Total Energy Balance

at steady-state, single-input, single-output, incompressible flow

U1+
m

2
1

2
2

v
v
g
g
m

U 2+
+ z1
+ Q=
+ z2
+W
2 g c
gc
2 gc
gc

[ ]

energy J l bf ft
,
time s
s

General Mechanical Energy Balance

-

In the flow of fluids through conduits, the kinetic energy, potential energy, and
shaft work dominate energy balance.
For incompressible ideal fluids: no friction losses
2
P ( ) 1
1
energy J l b f ft
+
+ g z =(W s) [ ]
,

2 gc
gc
mass kg l bm

For incompressible real fluids: additional work must be done to overcome

fluid friction

W
W
( s)+ F
( total)=

2
P ( ) 1
1
+
+ g z + F=(W s)

2 gc
gc

Head form: multiplied by

gc
g ; does not represent difference in height

2
gc
gc
P gc ( ) 1
+
+ z + F =(W s )
g
2 g
g
g

[ ] length ( m, ft )

Pressure head height of column which produces the static pressure

Velocity head elevation needed for a fluid to reach the velocity
frictionless fall
Elevation head potential energy of fluid

P
during

Total head

H=

P
v
+
+z
g 2 g

(no friction loss)

Head loss result of friction

Pressure form for gases (compressible flow)

dP+

lb
1
2
d ( ) + g dz + d ( F )= d ( W s ) [ ] pressure Pa , f2
2 gc
ft

Simplified MEB: Bernoulli Equation

( PV ) +

(2 )
+ g z=0
2

Head form

2
P gc ( ) 1
+
+ z=0
g
2 g

POWER AND EFFICIENCY

Power supplied to the fluid in a flow system

P=W s=W s m
Efficiency

Pumps Work providing,

Ws
W ideal
Turbines Work requiring,

W ideal
Ws

+ W

Types of Valves

a. Angle Valve

its outlet opening oriented at right angles to its inlet op

ening
Used in regulating fluid flow
b. Ball Check Valve
valve stopper is ball-shaped
for use as an on/off valve
little resistance to flow when fully open
optimal for automated operation with a 90 degrees
operating angles

c. Butterfly Valve
shaped like a butterfly
tight shut-off and can be used as a control valve
little resistance to flow
optimal for automated operation with a low operating
torque and 90 degrees operating angle

d. Check Valve
Used for one flow direction
Prevents backflow of fluid
Operates automatically
e. Diaphragm Valve
f.

Foot Valve

g. Gate Valve
a gate is lowered to cut off the flow
used as an on/off valve
little resistance to flow when fully open
long stroke requires time to open/close

h. Globe Valve
globe-shaped body control the fluid into a S-shaped flow
tight shut off and can be used as a control valve
large resistance to flow
much power is required to open/close the valve

i.

Needle Valve