AP CHEM REVIEW SHEET

CHAPTER 1
Significant Figures and Calculations
A. Rules for Counting Significant Figures
Number Rule Example
Nonzero integers Always significant 6.34 m (3 sig figs)
Leading zeroes Never significant 0.00634 m ( 3 sig figs)
Captive zeroes Always significant 6.0034 (5 sig figs)
Trailing zeroes Significant if after a decimal 63400 (3 sig figs)
0.63400 (5 sig figs)
Exact numbers Infinite significance e.g. There is 1 star at the center of our solar system.
There is no doubt about the number "1"
Scientific notation All digits are significant 6.3400 x 106 (5 sig figs)
B. Multiplication and Division
1. Keep as many sig figs in your answer as are in the piece of data with the least number of
sig figs:
2.37 cm x 15.67 cm x 7.4 cm = 274.82046
(keep two sig figs) = 2.7 x 102 cm3
C. Addition and Subtraction
1. Keep the same number of decimal places as the least precise measurement in your
calculation
34.039 m + 0.24 m + 1.332 m + 12.7 m = 48.311 m
(keep one decimal place) = 48.3 m
CHAPTER 2
The Modern View of Atomic Structure: An Introduction
A. Nucleus
1. Protons - positively charged
2. Neutrons - no charge
3. Small size, high density
a. The mass of all of the cars in the United States in an object that would easily fit in
a teaspoon
b. A pea with the mass of 250 million tons
B. Electrons
1. Negatively charged
2. The source of varying reactivity of different elements
3. Provide most of the atomic volume
C. Atomic Number
1. Number of protons
D. Mass Number
1. Number of protons + number of neutrons
E. Isotopes
1. Atoms with the same number of protons (same element) but different numbers of neutrons
(mass numbers)

Naming Simple Compounds

A. Ionic Compounds
1. Positive ion is always named first, negative ion second
You were given a list of ions to memorize on the first day of class
Tips for memorizing the polyatomics:
a. Find the "ate" ion (sulfate, for instance)
sulfate = SO42b. The "ite" ion always has one less oxygen than the "ate" ion
sulfite = SO32c. The prefix "per" (think hyper, meaning "above") is used with the
"ate" prefix to indicate one more oxygen than the "ate" ion
persulfate = SO52d. The prefix "hypo" (meaning "under" or "below") is used with the
"ite" prefix to indicate one less oxygen than the "ite" ion
hyposulfite = SO22B. Binary Covalent Compounds
1. Must contain two elements, BOTH nonmetals
a. First element
1) full element name
2) prefix only if there is more than one atom
b. Second element
1) named as if it were an anion (-ide suffix)
2) always gets a prefix
mono - 1
penta - 5
octa - 8
di - 2
hexa - 6
nona - 9
tri - 3
hepta - 7
deca - 10
tetra - 4
C. Naming Acids
1. Binary Acids (two elements - hydrogen + one other)
a. prefix "Hydro" + root of second element + "ic" suffix
2. Oxyacids
a. If the acid contains an anion whose name ends in "ate":
Use root of anion name and an "ic" ending (H2SO4 = sulfuric acid)
b. If the acid contains an anion whose name ends in "ite":
Use the root of the anion name and an "ous" ending
(H2SO3 = sulfurous acid)
CHAPTER 3
The Mole
A. Avogadro's number
1. 6.022 x 1023 units = 1 mole
2. Named in honor of Avogadro (he did NOT discover it)
B. Measuring moles
1. An element's atomic mass expressed in grams contains 1 mole of atoms of that element
a. 12.01 grams of carbon is 1 mole of carbon

