LIGHT STRUCTURE LABORATORY

FULL REPORT
BFC21201
Course Code

BFC 21201

Course Name
Experiment Title

LIGHT STRUCTURE LABORATORY

SPAN DEFLECTION ( DOUBLE INTEGRATION METHOD )

Date
Group
Name
Members of Group

29/02/2016
1
AHMAD ARIEF AIZZUDDIN BIN AZINAL ABIDIN (CF150249)
CF150131
(GroupBIN
1) ISMAIL (CF150245)
1.ABDUL WASIQ
2.AHMAD ASYRAF BIN SAARI (CF150247)
3.AHMAD FIQRI BIN HAMDAN (CF150243)
4.AMIRUL BIN AMRAN (CF150131)
5. AHMAD ARIEF AIZZUDDIN BIN AZINAL ABIDIN (CF150249)

Lecturer/Instructor/Tut PUAN NOOR AZLINA BINTI ABDUL HAMID

or
Received Date
Criteria

Attendance

Student in laboratory 10 minutes

earlier

Purpose is not identified

Purpose is somewhat vague

Purpose is identified

Purpose is identified

Purpose is clearly identified

Relevant variables are described

There is not a list of the

necessary lab materials

Most lab materials included

All necessary lab materials

included but not listed in any

All necessary lab materials

included and listed

All necessary lab materials

included and listed in an organized

Procedures are not listed

Procedures are listed but not in Procedures are listed in clear

clear steps
steps but not numbered and/or
in complete sentences

Procedures are listed in clear

steps

Procedures are listed in clear

steps

Each step is numbered and in

a complete sentence

Analjsis /
Result

Discussion

Data is not represented or is

not accurate

Data lacks precision

Greater than 20%; difference
with accepted values

Good representation of the

data using tables and tor
graphs

Accurate representation of
the data using tables and/or
graphs

Each step is numbered and in a

Accurate representation of the a
using tables and/or graphs

Graphs and tables are labeled and

data is precise with less than 5%
difference with accepted values
Tends / patterns are logically

Trends / patterns are not

analyzed

Less than 15% difference with

accepted values
Trends /patterns are logically
analyzed for the most part

Data is fairly precise

Trends / patterns are not

analyzed
Questions are not answered

Answers to questions are

incomplete

Questions are answered in

complete sentences

Questions are answered in

complete sentences

No discussion was included or

shows little effort and
reflection on the lab

A statement of the results is

incomplete with little reflection
on the lab

A statement of the results of

the lab indicates whether
results support the hypothesis

Accurate statement of the

results of the lab indicates
whether results support the
hypothesis

Questions are answered

Accurate statement of the results of
lab indicates whether results
support hypothesis Possible
sources of error and t was learned
from the lab discussed

Possible sources of error

Did the job but did not appear to Used time pretty well. Stayed
be very interested. Focus lost
focused on the experiment
on several occasion
most of the time

Showed interest, used time very well,

guide other students and very
focused on experiment

The student can explain the results of

the experiment in detail and the ways
in which they relate to the research
focus. The student can also evaluate
the significance of the experiment to
the real situation

Trends / patterns are logically

analyzed

analyzed

Participation Student was hostile about

(during
participating
experiment

Interview

VT

Student in laboratory within 10 to Student in laboratory just

30 minutes late
before laboratory start

Procedure

Data

SCR

Student in laboratory within 30

minutes to 1 hour late

Aim &
Materials
(optional)

Student in laboratory more

than 1 hour late

The student cannot answer

questions about the
experiment

Participation was minimal

The student can answer

some questions about the
experiment

The student can answer

questions about the experiment
and begins to make
connections between the
experiment and its applications

The student can explain the

results of the experiment in
detail and the ways in which they
relate to the research focus

TSCR(X)

NAME OF LECTURER:

SIGNATURE:

Comment by examiner

DATE:

TOTAL SCORE:

Received

1.

OBJECTIVE

To determine the relationship between span and deflection.

2.

INTRODUCTION

A beam must possess sufficient stiffness so that excessive deflections do not

have an adverse effect on adjacent structural members. In many cases,
maximum allowable deflections are specified by Codes of Practice in terms of
the dimensions of the beam, particularly the span. The actual deflections of a
beam must be limited to the elastic range of the beam, otherwise permanent
distortion results. Thus in determining the deflections of beam under load,
elastic theory is used.

In this experiment double integration method is used to give the complete

deflected shape of the beam.

3.

THEORY

4.

APPARATUS

Specimen beam ( steel )

Digital Dial Test Indicator

Hanger and Masses

5.

