Adsorption II

Adsorption
Part II
EKC 313 Separation Processes
Course Learning Outcomes
Apply the basic theories of adsorption.
Analyze the design and operation of adsorption in application.
Course Strategies:
Discuss the principles of adsorption,

adsorption adsorption isotherms,
isotherms equilibrium
adsorption equations.
Introduce graphical methods of adsorption and calculations.
Understand the application of theory in industrial adsorption equipment

and work typical examples thereof.
Explanation of components of industrial adsorption equipment
Course Activities:
Lectures in class;Tutorials; Discussions
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Equilibrium Adsorption
Adsorption can be carries out as
An equilibrium process where the fluid with solute is made to contact until
equilibrium is reached, or
As a plug flow process in a packed bed where particles are saturated with
solute as adsorption
p
front is pprogressed
g
Lets study adsorption using packed bed column.
Equilibrium stage process

During the equilibrium stage process the adsorbent is mixed with the
adsorbate (B) in the solution (Feed) thouroughly until equilibrium is reach,
Let:
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Equilibrium stage process
It is a straight line with slope Q/S.
Hence, weight of adsorbent used can

be determined via
((a))
Graphically
p
y or
(b)
Mathematically ( with Langmuir,

Freudenlich or BET Isotherm)
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EXAMPLE
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Solution
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Solution
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EXAMPLE
Adsorption of glucose in an aqueous solution is carried out using activated

alumina as adsorbent. M g of alumina is used with V litres of the solution of
i i i l concentration
initial
i C
Co. Th
The fifinall concentration
i off the
h glucose
l
iin the
h
solution is C. Data for different experiments conducted are shown
below.
In an industrial process,
process 10m3/h or glucose solution of concentration 0.2
02
g/litre is to be treated in a two stage adsorbers n series in order to obtain
a final product of concentration 0.05 g/litre. Each adsorber is using equal
amounts of adsorbent.
adsorbent Estimate the adsorbent weight per hour required in
each case.
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Solution
10
Material balance for glucose

M V(C0-C)
M.q=V(C
C)
Therefore q= V(C0-C)/M
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Breakup Curve & Scale Up
Adsorption is a transient process. The amount of adsorbed component within a

bed depends on position and t.
As fluid enters the bed, it comes in contact with the first few layers of
absorbent. Solute adsorbs, filling up some of the available sites. Soon, the
adsorbent near the entrance is saturated and the fluid penetrates farther into
the bed before all solute is removed. Thus the active region shifts down
g the bed as time goes
g
on.
through
The fluid emerging from the bed will have little or no solute remaining until the
bulk of the bed becomes saturated.
The break point occurs when the concentration of the fluid leaving the bed
spikes as unadsorbed solute begins to emerge
emerge. The bed has become ineffective
ineffective.
Breakpoint composition is set to be the maximum amount of solute that can
be acceptably lost, typically between 1 and 5%.
As the concentration wave moves through the bed, most of the mass transfer
is occurring in a fairly small region. This mass transfer zone moves down the bed
until it "breaks through". The shape of the mass transfer zone depends on the
adsorption isotherm (equilibrium expression), flow rate, and the diffusion
characteristics. Usually, the shape must be determined experimentally.
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Concentration pattern in fixed beds
In fixed-bed adsorption, the concentration in fluid or solid phase changes
with
i h time
i
and
d position.
ii
The concentration in the fluid decreases exponentially with the distance
from feed to zero before the end of the bed (t1).
C
Concentration
t ti profile
fil
After a few minutes, the solid near the inlet is nearly saturated and most of
the mass transfer take place farther (t2). The concentration gradient
becomes S-shaped.
Mass transfer zone is referred to the region where most of the
concentration
t ti changes
h
occur with
ith lilimit
it off c/c
/ 0 values
l
off 0.95
0 95 tto 00.05.
05
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Example
Case (a) shows the initial condition of the bed

where an adsorbate of initial concentration Co is
introduced into a stream of a fluid of just enters
the bed. The bed is in immaculate condition with
no traces of adsorbate and the stream leaving the
bed has an adsorbate concentration C=0.
C=0
After a lapse of time t=t1 the adsorbate is retained

