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Grading Sheet
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
MIME 3470Thermal Science Laboratory
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Laboratory . 9
GRADER
POINTS
5
10
10
10
15
20
10
10
5
5
100
SCORE
TOTAL
EXPERIMENT TIME/DATE:
NAME
NAME
NAME
TIME, DATE
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
r
2U
U s 2U sin
For real, viscous fluids, the fluid exerts a pressure on the front half
of the cylinder in an amount that is greater than that exerted on the
rear half. The difference in pressure multiplied by the projected
frontal area of the cylinder gives the drag force due to pressure
(also known as form drag as opposed to skin-friction or surface
drag). Because this drag is due primarily to a pressure difference,
measurement of the pressure distribution about the cylinder allows
(1)
Cp
p s p
1
U 2
2
(2a)
(2b)
1 4 sin 2
where and ps() denote the fluid density and the surface static
pressure at angle , respectively. Cp is called the pressure
coefficient or the Euler number. Observe that this coefficient is
dimensionless, taking the value of 1 at both the forward and
p s p0
1
2
U 2
Even less obvious is the fact that under the potential flow
assumption, FD = 0 independent of body shape! This outcome,
referred to as DAlemberts paradox, was a major point of
contention of 19th-century hydrodynamics until Ludwig Prandtl set
forth his boundary layer hypothesis in 1904. Again, this paradox is
a result of the omission of the influence of viscosity.
In a practical sense, the approach necessary to calculate the drag
on the cylinder (or the drag coefficient) is to measure the pressure
along the entire cylinder surface and perform the integration of
Equation 3 using differential surface elements. If, for example, an
experimenter wishes to represent the pressure distribution by
making a large number of measurements (ps)i at discrete locations
i separated by intervals of radians, the resulting calculation
for the drag force per unit length of cylinder would be:
N
FD
i 1
ps ps
i
i 1
2
cos i i 1
rcyl Lcyl
(5)
deg
p0 p
2
1
U
2
. The quantity
2
U
, is the dynamic pressure and is the kinetic energy per unit
FL
and
p s x dA
(3)
p s y dA
(4)
Nozzle
le
Test section
Diffuser
Diffuser
Fan
Fan
Cylinder
INLET FLOW
STRAIGHTENERS
NOZZLE
FAN
DIFFUSER
TEST
SECTION
PROCEDURE
1. The experiment is performed at a constant speed near 40mph.
2. Rotate the cylinder pointer to a protractor reading of = 0o.
3. Record the pressure difference reading at = 0o.
4. Rotate the cylinder pointer to = 5o and record the pressure
difference again.
5. Continue taking readings in 5o increments for a total of 37
readings.
6. After all data have been taken, turn off the wind tunnel.
FOR THE REPORT
Calculations and Results
C DU 2 A
1. Calculate the drag force D FD 1
2
where, CD drag coefficient selected from a plot of CD vs. Re
(see data sheet),
U = U, the free-stream velocity,
A is the area of the cylinder projected on a plane
normal to the flow direction,
DISCUSSION OF RESULTS
Explain differences between potential theory and actual Cp profiles
Answer
Discuss difference between drag forces 1) calculated using CD
from a fluids text, 2) Calculated from Trapezoidal integration of
data, and measured using the wind tunnels drag balance.
Answer
CONCLUSIONS
APPENDICES
APPENDIX ATRAPEZOIDAL INTEGRATION
____________________________
DATA
Lab Partners
____________________________
Cylinder diameter
(______)
____________________________
Cylinder length
(______)
____________________________
Ambient temperature
(____)
____________________________
Air Speed, U
(_____)
____________________________
(_____)
i
()
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
ps i p
(inH2O)
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
105
110
115
120
125
130
135
140
145
150
155
160
165
170
175
180