIPTION

Negative

Percent

Exponentiation

*, /

Multiplication, Division

+,-

Addition, Subtraction

= , < , > , <= , >= ,<>

Relational Operator for comparison

CELL REFERENCES
TYPE
Relative
Absolute

DESCRIPTION
Reference that can change if the formula is copied to
another cell
Reference that remain constant when the formula is
copied to another cell.

EXAMPLE
=sum(A1:B1)
=sum($A$1:$B$1)

Type $(dollar sign) before the row name and the column
number
Mixed Cell

It is the combination of both the relative and absolute cell =sum(A1:$B$1)

reference

CALCULATE WITH FUNCTIONS

Functions are built-in formula that uses values to perform mathematical computations and then
return a new value. A function has a name and arguments (the mathematical function) in
parentheses.

64

SYNTAX OF FUNCTION:

=FUNCTION (argument1, argument2,)

Where:
=function- represents the function name that tells Excel what kind of calculation is to execute
Argument1, argument2,these are the information that a function is using to produce a new
value.
For example: =SUM (number1,number2,) or =SUM (CellAddress1:CellAddres2)
Suppose that:

Then

=SUM(A1:D1)

=16

=SUM(A1:D1,5)

=21

=SUM(A1:D1,8,9)

=33

=SUM(A1:D1,7+5)

=28

COMMON FUNCTIONS IN MS EXCEL 2010

FUNCTION

DESCRIPTION

EXAMPLE

SUM

Adds all cells in the argument

AVERAGE

Calculates the average of the cells in the =AVERAGE(A1:A4)

argument

MIN

Finds the minimum value

=MIN(A1:A4)

MAX

Finds the maximum value

=MAX(A1:A4)

COUNT

Finds the number of cells that contain a =COUNT(A1:A4)

numerical value within a range of the argument

A.

=SUM(A1:A4)

To insert function/s

65

1. Click the cell that you want the function to be applied

2. Click the Insert Function button
3. Choose the function
4. Click on the

button
CATEGORIES OF MS EXCEL 2010 FUNCTIONS

CATEGORY

DESCRIPTION

FINANCIAL

This function is used to provide efficient ways to calculate

business formulas like Internal Rate of Return (IRR), Net
Present Value(NPV), annuity and interest.

DATE & TIME

Functions used to perform calculations on date and time

MATH & TRIG

Functions that perform simple to complex mathematical

computations and trigonometric calculations.

STATISTICAL

Functions used to perform statistical analysis on data

LOOKUP & REFERENCE

Functions that analyze tables to help locate various values

TEXT

It is used to evaluate a string of characters. It can be used in

converting lowercase letters into uppercase letters.

LOGICAL

It is used to perform comparison or to see the relationship test

between numbers.

These functions include:

AUTOSUM

Easily calculates the sum of a range

RECENTLY USED

All recently used functions

FINANCIAL

Accrued interest, cash flow return rates and additional financial

functions

LOGICAL

And, If, True, False, etc.

TEXT

These are text based functions

66

DATE & TIME

Functions calculated on date and time

MATH & TRIG

Mathematical Functions and Trigonometric Functions

MORE FUNCTIONS Other functions such as Statistical, Engineering, Cube and Information

MS EXCEL FUNCTIONS: DATE & TIME CATEGORY

FUNCTION NAME, DESCRIPTION and SYNTAX

NOW - It returns the current date and time

EXAMPLE

=NOW( )

= NOW( )

This function has no arguments

TODAY - Returns the current date

RESULT: 2/15/2009 21:42

=TODAY( )

= TODAY ( )