within the bed as shown in Case (b). The first
portion of the bed is saturated with the adsorbate
while
h l the
h middle
ddl portion off the
h bed
b d shows
h
a
concentration profile of the adsorbate as shown.
This region is usually known as the mass transfer
zone of the bed. The latter portion of the bed is
yet free
f
from
f
the
h adsorbate.
d b
After a prolonged use of the bed, the adsorbent

within the whole bed gets used up with no further
adsorption
p
possible
p
and the adsorbate
concentration at outlet becoming the same as the
inlet concentration Co of the adsorbate.
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Breakthrough curve
The figure shows the typical expected variation of the adsorbate

concentration at the exit end of the adsorber with time.
During the initial period up to a time t=to, no appreciable concentration is

observed at the exit of the bed.
At t=to, the outlet stream just begins to show the presence of adsorbate at
the exit. This point is theoretically the breakthrough point.
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Due to difficulties in the measurement of extremely low concentrations,

breakthrough point is usually taken as the point at which the concentration
off the
h exit
i stream becomes
b
0.05
0 05 times
i
the
h inlet
i l concentration.
i
Time t indicates the time when outlet concentration is 0.05 times the inlet
concentration.
Prolonged use of bed thereafter shows a sharp increase in the exit

concentration, finally reaching the value C0.
The figure
g
shows a typical
yp
plot
p of the ratio of outlet solute concentration
to inlet solute concentration in the fluid as a function of time from the
start of flow. The S-shaped curve is called the breakthrough curve.
The steepness
p
of the breakthrough
g curve determines the capacity
p y of an
adsorbent bed, relating to determine the length of the adsorption bed.
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In actual practice, the steepness of the concentration profiles shown

previously can increase or decrease, depending on the type of adsorption
i h
isotherm
iinvolved.
l d
Breakthrough capacity is defined as the amount of adsorbate mass taken up

by 100 g of adsorbent until breakthrough.
Dynamic capacity is defined as the amount of adsorbate taken up by 100 g

of adsorbent until completion of saturation of the whole bed.
Breakthrough
g curves for (a)
( ) a narrow and ((b)) a wide mass-transfer zone
tb = break-point time
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Breakup Curve
For a unit area of bed cross section, the solute feed rate is the product of
the superficial velocity and concentration.
For an ideal breakthrough curve, all the solute fed in time t* is adsorbed
and the concentration on the solid has increased from initial adsorbate
loading W0 to Wsat. L and b are the length and the bulk density of the bed
respectively. W0 = 0 for fresh or completely regenerated adsorbent.
t* = time equivalent to the total or stoichiometry capacity
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Scaleup
The width of mass transfer zone depends on mass transfer rate, flow rate
and the shape of equilibrium curve.
Predicting concentration profile and zone width is complicated, thus

adsorbers are scaled up
p from laboratoryy tests. The large
g unit is then
designed for the same particle size and superficial velocity.
When scaling up an adsorber, the key design parameter is the length of the
bed. The total length
g is split
p into the "required
q
length"
g of an "ideal" fixed
bed process and a segment of "unused bed" that is the length leftover at
breakthrough. By adding these together, a bed can be obtained to achieve
separation without wasting solute.
L design= L required usable capacity +L unused bed
The diameter of the bed is calculated from the fluid flow rate and the
desired cycle
y time. Usually,
y, superficial
p
velocities on the order of 0.15 to
0.45 m/s are targeted.
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Capacity calculations are made based on plots of the composition vs. time
(usually near the exit of the bed). Curves are integrated (analytically,
numerically,
i ll or graphically)
hi ll ) to obtain
b i capacities
i i ((measured
d iin time
i
units,
i or
how long a bed can run).
To calculate the length of unused bed from the breakthrough curve, the
totall solute
l
adsorbed
d b d up to the
h break
b k point is determined
d
d by
b integration.
The capacity of the solid is obtained by integration of complete

breakthrough curve or from separate equilibrium tests.
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For scale up, as L increases:
To determine t* and tb,
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The time required for a bed to become totally saturated is obtained by

integrating as time goes to infinity:
In operation, you want to stop the process before solute breaks through,
so integration
g
to the breakpoint
p
time gives
g
the "usable" capacity:
p y Most of
the time the breakthrough time is very close to the time elapsed at usable
capacity.
The capacity times are directly related to bed length:

L required usable capacity = L(tb/ t*)
L unused bed or LUB = L(1
L(1- tb/ t*)
The unused height can also be readily measured by experiment. The total
design height of a bed is determined by adding the required usable capacity
t the
to
th unused
d height
h i ht
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Example
The adsorption of n-butanol from air was studied in a small fixed bed
(10.61cm diameter) with 300 and 600g carbon, corresponding to bed
l
length
h off 8 and
d 16
16cm. ((a)) FFrom the
h ffollowing
ll i d
data ffor effluent
ffl
concentration, estimate the saturation capacity of carbon and the fraction
of the bed used at c/c0 = 0.05. (b) Predict the breakpoint time for a bed
length of 32 cm
cm. Data for nn-butanol
butanol on Columbia JXC 4/6 carbon are as
follows:
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Solution 1
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Solution 1
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Solution 1
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Solution 1
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Solution 1
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Solution 2
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Solution 2
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Solution 2
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Advanced Theoretical Equations

(for reference only)
Plug flow,
Linear isothermal
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No mass transfer limitation;

adsorption
p
at equilibrium
q
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Industrial Adsorption Equipment

Stirred-Tank Slurry Adsorption
A batch of liquid is added to a powdered adsorbent (in an agitated vessel

to form a slurry.
The main application of stirred-tank slurry adsorption is the removal of

veryy small amounts of dissolved, and relativelyy large
g molecules, such as
colouring agents from water.
The required residence time of the operation is mainly determined by the

time to achieve equilibrium
q
is approached.
pp
The spent
p
adsorbent is removed
from the slurry by filtration or sedimentation and is discarded.
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For large scale, multiple batch or cross flow

system is used.
To reduce the total amount of adsorbent,

batch processing is conducted in 2 steps. The
feed is first contacted with a fresh batch of
adsorbent.
d b
After
Af separation off the
h fluid
fl d from
f
the adsorbent, the fluid is contacted with a
further fresh batch of adsorbent.
A counter-current configuration of fluid and

adsorbent flows is shown in second figure.
The feed enters Stage 1 and is initially
contacted
t t d with
ith a quantity
tit off adsorbent
d b t which
hi h
has passed through two other stages (2 and
3). The quantity of adsorbent required for a
given separation can be reduced by increasing
the number of stages.
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Fixed Bed Adsorption
The cyclic-batch operating mode using fixed bed widely used for gas and
liquid feed. Separation in a fixed bed is unsteady state rate-controlled
process, properties in bed varies with position and time.
Adsorption
p
onlyy occurs in mass transfer zone which moves through
g the
bed. Applications of fixed bed adsorption include the removal of dissolved
organic compounds from water.
The factors which determine the number and arrangement

g
of fixed beds
include total feed flow rate, allowable pressure drop, energy demands,
length of the MTZ, method of adsorbent regeneration, and the capital
investment.
In order to achieve a steady flow, at least 2 beds should be included. One is

in the adsorption mode while the other is in the regeneration mode.
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Adsorbent have finite capacity for fluid phase molecules. After reaching
thermodynamic equilibrium, it is necessary either to regenerate the
adsorbent
d b
or to dispose
di
off it.
i
Disposal would be favoured when the adsorbent is of low cost, is very

difficult to regenerate, and the non-adsorbed component is the desired
product
d
off very high
h h value.
l
In the majority of applications, disposal is not economic. In-situ or external

regeneration stated below is required.
a.
Increase in temperature
b.
Reduction in partial pressure
c
c.
Reduction in concentration
d.
Purging with an inert fluid
e.
Displacement with a more strongly adsorbing species
f.
Change of chemical conditions, e.g. pH

