Slope Stability Monitoring and Assessment

3rd International ILRIS-3D User Meeting
June 6th and 7th, 2007, Roma
Slope stability monitoring and

assessment
M. Jaboyedoff1, T. Oppikofer1, R. Metzger1, H.-R. Keusen2, L.
Blikra3, Derron4; A. Pedrazzzini1
1) Institute of Geomatics and Risk Analysis (IGAR), University of Lausanne, Switzerland
2) GEOTEST, Zollikofen
3) Stranda Commune, Norway
4) Geological Survey of Norway, International Center for Geohazards, Trondheim, Norway
27.05.2007
Topographic analysis
27.05.2007
Relief analysis using COLTOP-3D

Classical DEM representation with
either: slope angle or slope aspect
COLTOP-3D representation with
both: slope angle and slope aspect
Jaboyedoff & Couture (2003)
3rd Int. ILRIS-3D Meeting June 6th and 7th 2007, Roma
M. Jaboyedoff, et al.
27.05.2007
COLTOP-3D: A relief analysis software
Same colour
=
same slope
orientation
Jaboyedoff & Couture (2003)
27.05.2007
Randa exemple
Randa
Aprs
Avant
18 avril 1991
9 mai 1991
30 Millions m3
Photos CREALP et Schindler, et al. (1993); modifi daprs Sartori, Baillifard, Jaboyedoff & Rouiller (2003)
5
27.05.2007
Identification of major faults
No
rt
Jaboyedoff et al. (2004)

6
27.05.2007
Randa basal fault identification using

COLTOP-3D
27.05.2007
3D analysis
north
Jaboyedoff et al. (2004)
27.05.2007
Exemple of scar analysais
27.05.2007
The knes Site
slope: 35-40
surface: ~1300x600 m
10
27.05.2007
knes and Hegguraksla classified as high-risk

objects in 2004
From Blikra (2006)
11
27.05.2007
From Blikra (2006)
Volume:
10 times knes
150 times Tafjord
Hegguraksla
slide in 1934
knes
12
27.05.2007
Tafjord accident in 1934 (3 mill. m3)

From Blikra (2006)
13
27.05.2007
From Blikra (2006)
14
27.05.2007
STEP 2: structural analysis of the DEM

N
15
27.05.2007
STEP 2: structural analysis of the DEM

Measurements of the discontinuities
made on the DEM
made in the field
data from
A. Braathen
16
27.05.2007
airphoto + scarp (red line)
measurement of the orientations

of the discontinuities directly on
the color shaded DEM
detection of all the facets of

the DEM having an
orientation corresponding to
one of the discontinuity
previously detected
17
27.05.2007
Stepped surface near knes

Stepped surface exposed 2.5 km SW of knes
Dip-slopes of gneiss foliation, linked by steep
fractures
Characteristics of
discontinuity sets:
Orientation
Spacing
Persistence
Roughness
18
27.05.2007
Identification of main structures
COLTOP-3D representation of a 1m-DEM derived from aerial laser scanning
19
27.05.2007
5 major discontinuity sets

Orientation derived from density stereonets over
selected areas of same colour:
Foliation S1: 077/36 15
Set
Set
Set
Set
D1:
D2:
D3:
D4:
109/68
262/70
219/42
181/62
20
25
15
20
15
27.05.2007
Surface shaped by discontinuity sets
Representation in ArcGis
21
27.05.2007
Large scale joint roughness

Joint roughness
coefficient (JRC)
estimation of the
foliation S1
Joint roughness
coefficient (JRC)
estimation of the
foliation S1
Asperity-amplitude
method along a profile
(Barton, 1982)
Asperity-amplitude
method along a profile
(Barton, 1982)
Localisation of the profile across the stepped

surface (yellow: area covered by TLS, green:
trace of step fracture)
Using PolyWorks
22
27.05.2007
Joint roughness based on TLS
The rotated upper foliation showing the

asperity-amplitude relative to the base line.
Extract of the profile (70 to 110 m) showing
the foliation planes and the step fracture
JRC: 10.8 to 14.5
Using PolyWorks
23
27.05.2007
Spacing and trace length

Ten parallel cross-sections based on aerial HR-DEM.
Representation in ArcGis
24
27.05.2007
Spacing and trace length

Identification of
foliation S1 and
step fractures D1
Measurement of
apparent dip
angle, spacing
and trace length
25
27.05.2007
Histograms
Dip angle
S1: 33.2
D1: 73.5
Trace length
S1: 65.4m
D1: 18.4m
Spacing
S1: 12.5m
D1: 43.4m
26
27.05.2007
Frequency distributions
Probability that the trace length or the spacing
exceeds a certain value frequency distributions
x
1
f
(
x
X
)
=
e
with = x
27
27.05.2007
Comparison with knes