b. 12 grams of carbon-12 is 1 mole of carbon-12

Molar Mass
A. Molar Mass (Gram molecular weight)
1. The mass in grams of one mole of a compound
2. The sum of the masses of the component atoms in a compound
Percent Composition of Compounds
A. Calculating any percentage
1. "The part, divided by the whole, multiplied by 100"
B. Percentage Composition
1. Calculate the percent of each element in the total mass of the compound
Stoichiometric Calculations: Amounts of Reactants and Products
A. Balance the chemical equation
B. Convert grams of reactant or product to moles
C. Compare moles of the known to moles of the desired substance
1. A ratio derived from the coefficients in the balanced equation
D. Convert from moles back to grams if required
Calculations Involving a Limiting Reactant
A. Concept of limiting reactant (limiting reagent)
1. The limiting reactant controls the amount of product that can form
B. Solving limiting reactant problems
1. Convert grams of reactants to moles
2. Use stoichiometric ratios to determine the limiting reactant
3. Solve as before, beginning the stoichiometric calculation with the grams of the limiting
reactant
C. Calculating Percent Yield
1. Actual yield - what you got by actually performing the reaction
2. Theoretical yield - what stoichiometric calculation says the reaction SHOULD have
produced
CHAPTER 4
"Like Dissolves Like"
1. Polar and ionic compounds dissolve in polar solvents like water
2. Nonpolar compounds like fats dissolve in nonpolar solvents
The Nature of Aqueous Solutions: Strong and Weak Electrolytes
A. Definition of Electrolytes
1. A substance that when dissolved in water produces a solution that can conduct an electric
current
B. Strong electrolytes conduct current very efficiently
1. Completely ionized when dissolved in water
a. Ionic compounds
b. Strong acids (HNO3(aq), H2SO4(aq), HCl(aq))
c. Strong bases (KOH NaOH)
C. Weak electrolytes conduct only a small current
1. Slightly ionized in solution
a. Weak acids (organic acids - acetic, citric, butyric, malic)

b. Weak bases (ammonia)

D. Nonelectrolytes conduct no current
1. No ions present in solution
a. alcohols, sugars
The Composition of Solutions
A. Molarity
1. Moles of solute per liter of solution
M = molarity = moles of solute/liters of solution
B. Concentration of Ions in Solution
1. Ionic compounds dissociate in solution, multiplying the molarity by the number of ions
present
C. Moles from Concentration
1. Liters of solution x molarity = moles of solute
D. Solutions of Known Concentration
1. Standard solution - a solution whose concentration is accurately known
2. Preparation of Standard solutions
How much x How strong x What does it weigh?
L x mol/L x g/mol = grams required to prepare the standard
E. Dilution
1. Dilution of a volume of solution with water does not change the number of moles present
2. Solving dilution problems
M1V1 = M2V2
Precipitation Reactions
A. Dissociation
1. Ionic compounds dissolve in water and the ions separate and move independently
AgNO3(aq) + NaCl(aq) products
Ag+ (aq) + NO3-(aq) + Na+(aq) + Cl- products
B. Determination of Products
1. Recombination of ions
a. AgNO3
NaCl AgCl NaNO3
2. Elimination of reactants as products
a. AgNO3 and NaCl are reactants and can't be products
3. Identifying the precipitate
a. "Switch Partners" of reactant pairs to determine the names of the products.
b. AgCl and NaNO3 are the products
c. AgCl is insoluble, so it is the white precipitate
d. If there is no insoluble product, the reaction does not occur
C. The Net Ionic Equation
1. Includes only those components that take part in the chemical change
2. Spectators are eliminated
Ca2+(aq) + CO32-(aq) CaCO3(s)
Oxidation-Reduction Reactions (redox)
A. Electron transfer (LEO says GER)
1. Gain electrons = reduction
2. Lose electrons = oxidation
B. Examples of redox rxns

1. Photosynthesis
2. Combustion of fuels
3. Oxidation of sugars, fats, proteins for energy
C. Characteristics of Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
1. the oxidized substance:
a. loses electrons
b. increases oxidation state
c. is the reducing agent
2. the reduced substance
a. gains electrons
b. decreases oxidation state
c. is the oxidizing agent
D. Balancing Oxidation-Reduction Equations
CHAPTER 5
A. Properties of gases
1. Gases uniformly fill any container
2. Gases are easily compressed
3. Gase
s mix completely with any other gas
4. Gases exert pressure on their surroundings
B. Units
a. mm Hg (torr)
(1) 760 torr = Standard pressure
b. newtons/meter2 = pascal (Pa)
(1) 101,325 Pa = Standard pressure
c. atmospheres
(1) 1 atmosphere = Standard pressure
The Gas Laws of Boyle, Charles, and Avogadro
A. Boyle's Law

B. Charles' Law

Temperature must be measured in degrees Kelvin

(1) K = C + 273
(2) 0 K is "absolute zero"
C. Avogadro's Law

D. The Ideal Gas Law

E. Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures

Gas Stiochiometry
A. Standard temperature and pressure (STP)
1. 0 C, 273 K
2. 760 torr, 1 atm
B. Molar volume
1. One mole of an ideal gas occupies 22.42 liters of volume at STP
C. Mole Fraction