PROCEDURE

The moveable knife-edge supports positioned at 400mm apart.

Place the chosen beam on the support.

Place the hanger and the digital dial test indicator at the mid span.

Zero the digital reading.

Applied an in incremental load and record the deflection for each increment
in the table below.

Repeated the procedure using span of 300m and 500m.

6.

RESULT

Experiment 1: Span = 500m

No.

Mass ( N )

Deflection (mm) Theoretical Def.

(experimental)

(Y

% Different

max)

0.981

0.26

-2.9 x 10-4

-8.98 x 104

1.471

0.38

-4.33 x 10-4

-8.79 x 104

1.961

0.51

-5.77 x 10-4

-8.85 x 104

Experiment 2: Span = 400m

No.

Mass ( N )

Deflection (mm) Theoretical Def.

(experimental)

(Y

% Different

max )

0.981

0.14

-1.48 x 10-4

-9.47 x 104

1.471

0.20

-.2.22 x 10-4

-9.02 x 104

1.961

0.25

-2.95 x 10-4

-8.48 x 104

Experiment 3: Span = 300m

No.

Mass ( N )

Deflection (mm) Theoretical Def.

(experimental)

(Y

% Different

max )

0.981

0.06

-6.24 x 10-5

-9.63 x 104

1.471

0.09

-9.35 x 10-5

-9.64 x 104

1.961

0.11

-1.25 x 10-4

-8.81 x 104

SAMPLE CALCULATION:
Theoretical Deflection (Y max)

Given, E

steel

= 207 x 109 Nm-2

Width, b = 1.90cm

m = 19 x 10-3

Thick, d = 0.30cm

m = 3 x 10-3

From equation, I = bd3

12
= (0.019) x (0.003)3
12
= 4.275 x 10 -11 m4.

For experiment 1 : Span = 500mm

When N = 0.981 (100g)

Y

max

= - PL3
48EI
=-

(0.981) x (0.5) 3

48 (207 x 10 9) x (4.275 x 10-11)

= - (0.123)
424.764
= -2.9 x 10 -4 m

When N = 1.471 (150g)

Y

max

= - PL3
48EI
=-

(1.471) x (0.5) 3

48 (207 x 10 9) x (4.275 x 10-11)

= - (0.184)
424.764
= -4.33 x 10 -4 m

When N = 1.961 (200g)

Y

max

= - PL3
48EI
(1.961) x (0.5) 3

=-

48 (207 x 10 9) x (4.275 x 10-11)

= - (0.245)
424.764
= -5.77 x 10 -4 m

For experiment 2 : Span = 400mm

When N = 0.981 (100g)

Y

max

= - PL3
48EI
=-

(0.981) x (0.4) 3

48 (207 x 10 9) x (4.275 x 10-11)

= - (0.06)
424.764
= -1.48 x 10 -4m

When N = 1.471. (150g)

Y

max

= - PL3
48EI
(1.471) x (0.4) 3

=-

48 (207 x 10 9) x (4.275 x 10-11)

= - (0.09)
424.764
= -2.22 x 10 -4 m

When N = 1.961 (200g)

Y

max

= - PL3
48EI
(1.961) x (0.4) 3

=-

48 (207 x 10 9) x (4.275 x 10-11)

= - (125.568)
424.764
= -2.95 x 10 -4 m

For experiment 3 : Span = 300mm

When N = 0.981 (100g)

Y

max

= - PL3
48EI

(0.981) x (0.3) 3

=-

48 (207 x 10 9) x (4.275 x 10-11)

= - (0.026)
424.764
= -6.24 x 10

-5

When N = 1.471 (150g)

Y

max

= - PL3
48EI
(1.471) x (0.3) 3

=-

48 (207 x 10 9) x (4.275 x 10-11)

= - (0.0397)
424.764
= -9.35 x 10

-5

When N = 1.961 (200g)

Y

max

= - PL3
48EI
=-

(1.961) x (0.3) 3

48 (207 x 10 9) x (4.275 x 10-11)

= - (0.052)
424.764
= -1.25 x 10

-4

SAMPLE CALCULATION: % Different

For Experiment 1 : Span = 500mm

When N = 0.981 (100g)

% Different = [-2.9 x 10-4 0.26] (-2.9 x 10-4) x 100%
= -8.98 x 104%

When N = 1.471 (150g)

% Different = [-4.33 x 10-4 0.38] (-4.33 x 10-4) x 100%
= -8.79 x 104%

When N = 1.961 (200g)

% Different = [-5.77 x 10-4 0.51] (-5.77 x 10-4) x 100%
= -8.85 x 104%

For Experiment 2 : Span = 400mm

When N = 0.981 (100g)

