Wireless Communications TLSingal Chapter4 PowerPointSlides Rev0

1
@ McGraw-Hill Education
T L SINGAL
Wireless Communications
McGraw-Hill Education 2010
PowerPoint Slides
Wireless
Communications
T L Singal
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this PowerPoint slide may be displayed, reproduced or
distributed in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the publisher, or used beyond the limited distribution to teachers and educators
permitted by McGraw-Hill for their individual course preparation. If you are a student using this PowerPoint slide, you are using it without permission.
1
T L SINGAL
Principles of
Cellular
Communication
4
2
T L SINGAL
Principles of Cellular Communication

Cellular Terminology
Cell Structure and Cluster
Frequency Reuse Concept
Cluster Size and System Capacity
Method of Locating Co-channel Cells
Frequency Reuse Distance
Co-channel Interference and Signal Quality
Co-channel Interference Reduction Methods
T L SINGAL
Cellular Terminology A Cell

A cell is the basic geographic unit of a
cellular system.
It is also called a footprint.
A cell is the radio area covered by a cellsite that is located at its center
A large geographical area is divided into
a number of contiguous smaller
geographical coverage areas called cells
T L SINGAL
Cell Structure (Cell Shape)

Determined by the desired received signal level
by the mobile subscribers from its base station
transmitter in its operating area
Ideal, actual and fictitious cell models
R
R
R
R
(a) Ideal cell
(b) Actual cell
(c) Fictitious cell models
T L SINGAL
A Cell with a CS and Mobile
T L SINGAL
Cell Structure
T L SINGAL
Geometric Cellular Structures
T L SINGAL
Hexagonal Cellular Geometry

Offers
best possible non-overlapped cell

radio coverage
Multiple hexagons can be arranged next
to each other
For a given radius (largest possible
distance between the polygon center and its
edge), the hexagon has the largest area
Simplifies the planning and design of a
cellular system
9
10
T L SINGAL
A Cellular Cluster
A group of cells that use a different set of
frequencies in each cell
Only selected number of cells can form

a cluster
Can be repeated any number of times in a

systematic manner
The cluster size is the number of cells
within it, and designated by K
10
11
T L SINGAL
Hexagonal Cluster Patterns
11
12
T L SINGAL
Conventional Mobile Communication

Conventional mobile communication service was
structured in a fashion similar to television
broadcasting: One very powerful transmitter located
at the highest spot in an area would broadcast in a
radius of up to 50 kilometers.
Limitations:
High power consumption

Low capacity
Large size of the mobile
12
13
T L SINGAL
System Design Problem?

Main limitation of a conventional mobile
wireless communication system is:
Limited availability of FREQUENCY
SPECTRUM !!!
So the big challenge is

to serve large number of mobile users ..
9 within limited allocated frequency spectrum
9
with a specified system quality

13
14
T L SINGAL
System Capacity & Spectrum Utilization?

The need:
Optimum
spectrum usage
More capacity
High quality of
service (QoS)
Low cost
System capacity at required QoS

with conventional frequency plan
Out of
Capacity!!!
Subscriber
growth
Time
How to increase capacity & Spectrum utilization

?
14
15
T L SINGAL
Possible Solution Frequency Reuse

Reuse allocated RF spectrum or a given
set of frequencies (frequency channels)
in a given large geographical service
area without increasing the interference
9
9
9
Divide the service area into a number of

small areas called cells
Allocate a subset of frequencies to each cell
Use low-power transmitters with lower
height antennas at the base stations
15
16
T L SINGAL
Frequency Reuse Concept

Large coverage area, efficient spectrum
utilization and enhanced system capacity are
the major attributes of cellular communication
Frequency reuse is the core concept

of cellular communications
The design process of selecting and allocating
channel groups for all the cellular base
stations within a system is called frequency
reuse
16
17
T L SINGAL
Illustration of Frequency Reuse
17
18
T L SINGAL
Co-channel and Adjacent Channel

Cells
Cells, which use the same set of frequencies,
are referred to as cochannel cells
Co-channel cells are located sufficiently
physically apart so as not to cause
cochannel interference
The space between adjacent cochannel cells
is filled with other cells that use different
frequencies to provide frequency isolation
18
19
T L SINGAL
Frequency Reuse & Spectrum Efficiency

