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GENERAL INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction
Bangladesh, a sub-tropical monsoonal country, lies in the Indo-Gangetic plain of South
Asia. It is bordered by India on the west, the north and the north east by China, Bay of
Bengal on the south and Burma on the south east. It is bounded between 20034" and
26038" north latitude and 88001" and 92041" east longitude. The total forest area in
Bangladesh is estimated at 2.53 million ha corresponding to 17.50% of the surface area of
the country. However, only 0.84 million ha (about 5.8%) of the state forest land has
acceptable forest vegetation (Mondal et al., 2004). (FAO, 2001) states that up to 2000, the
forest area of the country was 10.2% of the total land area. An indiscriminate felling of
trees mainly from the hill forests have resulted in a serious depletion of tropical forest tree
species causing a serious degradation of native ecosystems. Most of the hill forests areas
have been lying denuded of forest cover for decades. Forest covered area declined at 3.3%
annually since the past two decades (Ahmed, 2010). Although Bangladesh Forest
Department has undertaken reforestation programmes in some of these degraded hill
forests through the World Bank and Asian Development Bank aided projects
(Misbahuzzaman, 2004),no satisfactory results have so far been achieved either in respect
of a successful establishment of plantation or in terms of the area brought under tree cover.
The majority of forest plantations worldwide are monocultures, with a small number of
tree species of common use (FAO, 2001). Monoculture is the dominant forestry practice
because it has some advantages over mixed plantations, i.e. to concentrate resources on the
growth of a desirable species, the simplicity of nursery practice and stand management,
and the production of uniform harvest (Evans and Turnbull, 2004). However, monocultures
have been criticized for having negative impacts on local environments and its services
(Lamb et al., 2005; Erskine et al., 2006), and for not providing many traditional forest
goods used by local people (Evans, 1999).
Moreover in contrast, many studies have shown that mixed plantations are the most
appropriate strategy for providing a broader range goods and environmental services, such
as protection, biodiversity conservation, and restoration of degraded areas (Cusack et al.,
1
2004). The Chittagong University Campus occupies a land area of 526 hectares and 60%
of the area is covered by hills. The altitude of these hills ranges from 14 to 87 meters from
mean sea level. The hills consists of sandy soil and very hardly of rocks (Ahmed, 1990).
The campus lies approximately in the longitude of 9050 east and latitude of 2230 North
under the Fatikchari- Sitakunda hills ranges with very irregular topography (Gafur et al.,
1989).
The area covered by forest in Chittagong University campus was cleared in past due to
various biotic and abiotic factors such as illegal felling, fire wood collection, soil erosion
and landslides. The original vegetation of hilly area has tremendously changed to barren
area where mostly shrubby plants are dominant. With the aim of reforesting the denuded
and semi denuded hills of the campus by economically important and ecologically suitable
tree species the Chittagong University authority initiated a small scale plantation scheme
in 1973.In 1982 the responsibility of afforestation program was given to the Institute of
Forestry and Environmental Sciences, Chittagong University (Ahmed and Towhid, 1996).
Most of the plantations of the Chittagong University campus are of mixed type comprising
of both indigenous and exotic species in various proportions. These species are Chapalish
(Artocarpus chaplasha) Dhaki jam (Syzygium grande), Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus
camaldulensisi,) Gamar (Gmelina arborea) Garjan (Dipterocarpus turbinatus), Jam
(Syzygium spp), Jarul (Lagerstroemia speciosa), Kala koroi (Albiziu lebbeck), Sil koroi
(Albizia procera). Mahagony (Swietenia mahagony). Pitraj (Aphanamixis polystachya),
Pine (Pinus caribaea), Teak (Tectono grandis). Telsur (Hopea odorata). Kanthal
(Artocarpus heterophyllus). Sonalu (Cassia fistula),Akashmoni (Acacia auriculiformis)
and Chickrassi Chukrasia tabularis (Ahmed, 1990).
Chukrasia tabularis and Aphanamixis polystachya are important native endangered
species. The growth performance of both species are excellent in lower altitude of the hill.
Moreover, the growth performance of Chukrasia tabularis is better than Aphanamixis
polystachya.
