Solid Mechanics 16

More Examples on Elastostatics

16.1 Example: Determine the deformation of a cylinder of radius R uniformly rotating
about its axis with angular velocity .

f 2 rer

Solution: Here

(force per unit mass)

Hence the Navier equation reduces to

E 1
u 2 rer
1 1 2
E 1 d 1 d rur
2 r

1 1 2 dr r dr

or
Integration yields,

E 1 d rur
2 r 3

ar
1 1 2 dr
2

E 1
2 r 3 ar b
u

1 1 2 r
8
2 r

Noting that ur 0 at r 0 , we obtain b 0 , hence

E 1
2 r 3 ar
ur

1 1 2
8
2

We obtain various quantities as

2 2
1 d

rur 1 1 2 r a
u
r dr
E 1 2
2

Trr
Drr

E
1

u
rr

1 2

dur 1 1 2 3 2 r 2 a

dr
E 1
8
2

E 1 1 2 3 2r 2 a

Trr

1
E 1
8
2 1 2

1 2
1

2r 2

a
2

2 r 2

4
a
3

8 1 2 21 2

Now Trr 0 at r R . This gives

1

 2 R 2 3 2
a 21 2

8 1 2

2 2
R
3 2

4

Hence the profile of radial displacement is given by

ur

1 1 2 2r 3 2 R 2r 3 2

E 1
8
8

2 1 1 2 3
2 1 1 2 2

r R 2 r 3 2
r R 3 2 r 2
8E 1
8E 1

The stress field is

Trr

1 2
1

2r 2
3 2 2 2 2
4
a
R r
3

8 1 2 21 2 81

16.2 Deformation with change of temperature

Consider deformations which accompany change in the temperature of the body.
Temperature change can occur either as a result of deformation process itself or from
external causes. We define the reference state of a body as that state in which the body is
at temperature T0 , and not acted upon by the external forces.
Consider first a case where an isotropic body is heated from temperature T0 to
temperature T , in absence of external forces. Due to heating, body expands. This would
cause changes in the intermolecular distances. However, since the body is allowed to
expand freely no stress is generated within the body. Since there is deformation,
conventional Hookes law would predict stress. Hence, we need to modify Hookes law
for the nonisothermal case. This is done as follows.

Here the deformation would be isotropic and hence the strain tensor DT caused by
change in temperature can be written as

DT kI

We note that for small changes in temperatures, the deformation DT is linear function of

T T0 . Hence we obtain,

DT T T0 I

Next we perform trace operation on both sides of the above equations



trDT u T 3 T T0
V
But u
, hence
V

3 T T0

V
V

Noting that the coefficient of thermal expansion is given by

V
3
V T

We get

DT T T0 I T T0 I
3

We write the modified Hookes law as follows

T 2D u I aDT

Here D is the total deformation and a is a constant and is obtained by writing that for

T 0 , D DT

0 2DT u I aDT or a 2 DT u I
V
u
T T0
V

or

a 2 T T0 I T T0 I
3

a 3 2

Hence

The modified Hookes law under nonisothermal condition is

T 2D u I 3 2 T T0 I
3
But,

2
3

or

3 2 3

Hence the constitutive equation under isothermal condition can also be written as

T 2D u T T0 I

The equation for equilibrium is

T f 0
where,

T 2 D u I T T0 I

=
writing

E 21

21 1 2

E
we get
31 2

T

E 21 21
u u
T
21 1 2
31 2

The Navier Equation under steady nonisothermal conditions is

E 21 21

f
0

21 1 2
31 2

or

31 31 2
3 1 2
u
u T
f 0
1
21
E

In the absence of the body force, the equation reduces to

31 31 2
u
u T 0
1
21

16.3 Example Determine the deformation of a non-uniformly heated sphere with a

spherically symmetrical temperature distribution. The temperature distribution is denoted
by T r
Solution: Since no body force acts on the sphere. The Navier equation reduces to

31 31 2
u
u T
1
21

For spherically symmetric deformation, u 0 , hence

31
u T
1

or

31 d 1 d 2
dT r
r ur
2

1 dr r dr
dr

Integration once gives

4

31 1 d 2
r ur T r a
1 r 2 dr

Integration for the second times gives

31 2
ar 3
2
r u T d
b
1 r 0
3
r

ur

or

r
1
ar b
2
2 T d 2
31 r 0
3 r

Since ur is finite at r 0 , we obtain b 0 and get

r
1
ar
2
ur
2 T d
31 r 0
3

Now
r
dur
1
2
a
2
Drr

T r 3 T d
dr 31
r 0
3

1 d 2
1

T r a
u 2
r ur
r dr
31
The stress tensor is given by

T 2D u T T0 I

E
E
u E T T0 I

D
1
31 2
1 1 2

u I 1 T T0 I

1
1 2
31 2

Hence

1
Drr 1 2 u 31 2 T r T0

1
1
1

1 2 31 T r a 31 2 T r T0 31 T r
E

1 2 1 r

a
1

T 2 d

3
91
31 r 0

Trr

E
1

Trr r R

1
1
1

31 2 1 T R a 31 2 T R T0 31 T R
E

1 2 1 R

a
1

T 2d

3
91
31 R 0

Hence
R
1
T R a 1 T R T0 1 T R 2 1 3 T 2d
31 2 1
31 2
31
31 R 0
a1

0
91

Let us use T0 T R as the reference temperature. This gives

3
T R a 3T R 63 T 2d a 0
1 2
R 0
R

Rearrangement gives
a

1 2 R T 2d
31 2

T
R

1
1 2 R3 0

We now get the deformation as

ur

1
T R 1 21 2 r R
2

r
T 2 d
2
3
1
31 r 0
1 R 0