Suppose the system has RF
spectrum for 100 voice channels
2
6
5
HPT High Power Transmitter
LPT Low Power Transmitter
Scenario 1: A high power

base station covering entire
area system capacity = 100
channels
Scenario 2: Divide spectrum
into 4 groups of 25 channels
each; cells (1, 7), (2, 4), (3, 5),
6 are assigned distinct channel
groups system capacity =
175 channels
19
20
T L SINGAL
Technical Issues
Technical issues for proper design and
planning of a cellular network:
9
Selection of a suitable frequency reuse pattern
Physical deployment and radio coverage modeling
Plans to account for the expansion of the

cellular network
Analysis of the relationship between the
capacity, cell size, and the cost of the
infrastructure
20
21
T L SINGAL
Cluster Size and Cell Capacity

In a cellular system, the whole geographical
service area is divided into a number of
clusters having finite number of cells.
The K number of cells in a cluster (cluster
size) use the complete set of available
frequency channels, N.
Each cell in the cluster contains J = (N/K)
number of channels only
Therefore, N = J x K;
where J N
21
22
T L SINGAL
Cluster Size and System Capacity
The cluster can be replicated many times to cover the

desired geographical area by a cellular communication
system
Let M be the number of clusters in the system,
then overall system capacity, C is given as
C=MxNC=MxJxK
(N = J x K)
When K is reduced, J is proportionally increased since

N = J x K is constant.
To increase C, M is increased. But reducing K will

increase co-channel interference!
22
23
T L SINGAL
Co-channel Cells
Cells which use the same set of
frequencies are referred to as
cochannel cells.
The interference between
cochannel cells is referred to as
cochannel interference.
The space between adjacent
cochannel cells are filled with cells
using different frequencies.
23
24
T L SINGAL
Shift Parameters i and j in a

Hexagonal Geometry
The shift parameters i
and j are separated by
60 degrees in a
hexagonal geometry
It can have any
integer value 0, 1, 2, .
These can be used to
determine the location of
cochannel cells
24
25
T L SINGAL
Method to Locate Co-channel Cells

Rules for determining the nearest cochannel
cell using Shift parameters (i, j) to lay out a
cellular system is:
Step 1: Move i cells along any side of a
hexagon.
Step 2: Turn 60 degrees anticlockwise
Step 3: Move j cells.
where i and j are shift parameters and can have
integer value 0, 1, 2, 3, and so on
25
26
T L SINGAL
Cochannel Cells for i =3, j = 2
26
27
T L SINGAL
Co-channel Hexagonal Geometry

Distance between
two adjacent cells,
d = 3 R
Let D be the
distance between
two cochannel cells.
D = {3R2(i2+j2+ixj)}
D2/(3R2) = i2+j2+i x j
27
28
T L SINGAL
A Larger Hexagon in First Tier

By joining the
centers of the six
nearest cochannel
cells, a large
hexagon is formed
with radius equal to
D, which is also the
cochannel cell
separation.
28
29
T L SINGAL
Cluster Size, K = i2 + j2 + i x j
Asmall hex = (33/2)xR2
Alarge hex = (33/2)xD2
Number of cells in large
hexagon, L = D2R2
Number of cells enclosed
by large hexagon,
L = K+6x[(1 3)xK] = 3 x K
K = D2 (3 x R2)
K = i2 + j2 + i x j
29
30
T L SINGAL
Reuse Pattern and Cluster Size
30
31
T L SINGAL
Cell Structure for K = 4 and K = 7
31
32
T L SINGAL
The Cellular Structure for K = 12

9
8
9
10
2
7
11
3
1
6
9
8
7
4
5
12
4
5
10
2
7
12
11
11
10
10
2
12
1
6
11
3
12
4
32
33
T L SINGAL
Frequency Reuse Distance, D

Reusing an identical frequency channel in
different cells is limited by cochannel
interference between cells.
The cochannel interference can become a
major problem in cellular communication.
It is desirable to find the minimum frequency
reuse distance D in order to reduce this
cochannel interference.
33
34
T L SINGAL
Factors which Influence `D

The number of cochannel cells in the vicinity
of the center cell
The type of geographic terrain contour
The antenna height
The transmitted power at each cell site
NOTE: As long as the cell size is fixed,
cochannel interference is independent of
transmitter power of each cell.
34
35
T L SINGAL
Frequency Reuse Ratio, q

C1
R
C1
D
q=D R
The frequency reuse ratio, q is also referred as
9
the cochannel reuse ratio
9
the cochannel reuse factor
9
cochannel interference reduction factor
35
36
T L SINGAL
q = D/R Ratio
D
6
5
6R
5
1
7
4
7
4
2
3
1
2
3
The real power of

the cellular
concept is that
Interference is
not related to the
absolute distance
between cells
but related to
the ratio of the
distance between
cochannel (same
frequency) cells to
the cell radius
36
37
T L SINGAL
Frequency Reuse Factor, q and

Cluster Size, K
The frequency reuse factor, q can be
determined from the cluster size K as

q = D / R = (3K)
The frequency reuse factor determines the
minimum distance for repeating a set of

frequencies
The spectrum efficiency is most significantly
influenced by the frequency reuse factor
37
38
T L SINGAL
Frequency Reuse Ratio and

Cluster Size
38
39
T L SINGAL
What is Optimum Cluster Size?