This paper describe the growth performance of two endangered native species Chukrasia
tabularis and Aphanamixis polystachya seedlings at three altitude of the hill at eastern part
of Begum Khaleda Zia Hall ,Chittagong University Campus.
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Basic Concept of Growth Studies
Tree growth occurs in two ways. Growth from the root and shoot tips resulting in increases
in height and length is called primary growth. Growth that increases the thickness of stems
and branches is called secondary growth. Primary growth occurs in small areas called
apical meristems. All leaves, height growth and increases in the length of branches and
roots are the result of growth at the apical meristems. Here one or more leaves are
produced at a region called a node, followed by a section of stem that is called the
internode (Franklin and Mercker, 2009). Growth causes trees to change in weight and
volume (size) and in form (Husch, 1982). Generally growth of a tree depends on Genetic
Variation, Stand density, Stand age and Environmental factors.
2.1.1 Effect of Genetic Variation in Tree growth
Currently, genetic variation is probably the most important basic resource for plant
biology. In addition to the variation artificially generated by mutants in model plants,
naturally occurring genetic variation is extensively found for most species (Koornneef,
2004). Tree growth is influenced by genetic capabilities of a species interacting with the
environment. Heredity affects on tree growth. Plantations of Chukrasia tabularis and
Aphanamixis polystachya were raised in the study area of which seed source were different
in different times. So genetic variation could be expected.
2.1.2 Stand Density
Broadly, we may define stand density as- A quantitative measure of tree cover on an area,
i.e., the amount of tree material per unit area or space. Many foresters use the terms stand
density and stocking synonymously. Conventionally, measures of stand density are
accepted as being absolute and unaffected by management objectives. In contrast, stocking
historically involves comparison of a given stand with some established norm, e.g., one
established with a particular purpose of management in mind. Thus, stands are described
as overstocked, 50% stocked, understocked, etc. Because they are absolute, measures of
stand density are more precise and more useful in analysis and estimation of forest growth
4
and yield than stocking. Stand density is important in forestry because, within limits, the
more growing space made available to a tree, the less competition it will face and the faster
it will grow. Thus, an important role of the forester is to regulate stand density through
initial planting spacing, thinning and other silvicultural practices. Estimates of stand
density are made to express the degree to which the growing space available for tree
growth is utilized. Thus, stand density is a function of three elements (Brack, 2001).
2.1.3 Stand Age
Stand age is an important factor for the increment of trees. The rate of growth is generally
very slow at the phase of establishment and it increase after that phase rapidly and again it
falls down at a decreasing rate (Evans, 2004).
2.1.4 Environmental Factors
Environmental factors include climatic factors (air, temperature, precipitation, wind and
insulation): soil factors (physical and chemical characteristics, moisture and micro-organisms);
topographic characteristics (slope, elevation and aspect) and competition (influence of other
trees, lesser vegetations and animals). The sum of all these environmental factors are expressed
as site quality, although competition is less important than the other factors.
2.2 Description of studied species
2.2.1 Chukrasia tabularis A Juss.
Vernacular name: Chickrasi
Species Authority: A. Juss.
Family: Meliaceae
2.2.2 Botanical Description
Chukrasia tabularis is an evergreen or deciduous tree up to 30m with a straight bole that is
branchless up to 25m (Islam, 2009). It is usually found scattered in evergreen Dipterocarp
rainforest, moist semi-evergreen forest and mixed deciduous forest at altitudes from 20 m
to 1500m from mean sea level (Noshiro and Ho, 2003). Chukrasia tabularis is native in
Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, India, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Sri Lanka,
Thailand, and Vietnam. It is exotic in Cameroon, Costa Rica, Nigeria, Puerto Rico, South
Africa, US. Within Bangladesh it is found in Forests of Chittagong, Chittagong Hill Tracts,
Cox's Bazar and Sylhet. C. tabularis usually avoids heavy and wet soils. It is regarded as a
5
pioneer species and common in former shifting cultivation areas. It thrives in areas with
uni- as well as bimodal rainfall regimes (Juss, 2009). For optimum growth of Chukrasia
tabularis the mean temperature are ranges from 2027C (Le and Phi, 1999). The mean
rainfall are 1800-3800mm (Lemmens, 1995). This species is light demanding. However,
young seedlings in natural regeneration may tolerate some degree of shading. It is a
dominant tree occurring mostly in the top canopy in natural forests (Nguyen, 1996).
