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Biology department
STD. 11
Practical material
Plant morphology
Aim: To identify and study roots and their modifications
Tap roots
In this single main root or primary root directly arises from a point radicle which in turn gives
out many lateral roots
These are found in dicotyledonous plants.
Practical material
Practical material
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Rhizome of ginger
B. Bulb
1. Stem is highly condensed and gives out
many scaly leaves.
2. Scaly leaves are fleshy and store food.
3. The terminal bud gives off aerial shoot.
4. Its lower portion gives out many
adventitious roots, e.g. Onion.
Bulb of onion
Practical material
Corm of Colocasia
D. Tuber
1. It is a swollen terminal portion of an
underground lateral stem.
2. It has nodes and internodes.
3. Nodes are in the form of eyes and have
scaly leaves.
4. It is meant for storage of food, e.g.
Potato.
Tuber of Potato
Practical material
Subaerial modifications:
A. Runner
1. It grows horizontally along the soil.
2. Adventitious roots are given out at
nodes.
3. It is meant for quick horizontal
spread of the plant, e.g. Lawn grass.
B. Sucker
1. It grows horizontally under the soil
and also emerges out above the soil
horizontally.
2. Adventitious roots are given out on
those nodes which are in the soil.
3. It originates from underground part
of stem and meant for horizontal
spread of the plant, e.g.
Chrysanthemum
Practical material
C. Stolon
1. It is a special type of runner which
does not grow horizontally. It first
grows upward and then down to
meet the soil where a new plant is
formed.
2. It is seen in land plants.
3. Numbers of daughter plants grow
around the mother plant, e.g.
Blackberry.
D. Offset
1. It is short and thick runner which
often breaks away from the mother
plant.
2. Daughter plants normally break
away from mother plant.
3. It is seen in aquatic plants, e.g.
Pistia.
Practical material
Aerial Modifications:
A. Stem Tendril
1. It is thin wiry leafless and spirally coiled
structure.
2. It provides mechanical support to plant and helps
them to climb neighboring plants or object.
3. It is modification of axillary or terminal bud,
e.g.Passion flower, Grape vine
B. Stem Thorn
1. It is hard, straight and pointed structure.
2. It protects the plants from browsing animals.
3. It is modification of axillary/ terminal bud, e.g.,
Bougainvillea, Duranta.
C. Stem Phylloclade
1. It is broad leaf like structure which bears
chlorophyll for photosynthesis.
2. Leaves are modified into spines.
3. It has unlimited growth and may show branching.
4. It is found in xerophitic plants, e.g., Opuntia,
Euphorbia.
D. Stem Cladode
1. It has limited growth and does not show branches.
2. Leaves are either absent or reduced in form of
scales.
3. It is photosynthetic in nature, e.g., Asparagus,
Ruscus.
Practical material
B. Leaf Spines
1. In this, leaves are modified into
spines to check transpiration and
also provide protection, e.g.,
Argemone, Opunti.
C. Leaf Phyllode
1. The petiole of compound leaf
becomes green flattened and leaf
like structure.
2. Perform photosynthesis while the
compound laminas frequently
disappear.
3. It bears a bud in its axis,
Eg. Australian Acacia.
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Practical material
E. Leaf Bladder
1. Leaves are modified into sac like
structure which has trap door
mechanism to trap door mechanism to
trap tiny organism, e.g., Utricularia.
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