This function has no arguments

RESULT:2/15/2009
DATE - Returns the number that represents the date in MS Excel
date-time code
=DATE(2009,12,19)
=DATE(year,month,day )
RESULT: 12/19/2009
YEAR is the number from 1900 to 9999 in Microsoft Office
Excel for Windows of from 1904 to 9999 for Microsoft Office
Excel for Macintosh.
MONTH is a number from 1 to 12 representing the month of the
year.
DAY is a number from 1 to 31 representing the day of the month.
HOUR - Returns the hour as the number from 0(12:00A.M.) to
23 (11:00 PM)
=HOUR("7:29 AM")
=HOUR(serial_number )
RESULT: 7
SERIAL_NUMBER is a number in the date-time code used by
Microsoft Office Excel, or text in time format, such as 16:48:00
or 4:48:00 PM.
MINUTE- Returns the minute, number from 0 to 59
=MINUTE( serial_number)

=MINUTE("7:29 AM")

SERIAL_NUMBER is a number in the date-time code used by RESULT: 29

67

Microsoft Office Excel, or text in time format, such as 16:48:00

or 4:48:00 PM.
MONTH - Returns the month, a number from 1(January) to 12
(December)
=DATE(2009,2,14)
=MONTH (serial_number )
RESULT: 2/14/2009
SERIAL_NUMBER is a number in the date-time code used by
Microsoft Office Excel
SECOND- Returns the second, a number from 0 to 59
=SECOND ( serial_number)

CELL A1= 4:48:18 PM

SERIAL_NUMBER is a number in the date-time code used by

Microsoft Office Excel, or text in time format, such as 16:48:23
or 4:48:47 PM.
TIME- Converts hours, minutes, and seconds given as number to
an Excel serial number, formatted with a time format
(If the cell format was General before the function was entered,
the result is formatted as a date.)
=TIME(hour,minute,second )

=SECOND(A1)
RESULT: 18
=TIME(12,12,12)
RESULT: 12:12 PM

HOUR is a number from 0 to 23 representing the hour

MINUTE is a number from 0 to 59 representing the minute
SECOND is a number from 0 to 59 representing a second
YEAR - Returns the year of a date
=YEAR(serial_number )

=YEAR (2009)

SERIAL_NUMBER is a number in the date-time code used by RESULT: 1905

Microsoft Office Excel
MS EXCEL FUNCTIONS: TEXT

FUNCTION NAME, DESCRIPTION, and SYNTAX

CHAR - Returns the characters specified by the code number
from the character set for your computer

EXAMPLE
=CHAR(78)

=CHAR(number)
RESULT: N
NUMBER is between 1 to 255 specify which character you want.
LEN - Returns the number of characters in a text string
=LEN("AMV")
=LEN(String)
RESULT: 3
68

STRING is the text whose length you want to find. Spaces count
as characters.
CONCATENATE - Joins several text strings into one text string
=CONTENATE(text1,text2)

=CONCATENATE("UST",
"AMV")

TEXT1,TEXT2are 1 to 255 text strings to be join into a single

text string and can be text strings, numbers or single cell RESULT: USTAMV
references.
LOWER - Converts all letters in a text string to lowercase
=LOWER(text)

=LOWER("UST-AMV")

TEXT is the text you want to convert to lowercase. Characters in RESULT: ust-amv
text that are not letters are not changed.
MID - Returns the characters from the middle of a text string,
given a starting position and length
=MID("UNIVERSITY",4,7
=MID(text,start_num,num_chars)
)
TEXT is the text string from which you want to extract the RESULT: VERSITY
character.
START_NUM is the position of the first character you want to
extract. The first character in text is 1.
NUM_CHARS specifies how many characters to return from text.
RIGHT - Returns the specified number of characters from the
end of a text string
=RIGHT("UNIVERSITY",
=RIGHT(text,num_chars)
2)
TEXT is the text strings that contains the character you want to RESULT: TY
extract
NUM_CHARS specifies how many characters you want to
extract. 1 if omitted.
LEFT - Returns the specified number of characters from the start
of a text string
=LEFT("UNIVERSITY",7
=LEFT(text,num_chars)
)
TEXT is the text strings that contains the character you want to RESULT: UNIVERS
extract
NUM_CHARS specifies how many characters you want to
extract. 1 if omitted.