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Example of fixed-bed adsorption processes:
Pressure-Swing Adsorption (PSA) processes
Temperature-Swing Adsorption (TSA) processes
Displacement Purge Adsorption (DPA) process
Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA)
Regeneration in a PSA process is achieved by reducing the partial pressure

of the adsorbate.
(1) a reduction in the system total pressure
((2)) introduction of an inert ggas while maintainingg the total system
y
pressure.
p
Combination of the 2 methods is usually employed. Use of a purge fluid

alone is unusual.
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Figure shows the effect of partial pressure

on equilibrium loading for a Type I isotherm
att a ttemperature
t
T1
T1. R
Reducing
d i th
the partial
ti l P
from p1 to p2 causes the equilibrium loading
to be reduced from q1 to q2.
P changes can be effected very much more

quickly than T changes, thus cycle time of
pressure swing adsorption (PSA) processes
are typically
yp
y in the order of minutes or even
seconds.
PSA processes are often operated at low adsorbent loadings because

selectivityy between ggaseous components
p
is often greatest
g
in the Henry's
y Law
region. I
t is desirable to operate PSA processes close to ambient temperature to take

advantage of the fact that for a given partial pressure the loading is increased as
the temperature is decreased.
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Typical PSA processes consist of 2-Bed system.
PSA processes is popular for bulk separations of gases. Separations by PSA

and VSA are controlled by adsorption equilibrium or adsorption kinetics.
For the separation of air with zeolites, adsorption equilibrium is the

controllingg factor. Nitrogen
g is more strongly
g y adsorbed than oxygen.
yg For air
with about 21% oxygen and 79% nitrogen, a product of nearly 96% oxygen
purity can be obtained.
When carbon molecular sieves are used, oxygen

yg and nitrogen
g have almost
the same adsorption isotherms, but the effective diffusivity of oxygen is
much larger than nitrogen. Hence more oxygen is adsorbed than nitrogen,
and a product of very high purity nitrogen ( 99%) can be obtained.
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Temperature Swing Adsorption (TSA)
Regeneration of adsorbent in a TSA process is achieved by an increase of T . The

Figure shows the effect of T on the adsorption equilibrium (Type I isotherm) .
For any given partial pressure of the adsorbate in the gas phase (or
concentration in the liquid
q
pphase),
) an increase in T leads to a decrease in the
quantity adsorbed.
Regeneration of adsorbent in a TSA
process is achieved by an increaseT .
A relatively modest increase in
temperature can effect a relatively large
decrease in loading. It is therefore
generally possible to desorb any
components provided that the
temperature is high enough. However,
the regeneration temperature should
not cause degradation of the
adsorbents.
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A change in temperature alone is not used in commercial processes

because there is no mechanism for removing the adsorbate from the
adsorption
d
i unit
i once desorption
d
i from
f
the
h adsorbents
d b
has
h occurred.
d
Passage of a hot purge gas or steam, through the bed to sweep out the
desorbed components is almost always used in conjunction with the
increase in temperature.
temperature
A very important characteristic of TSA processes is that they are used

virtually exclusively for treating feeds with low concentrations of
adsorbates.
adsorbates
The next Section discusses typical 2-bed TSA system, and a example of a 3bed TSA system.
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Displacement Purge Adsorption (DPA)
Adsorbates is removed from the adsorbent surface by replacing with a more

preferentially adsorbed species, which can be a gas, a vapour or a liquid,
The mechanism for desorption:
(1) partial pressure (or concentration) of original adsorbate in the gas phase
surrounding the adsorbent is reduced
(2) there is competitive adsorption for the displacement fluid. The
displacement
p
fluid is present
p
on the adsorbent and thus will contaminate the
product.
Advantage: the net heat generated or consumed in the adsorbent will be

close to zero because the heat of adsorption
p
of the displacement
p
fluid is
likely to be close to that of the original adsorbate. Adsorbent T is stable
throughout the cycle.
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Generation by displacement purge depend solely on the ability of the

displacement fluid to cleanse the bed in readiness for the next adsorption step.
Examples of commercial processes include the separation of linear paraffins

from mixtures containing branched chain and cyclic isomers in the range of
C10 - C18 hydrocarbons.
h d
b
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A : more strongly adsorbed component in the binary feed mixture of (A and B)
D : the displacement purge gas.
The feed mixture of (A and B) is passed through Bed 1 acting as the adsorber,
which is preloaded with D from the previous cycle (when Bed 1 was the
regenerator).
g
) A is adsorbed and the pproduct of a mixture of ((B and D))
emerges from the top of the column. (B and D) are easily separated by
distillation so that B is collected in a relatively pure state.
The displacement
p
ggas D then enters Bed 2 actingg as regenerator
g
and from
which emerges a mixture of (A and D). (A and D) can be separated without
difficulty in another distillation column.
In effect the original