Root Mean Square Velocity

1. Velocity of a gas is dependent on mass and temperature.

Effusion and Diffusion

A. Effusion
1. Movement of a gas through a small opening into an evacuated container (vacuum)
2. Graham's law of effusion

B. Diffusion
1. The mixing of gases
2. Diffusion is complicated to describe theoretically and mathematically
CHAPTER 6
A. Chemical Energy
1. Exothermic reactions
a. Reactions that give off energy as they progress
b. Some of the potential energy stored in the chemical bonds is converted to thermal
energy (random KE) through heat
c. Products are generally more stable (stronger bonds) than reactants
2. Endothermic reactions
a. Reactions in which energy is absorbed from the surroundings
b. Energy flows into the system to increase the potential energy of the system
c. Products are generally less stable (weaker bonds) than the reactants
Enthalpy and Calorimetry
A. Enthalpy
1. In systems at constant pressure, where the only work is PV, the change in
enthalpy is due only to energy flow as heat (H = heat of rxn)
a. H is negative for exothermic rxns
b. H is positive for endothermic rxns

B. Calorimetry - science of measuring heat

1. Calculating Heat of Rxn, DH
a. H = specific heat capacity x mass of sol'n x increase in temp

Hess's Law
A. Statement of Hess's Law
1. In going from a particular set of reactants to a particular set of products, the
change in enthalpy (H) is the same whether the reaction takes place in one step or
in a series of steps
B. Using Hess's Law
1. Work backward from the final reaction
2. Reverse reactions as needed, being sure to also reverse H
3. Remember that identical substances found on both sides of the summed equation
cancel each other
C. Calculating enthalpy change
1. When a rxn is reversed, the magnitude of H remains the same, but its sign
changes
2. When the balanced eqn for a rxn is multiplied by an integer, the value of H must
be multiplied by the same integer
3. The change in enthalpy for a rxn can be calculated from the enthalpies of
formation of the reactants and products

4. Elements in their standard states are not included

a. For elements in their standard state, Hf = 0
CHAPTER 16
A. Spontaneous Processes
1. Processes that occur without outside intervention
2. Spontaneous processes may be fast or slow
B. Entropy (S)

1. A measure of the randomness or disorder

2. The driving force for a spontaneous process is an increase in the entropy of
the universe
3. Entropy is a thermodynamic function describing the number of arrangements that are
available to a system
a. Nature proceeds toward the states that have the highest probabilities of existing
C. Positional Entropy
1. The probability of occurrence of a particular state depends on the number of ways
(microstates) in which that arrangement can be achieved
Ssolid < Sliquid << Sgas
The Effect of Temperature on Spontaneity
A. Direction of Heat Flow
1. Entropy changes in the surroundings are primarily determined by heat flow
a. Exothermic reactions in a system at constant temperature increase the entropy of
surroundings
b. Endothermic reactions in a system at constant temperature decrease the entropy of
surroundings
c. The impact of the transfer of a given quantity of energy as heat to or from the
surroundings will be greater at lower temperatures
Free Energy (G), also called "Gibbs Free Energy"
A. Calculating Free Energy Change
B. Free Energy and Spontaneity
1. Reactions proceed in the direction that lowers their free energy (-G)

Entropy Changes in Chemical Reactions

A. Constant Temperature and Pressure
1. Reactions involving gaseous molecules
a. The change in positional entropy is dominated by the relative numbers of
molecules of gaseous reactants and products
B. Calculating Entropy Change in a Reaction
1. Generally, the more complex the molecule, the higher the standard entropy value
Free Energy and Chemical Reactions
A. Standard Free Energy Change

1. G0 is the change in free energy that will occur if the reactants in their standard states are
converted to the products in their standard states
2. G0 cannot be measured directly
3. The more negative the value for G0, the farther to the right the reaction will proceed in
order to achieve equilibrium
a. Equilibrium is the lowest possible free energy position for a reaction
B. Calculating Free Energy Change
1. Method #1, for reactions at constant temperature:

CHAPTER 8
Types of Chemical Bonds
A. Ionic Bonding
1. Electrons are transferred
2. Metals react with nonmetals
3. Ions paired have lower energy (greater stability) than separated ions
B. Bond Length (covalent)
1. Distance at which the system energy is at a minimum
2. Forces at work
a. Attractive forces (proton - electron)
b. Repulsive forces (electron - electron, proton - proton)
3. Energy is given off (bond energy) when two atoms achieve greater stability
together than apart
C. Covalent Bonds
1. Electrons are shared by nuclei
2. Pure covalent (non-polar covalent)
a. Electrons are shared evenly
3. Polar covalent bonds
a. Electrons are shared unequally
b. Atoms end up with fractional charges
Bond Polarity and Dipole Moments
A. Dipolar Molecules
1. Molecules with a somewhat negative end and a somewhat positive end (a dipole
moment)
B. Sizes of Ions
1. Anions are larger than the parent atom
2. Cations are smaller than the parent atom
3. Ion size increases within a family
4. Isoelectronic ions
a. Ions with the same number of electrons
b. Size decreases as the nuclear charge Z increases
Covalent Bond Energies and Chemical Reactions
A. Multiple Bonds

1. Single bonds - 1 pair of shared electrons

2. Double bonds - 2 pairs of shared electrons
3. Triple bonds - 3 pairs of shared electrons
4. As the number of shared electrons increases, the bond length shortens
B. Bond Energy and Enthalpy
1. H = sum of the energies required to break old bonds (endothermic)
+
sum of the energies released in forming new bonds (exothermic)

Lewis Structures
A. Electrons and Stability
1. "the most important requirement for the formation of a stable
compound is that the atoms achieve noble gas configurations
2. Duet rule
a. Hydrogen, lithium, beryllium, and boron form stable molecules
when they share two electrons (helium configuration)
3. Octet Rule
a. Elements carbon and beyond form stable molecules when they
are surrounded by eight electrons
B. Writing Lewis Structures
1. Rules
a. Add up the TOTAL number of valence electrons from all atoms
b. Use a pair of electrons to form a bond between each pair of
bound atoms. Lines instead of dots are used to indicate each
pair of bonding electrons
c. Arrange the remaining atoms to satisfy the duet rule for
hydrogen and the octet rule for the second row elements
Resonance
1. When more than one valid Lewis structure can be written for a particular molecule
2. The actual structure is an average of the depicted resonance structures
Molecular Structure: The VSEPR Model
A. Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR)
1. The structure around a given atom is determined principally by
minimizing electron-pair repulsions
2. Non-bonding and bonding electron pairs will be as far apart as possible
B. VSEPR and Multiple Bonds
1. For the VSEPR model, multiple bonds count as one effective electron
pair
2. When a molecule exhibits resonance, ANY of the resonance structures
can be used to predict the molecular structure using the VSEPR model
CHAPTER 9
Hybridization and the Localized Electron Model
A. Hybridization
1. The mixing of two or more atomic orbitals of similar energies on the

same atom to produce new orbitals of equal energies

B. Hybrid Orbitals
1. Orbitals of equal energy produced by the combination of two or more
orbitals on the same atom
Sigma bonds (s bond)
Bond in which the electron pair is shared in an area centered on a line
running between the atoms
Pi bonds (p bonds)
Created by overlapping of nonhybridized 2p orbitals
Double bonds
Double bonds always consist of one s bond and one p bond
CHAPTER 10
Intermolecular Forces
A. Dipole-Dipole Forces
1. Attraction between molecules with dipole moments
B. Hydrogen Bonding
1. Special dipole-dipole attraction
a. Hydrogen covalently bonded to highly electronegative elements (N,O, F)
C. London Dispersion Forces
1. Instantaneous dipoles
a. Random movement of electrons can create a momentary nonsymmetrical
distribution of charge even in nonpolar molecules
b. Instantaneous dipoles can induce a short-lived dipole in a
neighboring molecule
2. London dispersion forces exist between all molecules, but are the weakest
forces of attraction
3. "Polarizability" increases with the number of electrons in a molecule
a. CCl4 experiences greater London forces than CH4
Types of Crystalline Solids
1. Ionic solids
a. Ions occupy lattice points
b. Sodium chloride is an example
2. Molecular solids
a. Discrete covalent molecules occupy lattice points
b. Ice and sucrose are examples
3. Atomic Solids (pure elements)
a. Metallic solids
b. Network solids
c. Group 8A solids
Changes of State
1. Heating curve