69

MS EXCEL FUNCTIONS: MATH AND TRIGONOMETRIC

FUNCTION NAME, DESCRIPTION, and SYNTAX

ABS - Returns the absolute value of a number, a number without
a sign

EXAMPLE
=ABS(-25)

=ABS(NUMBER)
RESULT: 25
NUMBER is the real number for which you want the absolute
value
COS - Returns the cosine of an angle
=COS(NUMBER)

=COS(124)

NUMBER is the angle in radians for which you want the cosine.
EXP - Returns e raised to the power of a given number

RESULT: -0.09278

=EXP(NUMBER)

=EXP(24)

NUMBER is the exponent applied to base e. The constant e RESULT: 26489122130

equals to 2.71828182845904, the base of the natural logarithm.
FACT - Returns the factorial of a number equal to
1*2*3.*Number
=FACT(5)
=FACT(NUMBER)
RESULT: 120
NUMBER is the nonnegative number you want the factorial
GCD - Returns the greatest common divisor
=GCD(NUMBER1,NUMBER2)

=GCD(24,36)

NUMBER1, NUMBER2,.are 1 to 255 values

RESULT: 12

MS EXCEL FUNCTIONS: LOGICAL FUNCTIONS

FUNCTION NAME, DESCRIPTION, and SYNTAX

AND - Checks whether all arguments are TRUE, and returns True
if all arguments are True.

EXAMPLE
=AND(25,23)

=AND(logical1,logical2)
RESULT: TRUE
LOGICAL1 logical1,logical2 are 1 to 255 conditions you want
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to test that can be either True or False and can be logical values,
arrays, references.
OR - Checks whether any of the arguments are True, and returns
True or False. Returns False only if all arguments are False.
=OR(255,0)
=OR(logical1,logical2)
RESULT: TRUE
LOGICAL1 logical1,logical2 are 1 to 255 conditions you want
to test that can be either True or False
NOT - Changes False to True and True to False
=NOT(logical)

=NOT(FALSE)

LOGICAL is a value or expression that can be evaluated to True

or False
TRUE - Returns the logical value True
This function has no arguments
FALSE - Returns the logical value False
This function has no arguments
IF - Check whether the condition is met and returns one value if
True, and another value if False.

RESULT: TRUE
=TRUE()
RESULT: TRUE
=FALSE()
RESULT: FALSE
CELL A2 = 150

=IF(logical_test, Value_if_true,value_if_false)
=IF(A2<=100,"Within
LOGICAL TEST is any expression that can be evaluated to True budget","Over budget")
or False.
VALUE_IF_TRUE is the value that is returned if logical test is RESULT: Over budget
True. If omitted True is returned. You can test up to seven IF
functions
VALUE_IF_FALSE is the value that is returned if logical_test is
False. If omitted, False is returned
MS EXCEL FUNCTIONS: LOOK UP AND REFERENCE

FUNCTION NAME, DESCRIPTION, and SYNTAX

EXAMPLE

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HLOOKOP - Looks for a value in the top row of a table or

arrays of values and returns the value in the same column from
a row.
=HLOOKUP(lookup_value,table_array,
row_index_number,range_lookup)

1
2
3
4

A
APPLE
4

B
BANANA
4

C
GRAPE
9

5
6

7
8

10
11

LOOKUP_VALUE is the value to be found in the first row of =HLOOKUP("APPLES",A1

the table and can be a value, a reference, or a text string.
:C4,2,TRUE)
TABLE_ARRAY is a table of text, numbers, or logical values RESULT: APPLE
in which data is looked up. Table_array can be a reference to a
range or range name.
ROW_INDEX_NUMBER is the row number in the table array
from which the matching value should be returned. The first
row of values in the table is row 1.