g
mixture of (A
( and B),
) which would have been difficult to
separate by PSA or TSA, is separated by the "intervention" of another strongly
adsorbed component D. The ease of separation of A from D, and B from D, in
the additional distillation stages, is crucial in determining the economies of
displacement purge cycle operation.
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Moving Bed Adsorption & Desorption
Advantage : the adsorbent can be regenerated as soon as adsorption step

has been completed. Thus, he inventory of the adsorbent can be kept to a
minimum. Heat transfer in moving and fluidised bed systems is better than
in fixed beds.
The equipment is more complex and hence more expensive than fixed
beds. In addition, the equipment will need to be provided to cope with
attrition of the adsorbent which will inevitably occur.
The various types of moving bed systems are:
1.
Continuous Counter-Current System
2
2.
Simulated Moving Bed (SMB) System
3.
Fluidized Bed System
4.
Pulsed Bed System
5.
Rotating Bed (Adsorption Wheel)

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Continuous Counter-Current Adsorption
It involves a bed of adsorbent moving downward in a plug flow and the feed
mixture flowing upward in a plug flow through the bed void space.
Unfortunately, such a system has not been successfully developed because

of p
problems adsorbent attrition, feed channelling,
g and non-uniform flow of
adsorbent particles.
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Simulated Moving Beds using Fixed Beds
A successful alternative system for

commercial application is the UOP
Sorbex Process for the separation of
bulk liquid mixtures.
The bed is held stationery in one column

column, which is equipped with a number
(perhaps 12) of liquid feed entry and discharge locations. By shifting with a
rotary valve, the locations of feed entry, desorbent entry, extract
(adsorbate) removal, and raffinate (non
(non-adsorbed
adsorbed component) removal, a
counter-current movement of solids is simulated by a downward movement
of liquid.
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Rotary valve may not be used in some designs. The SMB process uses
multiple beds connected by pipes with control valves so that the positions
off various
i
iinlet
l and
d outlet
l flows
fl
can be
b programmed
d as a ffunction
i off time.
i
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Several commercial SMB systems are shown in the Table below.
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Fluidized Bed
The fluidized bed consist of 2

sections - adsorption section and
desorption section
In the adsorption section, sieve

trays are used
d withh the
h raw gas
passing up through the
perforations (sieves) of the tray,
and thus fluidiziing the solid
adsorbents particles. The fluidized
solids flow like a liquid across the
tray, into the downcomer, and onto
the tray below.
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Several commercial applications of the Sorbex process exist as shown in

the Table below:
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From the adsorption section, the solids pass to the desorption section. The
solids first flow down through preheating tubes and then through
d
desorption
i tubes.
b SSteam is
i used
d for
f indirect
i di
hheating
i in
i both
b h sets off tubes
b
and for stripping in the desorption tubes.
Moving beds are used in the desorption section because the stripping
steam flow
fl
rate is insufficient
ff
ffor flfluidizing
d
the
h solids.
ld A
At the
h bottom
b
off the
h
unit, the regenerated solids are picked up by a carrier gas, which flows
upward through a gas-lift line in the centre of the vessel to the top. At the
top the solids settle out onto the top tray to repeat the adsorption part of
top,
the cycle.
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Pulsed Flow
As shown schematically in the figure in next slide, the carbon adsorbent bed
moves downward opposite to the flow of liquid which flows upwards.
Spent carbon is removed from the bottom of the column and an equal amount
of fresh or regenerated
g
carbon is added to the topp of the column.
The column can be connected to a series of fixed beds stacked on top of each
other with the bottom one being removed and a new one being added at the
top.
p The column is normallyy full with adsorbent so that no expansion
p
can occur
which would cause mixing, lengthening of the MTZ and hence reduced
efficiency.
Pulsed bed systems

y
are used when the feed is free of suspended
p
solids and the
carbon usage rate is high.
Pulsed bed can be operated on a continuous or semi-continuous basis. In

continuous operation,
p
, spent
p
carbon is continuallyy withdrawn from the bottom
of the column and regenerated carbon is continually added at the top.
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Semi-continuous operation is more common. A given volume of carbon is