Phase Diagrams

1. Triple Point
a. Solid and liquid have identical vapor pressure
b. All three phases exist together in equilibrium
2. Critical temperature
a. The temperature above which the substance cannot exist as a liquid, regardless of how
great the pressure
3. Critical pressure
a. The pressure required to produce liquefaction at the critical temperature
4. Critical point
a. Point defined by the critical temperature and critical pressure
CHAPTER 11
Solution Composition

A. Molarity
B. Mass Percent

C. Mole Fraction

D. Molality

The Energies of Solution Formation

A. Like Dissolves Like
1. Polar molecules and ionic compounds tend to dissolve in polar solvents
2. Nonpolar molecules dissolve in nonpolar compounds
Temperature Effects
1. Solids
a. Increases in temperature always cause dissolving to occur more rapidly
b. Increases in temperature usually increases solubility (the amount that can be
dissolved)
2. Gases
a. Solubility of gases always decreases with increasing temperature
The Vapor Pressure of Solutions
A. Nonvolatile Solutes
1. Nonvolatile electrolytes lower the vapor pressure of a solute
a. Nonvolatile molecules do not enter the vapor phase
b. Fewer molecules are available to enter the vapor phase
B. Raoult's Law
C. Ionic solutes
1. Dissociation of ionic compounds has nearly two, three or more times the vapor pressure
lowering of nonionic (nonelectrolyte) solutes.
D. Non-ideal Solutions
1. Liquid-liquid solutions in which both components are volatile
2. Mod ified Raoult's Law:
Boiling Point Elevation and Freezing-Point Depression
A. Colligative Properties
1. Properties dependent on the number of solute particles but not on their identity
a. Boiling-Point elevation
b. Freezing-Point depression
c. Osmotic Pressure
B. Boiling-Point Elevation

1. Nonvolatile solutes elevate the boiling point of the solvent

C. Freezing-Point Depression
1. Solutes depress the freezing point of the solvent
D. Colligative Properties of Electrolyte Solutions
1. van't Hoff factor i:
CHAPTER 12
Reaction Rates
A. Chemical kinetics
1. Study of the speed with which reactants are converted to products
B. Reaction Rate
1. The change in concentration of a reactant or product per unit of time

a. Rates decrease with time

b. It is customary to express reaction rates as positive values
c. Instantaneous rate can be determined by finding the slope of a line tangent to a
point representing a particular time
C. Types of Rate Laws
1. Differential Rate Law (Rate Law)
a. Expresses how the rate of a reaction depends upon concentration
Rate = k[NO2]n
2. Integrated Rate Law
a. Expresses how the concentration of a species (reactant or product) in a reaction
depend on time
Reaction Mechanisms
A. Reaction Mechanism
1. A series of elementary steps that must satisfy two requirements
a. The sum of the elementary steps must give the overall balanced equation for the
reaction
b. The mechanism must agree with the experimentally determined rate law
B. Intermediates
1. A species that is neither a reactant nor a product, but that is formed and
consumed during a chemical reaction
C. Elementary steps
1. Reactions whose rate law can be written from their molecularity (balanced
eqn for the step)
D. Molecularity
1. The number of species that must collide to produce the reaction indicated by
that step
a. Unimolecular step - a reaction involving one molecule
b. Bimolecular step - reaction involving the collisions of two species
c. Termolecula r step - reaction involving the collisions of three species
E. Rate-Determining Step
1. The slowest step in a reaction determines the rate of the reaction
Catalysis

A. Catalysts
1. A substance that speeds up a reaction without being consumed itself
B. Effects of Catalysis
1. Catalysts lower activation energy but do not change DE for the reaction
2. Catalysts provide alternate reaction pathways
3. Catalysis results in a higher percentage of effective collisions
CHAPTER 13
A. Chemical Equilibrium
1. The state where the concentrations of all reactants and products remain
constant with time
2. All reactions carried out in a closed vessel will reach equilibrium
a. If little product is formed, equilibrium lies far to the left
b. If little reactant remains, equilibrium lies far to the right
The Equilibrium Constant
A. The Law of Mass Action