2010

1ST YR
998

2ND
YR
856

3RD YR
456

2008

985

800

400

2009

889

785

457

YR

RANGE_LOOKUP is a logical value; to find the closest match

in the top row(sorted in ascending order) = TRUE or omitted; =HLOOKUP("1ST
YR",A1:C4,2,TRUE)
find an exact match = FALSE
RESULT: 998
LOOKUP Looks up a value either from a one-row or one- =LOOKUP(4.15,B2:B6,C2:C6)
column range or from an array. Provided for backward
RESULT: GREEN
compatibility.
=LOOKUP(lookup_value,array)
LOOKUP_VALUE is the value that lookup searches for in
array and can be a number, a text, a logical value, or a name, or
a reference to a value.
ARRAY is a range of cells that contain text, number, or
logical values that you want to compare with Lookup_value.

Frequency
4.15

Color
GREEN

5.12

RED

6.12

BLUE

1.25

WHITE

4.00

YELLOW

=LOOKUP(6.12,B2:B6,C2:C6)

Given:
A

Frequency
4.15

Color
GREEN

5.12

RED

6.12

BLUE

1.25

WHITE

4.00

YELLOW

RESULT: BLUE

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VLOOKUP - Looks for a value in the leftmost column of a

table, and then returns a value in the same row from a column
you specify, By default, the table must be sorted in an
ascending order.
=VLOOKUP(lookup_value,table_array,col_index_num,range
_lookup)
LOOKUP_VALUE- the value to be found in the first column
of the table and can be a value, a reference, or a text string.
TABLE_ARRAY is a table of text, numbers, or logical values
in which data retrieve. Table_array can be a reference to a
range or range name.

GRADE
95
90
85
88
85
99

EQV
E
D
C
C
C
E

75
80
85
90
95

79
84
89
94
100

A
B
C
D
E

COL_INDEX_NUMBER is the column number in the table =VLOOKUP(A2,A10:C13,3)

array from which the matching value should be returned. The
RESULT: E
first column of values in the table is column 1.
RANGE_LOOKUP is a logical value; to find the closest match =VLOOKUP(A3,A11:C14,3)
in the first column(sorted in ascending order) = TRUE or
RESULT: D
omitted; find an exact match = FALSE
MS EXCEL FUNCTIONS: FINANCIAL FUNCTIONS

FUNCTION NAME, DESCRIPTION, and SYNTAX

FV- Returnsthe future value of an investment based on periodic,
constant payments and a constant interest rate.
=FV(rate,nper,pmt,pv,type)
RATE is the interest rate per period.

EXAMPLE
Rate
Nper
Pmt
FV

13%
5
-10000
$64,802.71

NPER is the total number of payment periods in an annuity.

PMT is the payment made each period; it cannot change over
the life of the annuity. PMT contains principal and interest but
no other fees or taxes. If pmt is omitted, you must include the
pv argument.
PV is the present value, or the lump-sum amount that a series
of future payments is worth right now. If pv is omitted, it is
assumed to be 0 (zero), and you must include the pmt argument.
TYPE is the number 0 or 1 and indicates when payments are

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due. If type is omitted, it is assumed to be 0.

Set type equal to
If payments are due
0
At the end of the period
1
At the beginning of the period
PV - Returns the present value of an investment. The present
value is the total amount that a series of future payments is
worth now. For example, when you borrow money, the loan
amount is the present value to the lender.
=PV(rate,nper,pmt,fv,type)

Rate
Nper
Pmt
PV

6%
3
2000
($5,346.02)