Chukrasia tabularis should not be planted on sites with heavy soil or excessive moisture.
An impenetrable soil layer less than 60 cm below soil level may cause failure of
plantations (Lemmens, 2005).
Natural regeneration of Chukrasia tabularis is generally good where there are gaps in or
near the edge of the forest where sufficient light is available.
In China, natural
Flowering starts in April and continues until June/July and the fruits ripen in JanuaryMarch. The winged fruits are disseminated by wind. The total number of individual
flowers per inflorescence varied from 131 to 399, and flowers are 13.9 mm to 19.5 mm
long (Pinyopusarerk and Kalinganire, 2001).
Seed collection time varies with locality but is mainly from November to January.
Collection of seed should be directly from the tree, because mature fruits (capsules) will
split open and the seed is then dispersed by wind. Fruits can be harvested with a long
bamboo pole once they turn brown. Capsules are then dried in the sun for 2-3 days on a
tarpaulin until they split open and seed can be removed by shaking or pounding and then
winnowing. Collection from over-mature fruits was avoided as germination tends to be
poor and the resultant seedlings have high mortality (Nguyen, 1996).
Seeds of Chukrasia tabularis were tested for germination capacity after being subjected at
different storage regimes. At room temperature (4C) and in the freezer (-16C). It was
found that seeds which were stored under these conditions stored at room temperature had
a mean germination capacity of 79% (Pinyopusarerk and Kalinganire, 2001).
Seedlings can be raised in different ways such as direct sowing, containerized stock
planting, bare rooted planting, stump planting and mixed planting. Fair success has been
attained through direct sowing and this method is not recommended by Nguyen because of
poor yield of seedlings and the painstaking tending required after germination (Nguyen,
1996). For container planting the area is disc-ploughed twice in a grid pattern one month
before planting time. Planting holes, 2530 cm 2530 cm 2530 cm, are dug. Seedlings
are removed from their containers before putting them in the holes. The most suitable time
for planting containerized seedlings is during the wet season (Ram, 2000).
Bare rooted planting is not widely used. Planting is recommended in spring or rainy
season. Stump planting is not conducted in our country but it is practiced in China and
India. To minimize the shoot borers problem Chukrasia tabularis is recommended mix
plantation with some other fast growing species.
Chukrasia tabularis is a valuable multipurpose tree genus, distributed mainly in South and
Southeast Asia. The timber is highly prized for high-grade cabinet work, decorative
7
paneling, furniture, musical instruments, interior joinery such as doors, windows and light
flooring, sporting goods and for carving. It is also used for railway sleepers, ship and boat
building, packing boxes and general construction. Flowers contain a red and yellow dye,
bark and leaves contain commercial gums and tannins and the astringent bark has
medicinal uses (Delonix, 2013).
2.2.3 Floristic Account of Chittagong University Campus
Chittagong University Campus is rich in forest resources(Alam, 1999) conducted a survey
on the angiosperm plant diversity of Chittagong University Campus through repeated field
trip in different season. They conducted their survey ten year. A floristic survey was carried
out during the period 1977-1997. Typically the area was then with secondary succession.
The original vegetation was badly affected by human interference and the grazing of
animals. Some of the places were prominent with Impereta cylindrical, Andropogon
aciculatus and some other members of Gramineae (Alam, 1999).
2.3.4 Experimental Studies about Chukrasia tabularis
Author (s) (Year of
publication)
Remarks
Pinyopusarek, 2000)
Chukrasia
tabularis
has
(Kalinganire and
Pinyopusarerk,
2000)
conservation
so
it
(Appanah and
shifting
cultivation
areas
Weinland, 1993)
and
occasionally
including
road
cuttings
C. tabularis is moderate light C. tabularis has sensitivity
demanding
and
shade
required
for
C.
