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Fundamentalsofthestiffnessmethod
Thestiffnessmethod:
Isadisplacementmethodofanalysis(Theunknownsare
displacementsnotforces!)
Canbeusedtoanalyse bothstaticallydeterminateand
indeterminatestructures
Yieldsthedisplacements&forcesdirectly
Itisgenerallymucheasiertoformulatethe
necessarymatricesforthecomputerusingthe
stiffnessmethod
Computersimulations
ANSYS;ABAQUS,ADENA,NASTRAN,SAP200,MICROSTRAN,SPACEGASS
Fundamentalsofthestiffnessmethod
Applicationofthestiffnessmethodrequires
subdividingthestructureintoaseriesofdiscrete
finiteelements&identifyingtheirendpointsas
nodes
Fortrussanalysis,thefiniteelementsare
representedbyeachofthemembersthatcompose
thetruss&thenodesrepresentthejoints
Theforcedisp propertiesofeachelementare
determined&thenrelatedtooneanotherusingthe
forceequilibriumequationwrittenatthenodes
Fundamentalsofthestiffnessmethod
Theserelationshipsfortheentirestructureare
thengroupedtogetherintothestructurestiffness
matrix,K
Theunknowndisp ofthenodescanthenbe
determinedforanygivenloadingonthestructure
Whenthesedisp areknown,theinternalforcesin
thestructurecanbecalculatedusingtheforce
disp relationsforeachmember
Fundamentalsofthestiffnessmethod
Definitions:
Node:Aspecifiedpointofthestructure,withrestrainedor
unrestraineddisplacements.
ElementorMember:structuralmembersbetweenadjacent
nodes.
Howmanynodesandelementsdowehavehere?!
D
B
D
C
Fundamentalsofthestiffnessmethod
Definitions:
DegreeofFreedom(DOF):Nonzeroindependent
displacementatnodes.Mayalsobecalledopendegreeof
freedomasthesolutionisunknown.
Allnodeswithzerodisplacementcanbecalledclosed
degreeoffreedom(knownsolution).
HowmanyDOFdowehavehere?!
D
B
D
C
Fundamentalsofthestiffnessmethod
HowmanyDOFineachofthesestructures?!
Fundamentalsofthestiffnessmethod
Definitions:
P :avectorthatcollectsallforcesonthenodes,socalled
nodalforces.
U:avectorthatcollectsallnodaldisplacements.
Instiffnessanalysis,P isrelatedto U bytheStructure
StiffnessMatrixK :
P=KU
WhatisthephysicalmeaningofK?!
Fundamentalsofthestiffnessmethod
U = K1 P
PropertiesofthestiffnessmatrixK:
Symmetric
Positivedefinite,i.e.,ZTK Z >0forallnonzeroreal
vectorsZ.
Diagonalelementsarepositive.
Invertiblematrix(nonsingular),i.e.|K|0.
Fundamentalsofthestiffnessmethod
Definitions:
MemberDOF
Globalcoordinateaxes
GlobalDOF
Member/Localaxis
Generalprocedureforstiffnessanalysis
1. Modelofthestructure:nodes,members,dof's,axes.
2. Foreachmember,evaluatethelocalstiffnessmatrix k in
itslocalcoordinates.
3. Foreachmember,evaluatethelocalstiffnessmatrixk in
theglobalcoordinatessystem.
4. Foreachmember,identifyhoweachmembercontributes
totheglobalstiffnessmatrix,bycorrelationbetweenthe
matrixk andtheglobaldof's.Thus,createthelocation
vector(LV).
5. Performassembliesofk intothestructurestiffnessmatrix
K withtheaidofLV.
6. EvaluatetheloadvectorofthestructureP.
7. SolveforU fromP =K U.
8. Determinethememberforces.
StiffnessanalysisinTrusses
2.Localstiffnessmatrixofatrussmemberinthelocal
coordinatesystem: k
p1 k11 k12
p
2 k 21 k 22
u1
u
2
p ku
k ij Forceinthedirectionofi duetoaunitdisplacement
inthedirectionofj
pi Forceinthedirectionofi
u i Displacementinthedirectionofi
StiffnessanalysisinTrusses
EA/L EA/L EA 1 1
1 1
EA/L
EA/L
L
How todetermine?!
k ij
StiffnessanalysisinTrusses
StiffnessanalysisinTrusses
3.Localstiffnessmatrixofatrussmemberintheglobal
coordinatesystem: k
p k u
Transformationofthelocaldisplacementsandforcesintothe
globalcoordinatesystem
x cos , y sin
ismeasuredfromthepositivexaxistothememberaxis,
anditispositiveinthecounterclockwisedirection.
StiffnessanalysisinTrusses
Transformationmatrix
x
C
0
0
y
u Cu
pC p
T
Stiffnessmatrix
2x
EA x y
T
k C kC
L 2x
x y
x y
2y
x y
2y
2x
x y
2x
x y
x y
2
y
x y
2
y
StiffnessanalysisinTrusses
Derivationofthestiffnessmatrix k
StiffnessanalysisinTrusses
StiffnessanalysisinTrusses
StiffnessanalysisinTrusses
4.Buildingthelocationvector(LV)
Onceallthememberstiffnessmatricesareformedinthe
globalcoordinates,itbecomesnecessarytoassemble
themintheproperordersothatthestiffnessmatrixKfor
theentiretrusscanbefound.
Thisisdonebydesignatingtherows&columnsofthe
matrixwiththecorrespondingnumbersgiventothe
globaldegreesoffreedom.
Thestiffnessmatrixofeachmemberisoforder4,while
theorderofthestructurestiffnessmatrixdependsonthe
numberofDOF.
StiffnessanalysisinTrusses
4.Buildingthelocationvector(LV) Example
StiffnessanalysisinTrusses
5. AssemblyprocessofK
ForeachDOF,thecontributionfromallmembersis
includedandsummed.
Thisisachievedusingtherelevantelementsinthe
localstiffnessmatrixofeachmemberintheglobal
coordinates k
ThesimplestwaytodotheassemblyisbyusingtheLV
vector.
StiffnessanalysisinTrusses
6.TheloadvectorofthestructureP
Theloadvectorcorrespondstotheloadsactingonthe
directionoftheDOFintheglobalcoordinatesystem
7. SolveforU fromP =K U
Thesolutionprovidesthevaluesofthedeformations
attheDOFintheglobalcoordinatesystem.Inallother
nodes(closedDOF)thedeformationsarezeroor
prescribed.
StiffnessanalysisinTrusses
8.Thememberforces
Once the DOF in the global coordinate system has
been calculated, the deformations in the local
coordinate system of each member can be determined
through:
u Cu
p ku
StiffnessanalysisinTrusses
Alternatively!
The forces in each member in the global coordinate
system can be determined via:
p ku
p1 p2
2
StiffnessanalysisinTrusses Example
StiffnessanalysisinTrusses Example
StiffnessanalysisinTrusses Example
StiffnessanalysisinTrusses Example