Reinterpretation of electric resistivity profile across
the knes landslide showing a stepped surface
Dip angle
S1: 25.3
D1: 59.7
Trace length
S1: 199.3m
D1: 75.1m
Spacing
S1: 40.4m
D1: 115.6m
28
27.05.2007
Comparison with knes

Reinterpretation:
one large scale
step is formed by
several smaller
scale steps
Trace length
Spacing
S1
D1
S1
D1
53.2
20.5
12.7
39.7
Reinterpret. 195.8
82.3
33.4 100.7
knes
75.1
40.4 115.6
Original
199.3
Using PolyWorks
29
27.05.2007
Airborne laser scanning (ALS)

combined to
terrestrial laser scanning (TLS)
27.05.2007
Geological structures
Orientation of
discontinuities in
inaccessible zones
Main scar of Aaknes
(Norway): 256/83
3D color scheme
representation
(Coltop) on TLS data
31
27.05.2007
Completion of ALS-DEM by TLS data

knes landslide
(Norway)
ALS-DEM
completed by
high-resolution
TLS data
Using PolyWorks
32
27.05.2007
Monitoring of slope movements using

TLS - example from Eiger rock slide
27.05.2007
Method
Flowchart for the
analysis of 3D laser
scanner data:
Single images
Sequential images
Possible analyses:
Movement speeds
and directions
Volume calculation
Structural analysis

34
27.05.2007
The Eiger rock slide

On Eigers eastern
flank (Grindelwald,
central Switzerland)
Deep and narrow
glacier valley
200 m high and 250
m large spur in quite
compact
limestone
(Malm)
Map: www.swissgeo.ch
35
27.05.2007
Monitoring using terrestrial Lidar

The terrestrial Lidar
(Light Detection and
Ranging) uses a laser
with a wavelength of
1500 nm to measure
the distance of an
object. The result is a
3D point cloud of the
scanned rockface.
Laser scanning was
performed on 11th,
12th, 13th, 17th and 25th
of July 2006
Sequential images
allow for detection of
movements (direction
and rate) and
calculation of collapsed
volumes
36
27.05.2007
History of the Eiger rock slide

Caused by the retreat of
the Lower Grindelwald
glacier since 1860
August
2005:
Micro
earthquakes after heavy
rainfall
12.7.2006
June 12th 2006

Photo: Geotest
June 11th 2006: Collapse

of ~1000 m3, opening
of the steep back crack,
beginning of fast slope
movements
From Oppikofer et al., in prep.
37
27.05.2007
Partial collapse (July 13th 2006)

Collapse of about 460000 m3 in the right part
Ongoing slope movements and rockfall activity
Photos: Bruno Petroni, Berner Oberlnder

38
27.05.2007
Evolution (June to October 2006)
June 20th 2006
Pictures: Geotest
August 30th 2006
July 17th 2006
August 2nd 2006
September 22nd 2006
October 29th 2006

39
27.05.2007
Monitoring of the rock slide

Hand measurements on the
back crack
Monitoring of rock slope
movements using a total
station with reflectors
Ground-based 3D laser
scanner (Lidar) monitoring
since July 11th 2006
Photo:22.9.2006
Geotest

40
27.05.2007
3D image of the rock face

41
27.05.2007
Movements (11th to 12th of July 2006)

Rear block:
70 cm in 24h
Front block:
10-15 cm in 24h
Right part:
up to 1 m in
24 hours
Prediction of the
July 13th collapse
Photo: Bruno Petroni
Using PolyWorks
42
27.05.2007

Continuation of
movements
Rear block: down
movement (3.2
m in 5 days)
Creation of
debris cone
No comparison
possible in the
right part
Using PolyWorks
43
27.05.2007

Front block:
advance of
~1 m in 5
days
Using PolyWorks
44
27.05.2007

Ongoing slope
movements in the
right part (1.5 m
in 8 days)
Displacement in 8
days
Front: 1.2 m
Rear: 4.0 m
Rockfall on the
front block
Using PolyWorks

45
27.05.2007
Cross sections
Cross section through
the central part of the
cliff. Plane orientation
parallel to the direction
of movement
-50
12.07.2006
17.07.2006
25.07.2006
22.09.2006
-100
-150
-200
-250
-300
-350
-400
100
Using PolyWorks
150
200
250
300
350
400

46
27.05.2007
Cross sections
Cross section through the
right part of the cliff, where
the large rockfall event of
13th of July 2006 occurred.
Plane orientation parallel to
the direction of movement.
-50
12.07.2006
17.07.2006
25.07.2006
22.09.2006
-100
-150
-200
-250
-300
-350
-400
-450
100
Using PolyWorks
150
200
250
300
350