1995)
limestone,
schist
and
mica brown-yellow
limestone.
brown-red,
from
and
and
soil
basalt,
10
Remarks
al.,2005)
rice
grains
by
insect
and
seed
are
organic
related
matter
negatively
to
planation
different
and
related
slope.
Survival rate of A. polystachya in Experimental
different agro ecological zone: in Sal at
to
zone
agro
show
Aphanamixis
09)
11
for
A.
Remarks
worldwide
but
mix
planation
are
Monocultures
have
the
biodiversity
and
and its services and for not provide different goods and services
providing
many
of
plantation
depends
design
and
ecological
12
and
CHAPTER THREE
MATERIALS AND METHODS
This chapter of the project paper illustrated the materials and methods used in this piece of
research. However, description of the study area also described to introduce the place of
research where conducted. Moreover, materials used to conduct this research and the
methods used are described subsequently.
3.1 Location and extent
The study area located at eastern part of the Begum Khaleda Zia Hall at Chittagong
University Campus. The Chittagong University Campus (CUC) stretches over a 1300-acre
landscape of green hills, undulating valleys, moulds, plain grassland, bush, and forests.
Seventy-two percent of the campus area is hilly and comprises small hills, and the
remaining are either plains or valleys. The valleys are 15 90 m high from the sea surface.
About 30% of the hills are higher than 70 m and 60% less than 30 m high (NTNU, 2013).
The surface of the hill area is almost flat. It is somewhat sloppy to the north and south. The
hill range is covered from north to south. There are some creeks and streams within the hill
area. Geographically CUC lies between 2227' N and 9146'E (Anon, 1989).
Topographically the campus is lodged at a safe elevation from seasonal flooding
(Chowdhury and Pasha, 2001).
3.1.2 Soil
Soils are yellowish-brown to yellowish-red in color and are sandy to clayey-loam (Islam et
al, 1979). More than 60% of the campus soils are formed in moderately coarse to fine
textured, folded tertiary hill sediments. The rest are formed in coarse to fine sediments of
valleys. The surface soils are grey moist, sandy loam) loam, slightly sticky, non-friable and
plastic, many very fine and fine tabular pores. Soils in valleys are developed in recent
piedmont materials washed down from surrounding hilts.
3.1.3 Temperature Variation
The mean monthly temperature ranges from 19.55C to 30.55C. The mean annual
maximum and minimum temperature was 34C May (2013 and 2014) and 12C January
13
(2013 and 2014). The warmest month of the year is May and coldest month is January.
14
15
16
Year
January
March
May
July
September
November
January
March
May
2013
2013
2013
2013
2013
2013
2014
2014
2014
Average High
3.1.4 Rainfall
Most of the rainfall takes place between June and September. Mean annual rainfall
2,914mm with monthly variation from 14-758mm. The lowest average monthly rainfall is
5mm, which occurs in January. The monsoon season from May to October receives about
90% of the total rainfall. The highest rainfall in the year 2000-2001 was 795.5cm in the
month of June (Regional Agriculture Research Station, 2002).
3.1.5 Relative Humidity
The relative humidity is generally high throughout the year with the exceptions of January
and February. The average relative humidity (10 years) is about 80.02% with a monthly
average ranges from 72.2% in February to 86.86% in July. Heavy mist and dew occurs
throughout the year.
3.1.6 Topography
The topography is hilly and constituted with high, medium high and lower hills. The
heights of hills are ranges from 50 to 250 ft. The campus stretches over a 1300 acre
landscape of green hills, undulating valleys, moulds plain grassland and lush forests.
Topographically the campus is lodged at a safe elevation from seasonal flooding
(Chowdhury and Pasha, 2001).
