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Applied Ergonomics
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/apergo
Department of Architecture, School of Naval Architecture, Ocean & Civil Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
International Centre for Indoor Environment and Energy, Technical University of Denmark, Building 402, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
a r t i c l e i n f o
a b s t r a c t
Article history:
Received 31 August 2011
Accepted 27 June 2013
We have proposed a method in which the speed and accuracy can be integrated into one metric of
human performance. This was achieved by designing a performance task in which the subjects receive
feedback on their performance by informing them whether they have committed errors, and if did, they
can only proceed when the errors are corrected. Traditionally, the tasks are presented without giving this
feedback and thus the speed and accuracy are treated separately. The method was examined in a subjective experiment with thermal environment as the prototypical example. During exposure in an ofce,
12 subjects performed tasks under two thermal conditions (neutral & warm) repeatedly. The tasks were
presented with and without feedback on errors committed, as outlined above. The results indicate that
there was a greater decrease in task performance due to thermal discomfort when feedback was given,
compared to the performance of tasks presented without feedback.
2013 Elsevier Ltd and The Ergonomics Society. All rights reserved.
Keywords:
Human performance
Speed
Accuracy
1. Introduction
There is a continuous and dynamic interaction between people
and their surroundings that produces physiological and psychological strain on the person, which consequently lead to changes in
health, well-being and performance (Parsons, 2000; ClementsCroome, 2006; Lan et al., 2010; Lieble et al., 2012), and this interaction has strong economic implications (Fisk, 2001; Mendell et al.,
2002; Wargocki and Djukanovic, 2005; Wargocki and Seppnen,
2006). It is a concerted effort of researchers, engineers and practitioners to nd out how to quantify the effects of indoor environmental quality (IEQ) on occupants productivity so that they can
consequently be included when calculating building costs; at present they are not considered at all. Better work performance has
been assumed to be one of the indicators of improved productivity
that result in increased protability when performing such calculations as illustrated by several examples provided in the literature
(Wargocki and Seppnen, 2006). Quantitative relationships have
been proposed between indoor climate (ventilation rate, perceived
* Corresponding author. Department of Architecture, School of Naval Architecture, Ocean & Civil Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240,
China. Tel.: 86 21 34204263.
E-mail address: lanli2006@sjtu.edu.cn (L. Lan).
0003-6870/$ e see front matter 2013 Elsevier Ltd and The Ergonomics Society. All rights reserved.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2013.06.010
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(1)
Performance Index PIf 1=reaction time speed
(2)
Table 1
Performance measures of the tasks typical of ofce work and of the neurobehavioral tests.
Tasks without
feedback
Task name
Text typing
Temperature ( C)
22
Performance
Index (PI)a
Accuracy
Reaction timeb
Tasks with
feedback
**
*
Metrics
Value
ES
P
(%)
ES
P
(sec)
ES
P
Char/min
143
0.11
0.75
98.1
0.55c
0.11
0.538
0.17
0.64
Addition
30
144
97.4
0.528
22
Units/min
4.67
1.15c
0.01**
94.1
0.08
0.81
19.9
1.01c
0.01**
Stroop
30
22
4.11
93.8
22.1
Calculation
30
Units/sec
0.513
0.59c
0.09*
98.5
0.85c
0.02**
1.96
0.61c
0.08*
22
0.469
97.7
2.15
30
Units/sec
0.236
0.62c
0.08*
97.0
0.42c
0.21
4.38
0.70c
0.05**
0.226
96.0
4.60
Task name
Temperature ( C)
22
22
22
22
Performance
Index (PIf)a
Metrics
Value
ES
P
Char/min
133
0.40c
0.23
30
120
Units/min
3.02
0.83c
0.03**
30
2.77
Units/sec
0.517
1.01c
0.01**
30
0.465
Units/sec
0.225
0.93c
0.01**
30
0.205
4. Discussion
To infer differences in competence based on measures of performance, both speed and accuracy must be examined (Glickman
493
494
495