47
27.05.2007
400
Movement vectors
Part
Rear block
Front block
Velocity
[cm/day]
Dates
Direction
[Azi./Dip]
12.7.-17.7.06
65.7 008/69
17.7.-25.7.06
52.8 006/66
25.7.-22.9.06
35.2 007/69
22.9.-1.12.06
11.4 051/80
12.7.-17.7.06
19.6 039/31
17.7.-25.7.06
16.6 052/36
25.7.-22.9.06
11.9 042/39
22.9.-1.12.06
3.9 037/33

48
27.05.2007
Cross section and sliding mechanism

Downward movement
of rear block,
advance of front
block
Basal and rear sliding
planes parallel to
vectors of the front
and rear block
Rear block acts like a
wedge splitting off
the front block
49
27.05.2007
Summary (1/3)
Relief analysis using COLTOP-3D:
Combination of slope angle and direction in a unique colour

Determination of large discontinuities shaping the relief
Stability tests based on DEM analysis
Identification of major faults and basal sliding surfaces
Structural analysis of inaccessible areas
COLTOP-3D representation of terrestrial laser scanner
(Lidar) point clouds for detailed structural measurements
50
27.05.2007
Summary (2/3)
Stepped surface near knes:
Formed by dip-slopes of foliation and steep fractures
Estimation of discontinuity characteristics (orientation,
roughness, spacing, trace length) based on HR-DEM and
TLS
Creation of random surfaces using the frequency
distributions
Refinement of the potential failure surface model of the
knes landslide
Input for the mechanical model of the sliding surface
Roughness calculation using 3D fractals on TLS data
51
27.05.2007
Summary (3/3)
Complementarities of TLS and ALS high resolution
digital elevation models
Comparison of sequential images to monitor slope
movements
Delimitation of individual masses with different movement
directions and/or velocities
Prediction of collapses
Calculation of precise 3D movement vectors
Determination of rockfalls volume and sliding mechanisms
Structural analysis of scars
52
27.05.2007
Thank you for your attention!!!!!
53
27.05.2007

Slope Stability Monitoring and Assessment

Загружено:

Сведения о документе

Авторское право

Доступные форматы

Поделиться этим документом

Поделиться или встроить документ

Параметры публикации

Этот документ был вам полезен?

Это неприемлемый материал?

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

Slope Stability Monitoring and Assessment

Загружено:

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

3rd International ILRIS-3D User Meeting

June 6th and 7th, 2007, Roma

Slope stability monitoring and

Relief analysis using COLTOP-3D

Jaboyedoff & Couture (2003)

COLTOP-3D: A relief analysis software

Jaboyedoff & Couture (2003)

Identification of major faults

Jaboyedoff et al. (2004)

Randa basal fault identification using

Jaboyedoff et al. (2004)

Exemple of scar analysais

The knes Site

knes and Hegguraksla classified as high-risk

From Blikra (2006)

Tafjord accident in 1934 (3 mill. m3)

From Blikra (2006)

STEP 2: structural analysis of the DEM

STEP 2: structural analysis of the DEM

made in the field

airphoto + scarp (red line)

measurement of the orientations

detection of all the facets of

Stepped surface near knes

Identification of main structures

COLTOP-3D representation of a 1m-DEM derived from aerial laser scanning

5 major discontinuity sets

Surface shaped by discontinuity sets

Large scale joint roughness

Localisation of the profile across the stepped

Joint roughness based on TLS

The rotated upper foliation showing the

JRC: 10.8 to 14.5

Spacing and trace length

Spacing and trace length

Comparison with knes

Comparison with knes

Airborne laser scanning (ALS)

Completion of ALS-DEM by TLS data

Monitoring of slope movements using

The Eiger rock slide

Monitoring using terrestrial Lidar

History of the Eiger rock slide

June 12th 2006

June 11th 2006: Collapse

Partial collapse (July 13th 2006)

Photos: Bruno Petroni, Berner Oberlnder

From Oppikofer et al., in prep.

Evolution (June to October 2006)

June 20th 2006

July 17th 2006

August 2nd 2006

September 22nd 2006

October 29th 2006

From Oppikofer et al., in prep.

Monitoring of the rock slide

From Oppikofer et al., in prep.

3D image of the rock face

From Oppikofer et al., in prep.

Movements (11th to 12th of July 2006)

From Oppikofer et al., in prep.

Movements (12th to 17th of July 2006)

From Oppikofer et al., in prep.

Movements (12th to 17th of July 2006)