3.1.7 Climate
The climate of the study area is moist warm and equitable. The area enjoys tropical
Maritime-climate characterized by hot humid summer and cool dry winter. The climate
17
information given by Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics for Chittagong district for the period
of 1986-1995 is considered as standard climate for the Chittagong University Campus. The
dry summer season exists from March to April receives only about 7 percent total rainfall
from periodic thundershowers. It is hot and records the highest temperatures and the rates
of evaporation (Anon, 1979). The surveyed area enjoys a tropical monsoon climate,
characterized by hot, humid and cool, dry winter. There are three main seasons. The
monsoon (rainy) season from May-October receiving about 90 percent of the total rainfall
of the year is warm and humid. The dry season (or winter) from November to the lowest
temperatures and humidifies of the year. Chittagong University campus, Jobra and
Bhavanipur village under Chittagong District do not show any considerable difference in
respect of climate with that of Chittagong District. The extremes of climate are neutralized
to a considerable extent because the district is situated with the sea to the west and the
ranges of hills to the east. There exist high temperature with small seasonal differences,
high humidity (70-85%) and heavy rainfall concentrated during the monsoon period, from
June to September. Pre-monsoon storms from March to May, forming in the Bay of Bengal
cause severe damages to human habitations and plantations.
3.1.8 Geology and Landforms
The Chittagong University Campus occurs on the South-Eastern edge of the Sitakunda hill
range about 65% of the area is covered by steep and very steep hills or Tertiary
Sedimentary rocks and alluvial and colluvial sediments.
The hills range in elevation form about 60 to 200 feet above M.S.L. Hills with semi
consolidated and consolidated sediments. This subunit includes mostly the higher and very
steeply dissected hills that occupy the western part of the campus covering more than 35%
of the area. It comprises the geological formation of Tipam series of aid-Miocene period of
Tertiary age. It includes semi consolidated to consolidated sedimentary rocks composed of
medium to fine grained sandstones interblended with sandy shale and siltstones which
been strongly and deeply dissected giving rise to ranges of mostly steep to very steep
rugged hills with sharp edged, rather conical summits ranging from 100 to 340 feet above
M.S.L. They are subjected to severe to very severe erosion hazard in the rainy season.
3.1.9 Wind and Storm
The wind flows from South and West between March and May, from South and East
between June and September and North and West between October and February. The
18
worst cyclonic storms occur in last ten years are mainly two times like 24 May 1995 and 9
November 1986 when wind speed was 163 km/hr and 109 km/hr respectively. The most
devastating cyclone occurred over the area in 1 991 when wind speed was 223 km/hr
(Anon, 1993).
3.1.10 Vegetation and Landuse
The Primary forest of the study hills was cleared long ago and now it covered with
secondary vegetation such as thickets with a few scattered trees, thatching grasses and
some bamboos.
3.1.11 Hydrology
The most important features identifying with the hydrology of the grounds zone is the
extraordinary measures of precipitation gained throughout the months of stormy season.
Disregarding the enormous measure of precipitation, the sharp inclination of the uneven
territory encourage the facilities range to have productive surface waste frameworks. The
very permeable soils on the slopes and high valleys allow enough rain water to be put
away in the underneath permeable rock strata empowering them to issue a leakage supply
to sustain the neighborhood streams throughout the dry season. The slopes involving
something like 60% of the region stand high over the surge level. The profound porous
slopes created in unconsolidated Dupitila structuring have moderately slower run off than
with comparative incline angles however with shallow soil improvement in united Tipam
rocks. Thus, porous soils created in sandstones have slower run off than the moderately
less penetrable ones framed in shales (Islam et al., 1979).
3.2 Methods
3.2.1 Collection of Literature and Information
The relevant information and literature were collected from different books, journals and
published papers. These were collected from IFESCU library, BFRI and the most recent
information were collected from internet.
and to find out suitable sites for plantation of Chukrasia tabularis and Aphanamixis
polystachya.
3.2.3 Plantation Technique and Sampling Procedure for Applying Treatment
The plantation site was selected at eastern part of the Begum Khaleda Zia Hall at
Chittagong University. At first the plantation sites were cleared from weeds and seedlings
were planted at 2m x 2m spacing. Treatment were applied randomly. The sites are divided
into three slope such as Lower Slope, Middle Slope and Upper Slope. Again, each slope is
divided into three block. Chukrasia tabularis and Aphanamixis polystachya were planted
at different slope. The first block is pure Chukrasia tabularis, second block is mix
plantation of Chukrasia tabularis and Aphanamixis polystachya and third block is pure
plantation of Aphanamixis polystachya were planted on different slope and elevation.
