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Deontology
Consequentialism
(Hedonism, Utilitarianism, Egoism )
Normative Ethics
Virtue Ethics
(eudiamonia; a right action leads to the
well being and can be attained through
the daily practice of virtue , agent based
theories, ethics of care )
Meta-Ethics
There are objective moral values.
Statements can be true or false independent from ones own
believes.
Valid propositions that are valid are ethical sentences.
Descriptive Ethics
Does not provide guidance
Does not examine how reasonable a moral norm is
It compares ethical systems
It compares ones rule of conduct that explain an actual action with
the ethics that one says he believes in
Applied Ethics
Brings ethical theory into real-life situations and is often used in creating
public policy
Approaches that are very strict and based on principles can solve particular
problems
Can be applied universally
Explores questions like : are abortions immoral ? , what rights do animals
have ?
The Golden Rule makes no mention of the duties we have towards ourselves
The Golden Rule does not ensure feelings of kindness, consideration , and
benevolence to others .
The Golden Rule has the potential for perverting what ought to be understood as
rationally based , clearly defined duties towards others .
Consequences : Utilitarianism
Jeremey Bentham
Bentham was a Hedonist , believing that humans are not only necessarily governed
by pleasure and pain ( psychological hedonism ) but also should be governed by
pleasure and pain (ethical hedonism ) .
Consequences : Utilitarianism
The principle of utility
Benthams priority was to effect social change by replacing the existing legal
system with more socially progressive laws.
Consequences : Utilitarianism
How do we calculate the the greatest happiness in applying the principle of utility ?
The Hedonistic Calculus
Consequences : Utilitarianism
Higher pleasures have greater worth : Mill
Mill distinguishes between higher ( intellectual , aesthetic , contemplative ) pleasures and
lower (physical , sensual ) pleasures .
Just as most human beings are specialists in their readiness to cause pain to
animals when they would not cause a similar pain to humans for the same
reason , so most human beings are speciesits in their readiness to kill other
animals when they would not kill human beings