RATE is the interest rate per period. For example, if you obtain
an automobile loan at a 10 percent annual interest rate and make
monthly payments, your interest rate per month is 10%/12, or
0.83%. You would enter 10%/12, or 0.83%, or 0.0083, into the
formula as the rate.
NPER is the total number of payment periods in an annuity.
For example, if you get a four-year car loan and make monthly
payments, your loan has 4*12 (or 48) periods. You would enter
48 into the formula for nper.
PMT is the payment made each period and cannot change over
the life of the annuity. Typically, pmt includes principal and
interest but no other fees or taxes. For example, the monthly
payments on a $10,000, four-year car loan at 12 percent are
$263.33. You would enter -263.33 into the formula as the pmt.
If pmt is omitted, you must include the fv argument.
FV is the future value, or a cash balance you want to attain
after the last payment is made. If fv is omitted, it is assumed to
be 0 (the future value of a loan, for example, is 0). For example,
if you want to save $50,000 to pay for a special project in 18
years, then $50,000 is the future value. You could then make a
conservative guess at an interest rate and determine how much
you must save each month. If fv is omitted, you must include
the pmt argument.
TYPE is the number 0 or 1 and indicates when payments are
due.
Set type equal to

If payments are due

0 or omitted

At the end of the period

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At the beginning of the period

NPER - Returns the number of periods for an investment based

on periodic, constant payments and a constant interest rate.
=NPER(rate, pmt, pv, fv, type)
RATE is the interest rate per period.
PMT is the payment made each period; it cannot change over
the life of the annuity. Typically, pmt contains principal and
interest but no other fees or taxes.

Rate
Pmt
Pv
Fv
Type
NPER

7%
-200
-3500
20000
1
18.58

PV is the present value, or the lump-sum amount that a series

of future payments is worth right now.
FV is the future value, or a cash balance you want to attain
after the last payment is made. If fv is omitted, it is assumed to
be 0 (the future value of a loan, for example, is 0).
TYPE is the number 0 or 1 and indicates when payments are
due.
Set type equal to

If payments are due

0 or omitted

At the end of the period

1
At the beginning of the period
MIRR - Returns the modified internal rate of return for a series
of periodic cash flows. MIRR considers both the cost of the
investment and the interest received on reinvestment of cash.
=MIRR(values,finance_rate,reinvest_rate)
VALUES is an array or a reference to cells that contain
numbers. These numbers represent a series of payments
(negative values) and income (positive values) occurring at
regular periods.

Cost
jan - income
feb - income
march income
finance rate
reinvest rate
MIRR

-1000000
400000
30000
76000
10%
12%
-15%

FINANCE_RATE is the interest rate you pay on the money

used in the cash flows.
REINVEST_RATE is the interest rate you receive on the cash
flows as you reinvest them.

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PMT - Calculates the payment for a loan based on constant

payments and a constant interest rate.
=PMT(rate,nper,pv,fv,type)

Rate
nper
pv
PMT

7%
24
10000
($871.89)

RATE is the interest rate for the loan.

NPER is the total number of payments for the loan.
PV is the present value, or the total amount that a series of
future payments is worth now; also known as the principal.
FV is the future value, or a cash balance you want to attain
after the last payment is made. If fv is omitted, it is assumed to
be 0 (zero), that is, the future value of a loan is 0.
TYPE is the number 0 (zero) or 1 and indicates when
payments are due.
Set type equal to
If payments are due
0 or omitted

At the end of the period

1
At the beginning of the period
NPV - Calculates the net present value of an investment by
using a discount rate and a series of future payments (negative
values) and income (positive values).
=NPV(rate,value1,value2, ...)
RATE is the rate of discount over the length of one period.

rate
cost
jan - income
feb - income
march income
NPV

10%
-1000000
500000
40000
76000
($413,906.15)

VALUE1, VALUE2, ... are 1 to 254 arguments representing

the payments and income.
Value1, value2, ... must be equally spaced in time and occur at
the end of each period.
NPV uses the order of value1, value2, ... to interpret the order of
cash flows. Be sure to enter your payment and income values in
the correct sequence.
IRR - Returns the internal rate of return for a series of cash
flows represented by the numbers in values. These cash flows
do not have to be even, as they would be for an annuity.
However, the cash flows must occur at regular intervals, such as
monthly or annually. The internal rate of return is the interest
rate received for an investment consisting of payments

cost
jan - income
feb income
march income

-1000000
800000
30000
76000
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(negative values) and income (positive values) that occur at

regular periods.