3.2.4 Experimental design
Randomized block design were followed in this experiment, with three replicates in three
altitude each containing 3 plots. There were 28 trees in each plot spaced at 2m x 2m. Two
boundary rows of the same species were planted surrounding the experiment. Planting
holes were dug by spade and seedlings were planted on 12th June 2013.
3.2.5 Instruments and other materials
Distance tape was used for demarcating the plot size on the ground. In measuring diameter
at collar region, slide calipers were used. Meter scale was used to measure the height of the
seedlings. GPS receiver was used to get latitude and longitude data of plantation site.
Smartphone was also used to validate GPS data and to get elevation from MSL (Mean Sea
Level). Abney level was used to measure slope and pH meter was used to measure acidity
or alkalinity of the soil. Some other accessories like arrows/pegs, Dao etc. were also used
for the purpose.
3.2.6 Measurements
Two parameters were measured to determine growth performance. Those are total height
of the seedlings and diameter at collar region. The measurement of the height was taken
from the ground to the tip of the seedlings. Collar diameter was taken at 2cm above the
ground level.
3.2.7 Field work
20
The selected sites laid out in the field in a paper and seedlings were indicated with
numbers. Within the plantation site, the number and name of all seedlings were counted
and recorded on the field note book. Collar diameter and height were recorded according
to lay out of the field. Altitudes (lower than 25m from MSL, medium altitude, 25 to 45m
from MSL and high altitude 45m from MSL) and GPS location (222809.629 N and
914729.002 E) was taken in the first time when plantation was established. Parameters
(height and collar diameter) were taken on an interval of 2 month. Total 5 times data were
recorded from the field.
3.2.8 Growth experiment
To determine the growth performance of seedlings, recorded data was compared within the
plantation sites. The data are compared with different slope such as lower slope, middle
slope and upper slope. Growth data were measured at two month interval for 10 successive
months. Collar diameter measured using slide calipers at 2 cm above from the soil and
height was taken from the ground to the tip of the plants.
3.2.9 Analysis of field data
After collection of the field data the growth rate of seedlings in terms of height and
diameter at collar region of seedlings was worked out .Data were statistically analyzed by
using computer software.
3.2.10 Statistical Analysis
All the recorded data related to seed germination and seedling growth attributes were
analyzed statistically by using statistical software Minitab Version 15.0. The Analysis
Variance (ANOVA) was tested for the analysis to explore possible treatment variations.
3.2.11 Analysis of growth performance
Mean collar diameter, mean height, mean increment and morphological parameters of
seedlings were assessed to know the initial growth performance of Chukrasia tabularis
and Aphanamixis polystachya seedlings in the study.
21
CHAPTER FOUR
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
This part of this project paper focuses the findings on the growth performances of
endangered native species of Chukrasia tabularis and Aphanamixis polystachya seedlings
planted at different altitudes of the hills at eastern part of the Begum Khaleda Zia Hall,
Chittagong University Campus.
4.1 Relative growth performance C. tabularis
Height increment comparison
The parameters considered to evaluate the growth performances of C. tabularis are height
and collar diameter at different altitude of the hill. The following result found from the
experiment.