removed and an equal amount is added at a given interval.
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Adsorption Wheel (Rotating Beds)
Adsorbent in monolithic or particulate form are mounted on a rotor or

wheel, which is turned by a motor.
As the wheel rotates, the adsorbent is alternately contacted by the process

ggas and byy a regeneration
g
gas
g at an elevated temperature.
p
The relative
residence times of the adsorbent in each zone are set by the fractions of
the circle covered by each of the zones, while the overall cycle time is set
by the speed of rotation.
The wheels offer a simple process by using only one vessel to house the
whole process. Besides that, the cycle times is considerably shorter
compared to fixed bed TSA processes. Thus, wheel-based processes
requiring considerably less adsorbent per unit of gas processed per unit of
time.
However, adsorbent in monolithic form costs more than simple particles.

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Wheels had been made with diameters in excess of 4-m and are available
with silicalite, alumina, silica gel, and other adsorbents.
A complication associated with adsorbent wheels is that there can be

leakage of process gas into the regeneration section and of regeneration
gas into the adsorption section. This cross-contamination leads to practical
removals
l which
h h are lower
l
than
h can normally
ll be
b achieved
h
d in fixed
f d bed
b d TSA
processes. In addition, the mass transfer rate per unit length of bed
traversed is not as high as that in packed bed of particles.
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Ion Exchange
Ion exchange is a reversible chemical reaction where an ion from a solution

is exchanged for a similarly charged ion attached to an immobile solid
particle.
An example:
p
where R represents the solid phase.
The basis of separations is that components to be separated distribute

unequally between the solution and the solid particle.
particle The solid ion
exchange particles are either naturally occurring inorganic zeolites or
synthetically produced organic resins. The synthetic resins are the
ppredominant type
yp used todayy because their characteristics can be tailored
to specific applications. These ion exchange resins are made of polymer
with electrically charged sites at which one ion may replace another. Resins
currently available exhibit a range of selectivity and thus have broad
applications.
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a.
b.
c.
d
d.
Example applications include:

Water-softening to remove its hardness (by exchanging calcium ions for
sodium ions)
Deionization of water, i.e. to remove all ions in the water
Treatment of trade effluents, e.g. process water from metal finishing
Separation and purification of products from bioreactors
Synthetic ion exchange resins are usually cast as porous beads with
considerable external and pore surfaces where ions can attach. Synthetic
ion exchange resins are used in diverse fields such as water treatment,
pharmaceutical manufacture, trace analysis, and hydro-metallurgy. Resins can
be fully ionised or partially ionised.
The exchange of ions is reversible and does not cause any permanent
change to the structure of the ion exchange resin. Thus it can be used and
reused unless fouled by organic compounds in the liquid solution. During
ion exchange, the resin become saturated with ions transferred from the
liquid phase. To reuse it, the resins need to be regenerated.
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Chromatography
Chromatographic separation depends upon the presence of a flowing liquid

or gas stream (mobile phase) which carries the materials to be separated
(the feed) into contact with a fixed, non-moving substance (stationary
phase).
In order to achieve separation, feed components must have a different

degree of affinity for the stationary and mobile phases. Components that
are more weakly retained by the stationary phase will move through a
chromatographic system more rapidly than a more strongly retained
component.
Sorption is the process transferring a solute from a mobile phase to a

stationary phase is. The materials comprising the stationary phases are the
sorbents. The stationary sorbent phase is a solid, a liquid supported on or
bonded to a solid, or a gel. They come in a wide variety of forms and
chemical
h i l compositions
iti
because
b
off the
th many ways in
i which
hi h chromatography
h
t
h
are applied.
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The feed mixture to be separated forms the mobile phase after injection into
the carrier fluid. This may be a liquid (liquid chromatography) or a gas (gas
chromatography).
Oft th
Often,
the mixture
i t
is
i initially
i iti ll a liliquid,
id bbutt iis vapourised
i d without
ith t d
decomposition
iti
by the carrier gas, giving a gas mixture for the mobile phase. Gas carriers are
inert and do not interact with the sorbent or components of the feed. Liquid
carriers (solvents) can interact and must be selected carefully.
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Advantages of Chromatographic Processes:

Capable of separating complex mixtures at low operating temperatures
Large scale batch or continuous operation possible
Capable of separating materials according to size and/or chemical properties
Can be used to separate delicate or heat labile compounds
Separation can be achieved by a variety of methods
Very pure products can be recovered
Disadvantages of Chromatographic Processes:

Process scale-up
P
l
i a problem
is
bl
(hence
(h
llow th
throughput)
h t)
Irreversible adsorption of materials creates problems
To achieve efficient separations, high operating pressures may be required.
Over-loading
Over
loading of columns with feed material may cause incomplete separation
Feed material is diluted by flowing mobile phase
Non-uniform column packing can lead to a significant decrease in separation
performance
Pre-filtration of feed material is usually required
Periodic column re-packing / regeneration required
70
CP Leo
71
CP Leo
Referencs
J.D. Seader & E.J. Henley John, Separation Process

Principles ,2 ndEd. John Wiley & Sons, 2006.
Principles
C.J. Geankoplis, Transport Processes and Unit
Operations, 3 rdEdition, Prentice-Hall International, 1993.
W.L. McCabe, J.C. Smith, P. Harriott, Unit Operations of
Chemical Engineering, 7 th Editiom, McGraw Hill
I
International,
i l 2005
2005.
http://www.cbu.edu/~rprice/lectures/adsorb.html
72
CP Leo
Tasks
Tutorial 1
73
CP Leo

Adsorption II

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Adsorption II

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Adsorption

Course Learning Outcomes

Apply the basic theories of adsorption.

Analyze the design and operation of adsorption in application.

Discuss the principles of adsorption,

Introduce graphical methods of adsorption and calculations.

Understand the application of theory in industrial adsorption equipment

Explanation of components of industrial adsorption equipment

Lets study adsorption using packed bed column.

Equilibrium stage process

It is a straight line with slope Q/S.

Hence, weight of adsorbent used can

Mathematically ( with Langmuir,

Adsorption of glucose in an aqueous solution is carried out using activated

Material balance for glucose

Breakup Curve & Scale Up

Adsorption is a transient process. The amount of adsorbed component within a

Breakup Curve & Scale Up

Breakup Curve & Scale Up

Case (a) shows the initial condition of the bed

After a lapse of time t=t1 the adsorbate is retained

After a prolonged use of the bed, the adsorbent

Breakup Curve & Scale Up

The figure shows the typical expected variation of the adsorbate

During the initial period up to a time t=to, no appreciable concentration is

Breakup Curve & Scale Up

Due to difficulties in the measurement of extremely low concentrations,

Prolonged use of bed thereafter shows a sharp increase in the exit

Breakup Curve & Scale Up

In actual practice, the steepness of the concentration profiles shown

Breakthrough capacity is defined as the amount of adsorbate mass taken up

Dynamic capacity is defined as the amount of adsorbate taken up by 100 g

t* = time equivalent to the total or stoichiometry capacity

Breakup Curve & Scale Up

Predicting concentration profile and zone width is complicated, thus

Breakup Curve & Scale Up

The capacity of the solid is obtained by integration of complete

Breakup Curve & Scale Up

For scale up, as L increases:

To determine t* and tb,

Breakup Curve & Scale Up

The time required for a bed to become totally saturated is obtained by

The capacity times are directly related to bed length:

Advanced Theoretical Equations

No mass transfer limitation;

Industrial Adsorption Equipment

A batch of liquid is added to a powdered adsorbent (in an agitated vessel

The main application of stirred-tank slurry adsorption is the removal of

The required residence time of the operation is mainly determined by the

Industrial Adsorption Equipment

For large scale, multiple batch or cross flow

To reduce the total amount of adsorbent,

A counter-current configuration of fluid and

Industrial Adsorption Equipment

The factors which determine the number and arrangement

In order to achieve a steady flow, at least 2 beds should be included. One is

Industrial Adsorption Equipment

Industrial Adsorption Equipment

Disposal would be favoured when the adsorbent is of low cost, is very

In the majority of applications, disposal is not economic. In-situ or external

Reduction in partial pressure

Purging with an inert fluid

Displacement with a more strongly adsorbing species

Change of chemical conditions, e.g. pH