IRR

-8%

=IRR(values,guess)
VALUES is an array or a reference to cells that contain
numbers for which you want to calculate the internal rate of
return.
Values must contain at least one positive value and one negative
value to calculate the internal rate of return.
GUESS is a number that you guess is close to the result of
IRR.
SLN - Returns the straight-line depreciation of an asset for one
period.
=SLN(cost,salvage,life)

Cost
salvage
life
SLN

500000
80000
10
$42,000.00

COST is the initial cost of the asset.

SALVAGE is the value at the end of the depreciation
(sometimes called the salvage value of the asset).
LIFE is the number of periods over which the asset is
depreciated (sometimes called the useful life of the asset).
ISPMT - Calculates the interest paid during a specific period of
an investment. This function is provided for compatibility with
Lotus 1-2-3.
=ISPMT(rate,per,nper,pv)

rate
per
nper
pv
ppmt

6%
1
2
300000
($145,631.07)

RATE is the interest rate for the investment.

PER is the period for which you want to find the interest, and
must be between 1 and nper.
NPER is the total number of payment periods for the
investment.
PV is the present value of the investment. For a loan, pv is the
loan amount.
REMARKS:

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 Dates must be entered by using the DATE function, or as results of other formulas or
functions. For example, use DATE(2008,5,23) for the 23rd day of May, 2008. Problems
can occur if dates are entered as text.
MS Excel stores dates as sequential serial numbers so they can be used in calculations.
By default, January 1, 1900 is serial number 1, and January 1, 2008 is serial number
39448 because it is 39,448 days after January 1, 1900. MS Excel for the Macintosh uses a
different date system as its default.
PIVOTTABLE
PivotTable is used to summarize, analyze, explore, and present summary data. Use a PivotChart
report to visualize this summary data in a PivotTable report. PivotTable is also used to easily see
the comparisons, patterns, and trends. Both a PivotTable report and a PivotChart report enable
you to make informed decisions about critical data in your enterprise.
A. To create a pivottable report
#

Transaction Date

Sales Agent

Amout

City

1/12/2010

Emmanuel

5500

Pasay

2/25/2010

Nelson

9750

Caloocan

3/14/2010

Carina

95600

Malabon

12/19/2010

Cris

15400

Quezon City

07/07/2010

Thommy

7800

Baguio

10/29/2010

Albert

6500

Davao

01/15/2010

Mau

6000

Cebu

12/29/2010

Mark Christian

2500

Valenzuela

03/30/2010

Lorens

4000

San Jose

10

036/

Malou

32000

Meycauayan

1. Click on Insert Menu

2. Click on PivotTable and Select on PivotTable

78

3. Create PivotTable dialog box will appear

4. Choose the Data that you want to analyze by selecting a table or a range
5. Choose where you want the PivotTable will appear
6. Click OK button
7. Two additional windows will appear: PivotTable Layout and PivotTable Field list
8. Choose fields to add in the report by putting a check to the PivotTable Field list.

SORT ORDER OF A FIELD IN THE PIVOTTABLE REPORT

A.

To change the Sort Order

1. Click the Field you wish to change the order
2. Select Sort A to Z for Ascending order and Z to A for descending order.
3. You can also sort other fields by clicking More Sort Options
4. Sort options dialog box will appear
5. Click OK button

OTHER FUNCTIONS IN THE PIVOTTABLE REPORT

A. To apply other functions in the pivottable
1. Click the Field that you want to apply other functions.
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2. Click on Values drop-down arrow and click on Value Field settings.

3. Value field settings dialog box will appear.
4. Choose the type of calculation that you want to summarize the data from the selected
field.