Individual Value Plot of Height Increment vs Fetilizer, Slope
90
Height Increment
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Slope
Fetilizer
22
50
0
Jun-July
Aug-Sep
Oct-Nov
Dec-Jan
Feb-M ar
M idium Altitude
High Altitude
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
Slopes
Fertilizer
23
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
Jun-Jul
Aug-Sep
Oct-Nov
Dec-Jan
Feb-M ar
M idium Altitude
High Altitude
24
Height Increment
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Slopes
Fertlizer
25
Height Increment
20
15
10
5
0
Slope
Fertilizer
40
20
0
Jun-July
Aug-Sep
Oct-Nov
Dec-Jan
Feb-Mar
Midium Altitude
High Altitude
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
Slopes
Fertilizer
Jun-Jul
Aug-Sep
Lower Altitude
Oct-Nov
M edium Altitude
Dec-Jan
Feb-M ar
Upper Altitude
Height Increment
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Slopes
Fertilizer
28
Height Increment
20
15
10
5
0
Slopes
Fertilizer
29
Height Increment
40
30
20
10
0
Slopes
Fertilizer
30
88%
85%
85%
83%
79%
A. polystachya
tabularis
Survival PercentageC. 80%
78%
77%
75%
70%
Lower Altitude
Midium Altitude
High Altitude
Altitude Level
31
81%
78%
78%
76%
76%
75%
72%
Mix Culture
C. tabularis
Mono Culture
A. polystachya
Significantly different
No Significant different
No Significant different
Significant different
Significant different
No Significant different
32
CHAPTER FIVE
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
In Bangladesh the land is a rare asset. Despite the fact that it is exceptionally hard to allot
new land for the afforestation program yet the nation has incomprehensible vast vacant and
degraded forest area where enhancement planting might be done. The idea of development
demonstrating is not extremely natural to the majority of us. In any case development
demonstrating is extremely essential as it predicts the development execution of the
particular species in connection to diverse components. From such a study one can select
suitable species to be planted at in specific site that is vital for a creating nation like
Bangladesh, where the interest for wood is much higher than the generation. A decently
oversaw timberland can just create high return that is the fundamental target of the manors.
Additionally, the woods have the wide capability of carbon sequestration as it can store
high measure of carbon in plant biomass, soil and in the woodland floor. The climatic state
of the nation is terrible because of the vicinity of unreasonable carbon in the environment.
Researchers cautioned about the genuine ecological fiasco within a brief span of time. So
to ensure the nation Bangladesh ought to begin timberland certification technique, which
can guarantee the quality and standard of the woods. It is a matter of trust that the
administration of Bangladesh is presently truly cognizant about the woodland and
environment and essential steps officially taken by the legislature which has got much
criticalness in importance all sectors.
The current study shows that growth of the selected species are very much dependent on
the site factors. It is also found that Chukrasia tabularis and Aphanamixis polystachya
mono plantation are showing better growth performance at lower altitude of the hill than
their mix association. So Chukrasia tabularis and Aphanamixis polystachya mono
plantation will be a suitable species for hill bottom and gentle slope or flat areas.
Chukrasia tabularis and Aphanamixis polystachya both are native endangered species of
33
Bangladesh. Moreover due to indiscriminate cutting and poor understanding of the native
endangered species including C tabularis and A. polystachya are being replaced by exotic
species day by day which may loss the native gene pool and jeopardize the native
ecosystem gradually. There is no doubt that this indigenous species are the national
heritage of the country and it is our foremost duty to preserve and conserve the native
species.
This study shows that growth performance of Chukrasia tabularis and Aphanamixis
polystachya seedlings is satisfactory at lower altitude of the hill. The survivable (%) is also
satisfactory. There are a lot of vacant and degraded forest land are available in Chittagong
University and Sitakunda valley region. Therefore, these both species recommended for
future planting at Chittagong University Campus as well as Sitakunda valley region.
The result depicts that more comprehensive study about the growth performances of other
species at the Chittagong University Campus may be carried out and intensive scientific
study is essential to recommend a species for plantation considering other related factors
that were not possible to me due to the shortage of time and fund.
34
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38
APPENDICES
Appendix-1
Growth performance of C. tabularis seedlings in terms of height increment.
39
Appendix-2
Growth Performance of C. tabularis seedlings in terms of Collar Diameter increment.
40
Appendix-3
Growth Performance of C. tabularis seedlings in terms of Fertilizer application.
MS
F P
581.44 2.12 0.149
2938.65 10.73 0.000
113.44 0.41 0.662
273.82
41
Appendix-4
MS
F P
60.012 1.76 0.188
495.750 14.55 0.000
3.583 0.11 0.900
34.069
42
Appendix-5
Growth Performance of A. polystachya in terms of collar diameter increment.
43
Appendix-6
Growth Performance of C. tabularis Mixed and Mono plantation in terms of height
increment.
MS F P
94.298 2.29 0.134
152.048 3.69 0.029
10.333 0.25 0.779
41.197
44
Appendix-7
45
Appendix-8
46