% Different = [-1.48 x 10-4 0.14] (-1.48 x 10-4) x 100%
= -9.47 x 104 %

When N = 1.471 (150g)

% Different = [-.2.22 x 10-4 0.20] (-.2.22 x 10-4) x 100%
= -9.02 x 104 %

When N = 1.961 (200g)

% Different = [-2.95 x 10-4 0.25] (-2.95 x 10-4) x 100%
= -8.48 x 104 %

For Experiment 3 : Span = 300mm

When N = 0.981 (100g)

% Different = [-6.24 x 10-5 0.06] (-6.24 x 10-5) x 100%
= -9.63 x 104 %

When N = 1.471 (150g)

% Different = [-9.35 x 10-5 0.09] (-9.35 x 10-5) x 100%
= -9.64 x 104 %

When N = 1.961 (200g)

% Different = [-1.25 x 10-4 0.11] (-1.25 x 10-4) x 100%
= -8.81 x 104 %

7.

DISCUSSION

Comment on the different between the theoretical and experimental

result.

Referring the results from the calculation, we can conclude that, the
different between the theoretical and experimental results are very high for
experiment 1, 2, and 3. Thus, the percentage (%) of the difference between
the theoretical and experimental results were very high too. From the
experiment, the span with longer length will give us the bigger value of
deflection when the load is place at the mid span for both theoretical and
experimental results. While for the span with shorter length, the deflection is
slightly small compare to the longer span.

For Experiment 1 (span 500mm), when the load of 100g or 0.981 N

was place at the mid span, test indicator give us the reading of deflection
with 0.26. When the load is increased to 1.471 N and 1.961 N respectively,
the deflection recorded by test indicator are 0.38 and 0.51. The values of the
deflection for both theoretical and experimental results increase
proportionally to the load when the load of 100g, 150g and 200g is place on
the mid span.

For Experiment 2 (span 400mm), when the load of 100g or 0.981 N

was place at the mid span, test indicator give us the reading of deflection
with 0.14. When the load is increased to 1.471 N and 1.961 N respectively,
the deflection recorded by test indicator are 0.20 and 0.26. But, the value of
deflection for this experiment is smaller than the experiment 1. This is
because the length of the span used 400mm, is shorter than experiment 1.
The values of the deflection for both theoretical and experimental results
increase proportionally to the load when the load of 100g, 150g and 200g is
place on the mid span.

For Experiment 3 (span 300mm), when the load of 100g or 0.981 N

was place at the mid span, test indicator give us the reading of deflection
with 0.06. When the load is increased to 1.471 N and 1.961 N respectively,
the deflection recorded by test indicator are 0.09 and 0.11. The value of

deflection for this experiment is smaller than the experiment 1 and

experiment 2. This is because the length of the span used, 300mm, is shorter
than the span used for experiment 1 and experiment 2.The values of the
deflection for both theoretical and experimental results increase
proportionally to the load when the load of 100g, 150g and 200g is place on
the mid span.

From the results we get from this experiment, different between the
theoretical and experimental results are very high. The deflection in the span
increase when the load is increase. Besides that, the value of deflection also
increase when the length of span used is longer. Thus, we conclude that, the
deflection of span is proportional to the load we place on it and the length of
the span we used.

EXTRA QUESTION

Calculate the deflection when X = L/3 (Experiment 1, no 3). Check

the result by placing the digital dial at this position.

The value of the deflection when X = L/3 from experiment 1, number 3 is

0.37. We can conclude that the position of digital dial at that position give
different value of deflection proportionate when X = L/2

Calculate Vmax in experiment 2, no 2

Given, E

steel

= 207 x 109 Nm-2

Width, b = 1.90cm
Thick, d = 0.30cm

m = 19 x 10-3
m = 3 x 10-3

From equation, I = bd3

12
= (0.019) x (0.003)3
12
= 4.275 x 10 -11 m4.

Vmax = PL3
16EI
=

(1.471) x (0.4)3
16 (207 x 109) (4.275 x 10-11)

= 0.094144
141.588
= 6.65 x 10-4 m

8.

CONCLUSION

From this experiment, our group managed to determine the

relationship between span and deflection. In determining the deflections of

the beams under load, we have used theoretical formula. From the
experiment and the results we get from this experiment, we notice that, the
span with longer length will give us the bigger value of deflection when the
load is place at the mid span for both theoretical and experimental results.
While for the span with shorter length, the deflection is slightly smaller
compare to the longer span though the load used is same with the longer
one. Thus, we conclude that, the deflection of span is proportional to the
length of the span and the load we place on it.