B. Equilibrium Position
1. A set of equilibrium concentrations
2. There is only one value of K for a reaction at a given temperature, but an
infinite number of possibilities for equilibrium positions
Relationship between K and Kp
1.
Applications of the Equilibrium Constant
A. Extent of a Reaction
1. Reactions with large equilibrium constants (K>>1) go essentially to completion
a. Equilibrium position is far to the right
b. Generally large, negative E
2. Reactions with small equilibrium constants (K<<1) consist of mostly reactants
a. Equilibrium position is far to the left
B. Reaction Quotient (Q)
1. Apply the law of mass action to initial concentrations in order to determine what direction
the rxn must move in order to achieve equilibrium
2. IF Q is equal to K
a. The system is at equilibrium, no shift will occur
3. IF Q is greater than K
a. The system shifts to the left, consuming products and forming reactants to reach
equilibrium
4. IF Q is less than K
a. The system shifts to the right, consuming reactants and forming products until
equilibrium is reached
Le Chatelier's Principle

A. Statement of Le Chatelier's Principle (very important!)

1. If a change is imposed on a system at equilibrium, the position of the
equilibrium will shift in a direction that tends to reduce that change
B. The Effect of Change in Concentration
1. If a reactant or product is added to a system at equilibrium, the system will
shift away from the added component (it will attempt to "use up" the added
component)
2. If a reactant or product is removed from a system at equilibrium, the system
will shift toward the removed component (it will attempt to "replace" the
removed component)
C. The Effect of a Change in Pressure
1. Ways to change pressure
a. Add or remove a gaseous reactant or product
b. Add an inert gas (one not involved in the reaction)
(1) An inert gas increases the total pressure but has no effect on
the concentrations or partial pressures of the reactants or
products
c. Change the volume of the container
(1) When the volume of the container holding a gaseous system is
reduced, the system responds by reducing its own volume.
This is done by decreasing the total number of gaseous molecules in the
system
(2) When the container volume is increased, the system will shift
so as to increase its volume
D. The Effect of a Change in Temperature
1. An increase in temperature increases the energy of the system. Le Chatelier's principle
predicts that the system will shift in the direction that consumes the energy
a. For an exothermic rxn, energy is a product. The rxn will shift to the
left to use up the excess energy
b. For an endothermic rxn, energy is a reactant. The rxn will shift to the
right to use up
the energy
2. A decrease in temperature will cause a system shift in the direction that
"replaces" the lost energy
CHAPTER 14
The Nature of Acids and Bases
A. Arrhenius Model
1. Acids produce hydrogen ions in aqueous solutions
2. Bases produce hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions
B. Bronsted-Lowry Model
1. Acids are proton donors
2. Bases are proton acceptors
3. H3O+ is called the hydronium ion
C. Conjugate Acid-Base Pairs
1. A conjugate base is what remains after an acid has donated a proton
a. Cl- is the conjugate base of HCl
2. A conjugate acid is what is formed when a base accepts a proton
Acid Strength

A. Strong Acids
1. Acids for which the equilibrium lies far to the right
a. Strong acids yield weak conjugate bases
2. Common strong acids
a. sulfuric, hydrochloric, nitric, perchloric
B. Weak Acids
1. Acids for which the equilibrium lies far to the left
a. Weak acids yield relatively strong conjugate bases
C. Water as an Acid and a Base
1. Water can act as an acid or as a base
2. Ion-product constant, Kw (dissociation constant)
a. At 25C, [H+] = [OH-] = 1.0 x 10-7
b. Kw = 1.0 x 10-14
3. Solution characteristics
a. Neutral solution, [H+] = [OH-] = 1.0 x 10-7
b. Acid solution, [H+] > [OH-]
c. Basic solution, [H+] < [OH-]
The pH Scale
A. pH and pOH
1. pH = -log[H+]
2. pOH = -log[OH-]
3. pH + pOH = 14
Bases
A. Strong Bases
1. Group 1A metal hydroxides
2. Group 2A metal hydroxides
a. Less soluble than Group 1A hydroxides; allows use as antacids
B. Weak Bases
1. Ammonia and other covalent bases
2. Compounds with low values of Kb
Acid-Base Properties of Salts
A. Salts That Produce Neutral Solutions
1. Salts that consist of the cations of strong bases and the anions of strong
acids have no effect on pH, ([H+]), when dissolved in water
B. Salts that Produce Basic Solutions
1. For any salt whose cation has neutral properties and whose anion is the
conjugate base of a weak acid, the aqueous solution will be basic
C. Salts that Produce Acidic Solutions
1. Salts in which the anion is not a base and the cation is the conjugate acid
acid of a weak base produce acid solutions

CHAPTER 15
Learning/Reviewing NOW!!!!!