CHARTS
Charts allow the user to present information contained in the worksheet in graphical format. MS
Excel 2010 offers many types of charts such as the following:

Chart Type

Description

Example

COLUMN Charts are used to compare Clustered Column, Stacked Column,

values across categories
100% Stacked Column, Stacked
Column in 3D, Clustered Cylinder,
Stacked
Cylinder,
3D
Cone,
Clustered and Stacked Pyramid.
LINE Charts are used to display trends Line, Stacked Line, 100% Stacked
over time.
Line, Stacked Line with Markers

PIE Charts display the contribution of Pie, Pie in 3D, Pie to Pie, Exploded
each value to a total.
Pie

BAR Charts are the best chart type for Clustered Bar, Stacked Bar, 100%
comparing multiple values.
Stacked Bar, Stacked Horizontal
Cylinder, Stacked Horizontal Cone

80

AREA Charts emphasize differences Area, Stacked Area, 100% Stacked

between several sets of data over a Area, 3D Area.
period of time
SCATTER Charts compare pairs of Scatter with only markers, Scatters
values
with Smooth Lines and Markers,
Scatter with Smooth Lines
STOCK requires three series of values High-Low-Close, Open-High-Lowin order, High-Low and Close
Close, Volume-High-Low-Close
SURFACE shows trends in values 3D Surface, Wireframe 3D Surface,
across two dimensions in a continuous Contour, Wireframe Contour
curve.
DOUGHNUT displays a contribution Doughnut and Exploded Doughnut
of value to a total like a pie chart

BUBBLE resembles a scatter chart, but Bubble and Bubble with a 3D Effect
compares a set of three values instead
of two. The third value determines the
size of the bubble marker.
RADAR displays values relative to a Radar, Radar with Markers and Filled
center point
Radar

CREATING A CHART
A. To create a chart:
1. Select the cells that contain the data you want to use in the chart
2. Click the Insert tab on the Ribbon
3. Click the type of Chart you want to create

81

B. To move the chart:

1. Click on the Chart and Drag it another location on the same worksheet, or
2. Click the Move Chart button on the Design tab
3. Choose the desired location, either a new sheet or a current sheet in the workbook

C. To change the data included in the chart:

1. Click on the Chart
2. Click the Select Data button on the
Design tab

D. To reverse which data are displayed in the rows and columns:

1. Click on the Chart
2. Click the Switch
Row/Column button
the Design tab

on

E. To modify titles and labels

1. Click on the Chart
2. On the Layout tab, click the
Chart Title or the Data
Labels button
3. Change the Title and click Enter

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F.

To delete a chart:
1. Select the Chart
2. Press Delete Key
(from the keyboard)

CHART TOOLS
When you click on the chart, an added Chart Tools will appear on the Ribbon. The tools are
located on three tabs: Design, Layout, and Format.

Under the Design tab, you can modify your chart using the following group of added features:
chart type
layout
styles
location
Under the Layout tab you can apply the following:
inserting
pictures
shapes & text

boxes

labels
axes
background
analysis

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Under the Format tab you can apply:

shape styles
word styles
size of the chart

MACRO
An Excel features that allows the user to record a
collection of actions and run by pressing a key
combination
A. To record a Macro:
1. Click the View tab on the
Ribbon
2. Click Macros or press ALT+F8
3. Click Record Macro
4. Enter a name (without spaces)
5. Enter a Shortcut Key
6. Enter a Description
7. Perform the Macro
8. Click Marcos
9. Click Stop Recording

B. To run a Macro, simplypress the keys that you have programmed to run the Macro. Or
you can view all macros and run by:
1. Click Macros or ALT+F8
2. Click View Macros
3. Choose the Macro and click Run

C. To delete a Macro

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1. Click Macros or press ALT+F8

2. Click View Macros
3. Choose the Macro name and click Delete
NU8A AUUSUSKS;KKHNSHS

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