Theoretically, a large value of D is desired to
reduce co-channel interference. Large D can
be obtained by choosing large cluster size K.
However, when K is too large, the number
of channels assigned to each of K cells
becomes small since N is fixed.
As K increases, system capacity per cell and
hence spectrum efficiency reduces significantly.
39
40
T L SINGAL
How to estimate D and K?

Now the challenge is to obtain the smallest K
which can still meet the desired system
performance requirements in terms of capacity
per cell, spectrum utilization efficiency and
received signal quality (minimum cochannel
interference).
This
involves
estimating
cochannel
interference and selecting the minimum
frequency reuse distance D to reduce co
channel interference (and hence small K).
40
41
T L SINGAL
Frequency Reuse Pros & Cons

Advantage: The frequency reuse system can
drastically increase the spectrum efficiency,
thereby, increasing the system capacity.
Disadvantage: If the system is not properly
designed, co-channel interference may occur
due to the simultaneous use of the same
channel.
Co-channel Interference is the major
concern in the concept of frequency reuse.
41
42
T L SINGAL
Interference in Cellular System

Interference is a major limiting factor in the
performance of cellular radio system

Sources of Interference
Another mobile in the same cell
A call in progress in a neighboring cell
Other base stations operating in the same
frequency band or
Any non cellular system which inadvertently
leaks energy into the cellular frequency band
42
43
T L SINGAL
Effects of Interference
On Control Channels
Interference leads to missed calls and blocked
calls due to error in the digital signaling.
On Voice Channels
Causes cross talk where the subscriber hears
interference in the background due to an
undesirable transmission.
Interference is more pronounced in urban areas
due to greater RF noise floor and the large number
of base stations and mobiles.
Capacity cannot be increased.
43
44
T L SINGAL
Cochannel Interference and

Signal Quality (Test 1)
44
45
T L SINGAL
Interference Measurement at Mobile

A channel scanning mobile receiver records
three received signals while moving in any one
cochannel cell, under following conditions:
When only serving cell transmits (signal recorded
is termed as C)
Cell-sites of all six cochannel cells only
transmit (signal recorded is termed as I)
No transmission by any cell site (signal recorded
is termed as N)
45
46
T L SINGAL
Interference Measurement Analysis

If C/I > 18 dB in most of the area being served by a
cell, the system is said to be properly designed.
If C/I < 18 dB and C/N > 18 dB in some areas, the
system is said to have co-channel interference problem.
If both C/I and C/N < 18 dB and C/I is
approximately same as C/N in a given area, the
system is said to have radio coverage problem.
If both C/I and C/N are < 18 dB and C/I < C/N in a
given area, the system is said to have both co-channel
interference as well as radio coverage problem.
46
47
T L SINGAL
Cochannel Interference and

Signal Quality (Test 2)
47
48
T L SINGAL
Interference Measurement at Cell-site

When only the mobile unit in the serving cell
transmits (signal recorded is termed as C)
Up to six interference levels are obtained
at the serving cell site from six mobile units
transmitting in six cochannel interfering
cells. (the statistical average signal recorded
is termed as I)
No transmission by any mobile unit
(signal recorded is termed as N)
48
49
T L SINGAL
Cochannel Interference Reduction

Increasing the separation between
two cochannel cells, D
Lowering the antenna heights at the
cell site
Using directional antennas at the
cell site
Use of diversity scheme at receiver
49
50
T L SINGAL
Summary
The essential principles of cellular
communication include frequency reuse,
cochannel cells, and cochannel interference
Various cell parameters based on regular
hexagonal cellular pattern include cluster,
frequency reuse distance, reuse factor
Cochannel interference reduction methods
aim at maintaining desired signal quality and
cell capacity
50
51
T L SINGAL
51

Wireless Communications TLSingal Chapter4 PowerPointSlides Rev0

Загружено:

Сведения о документе

Авторское право

Доступные форматы

Поделиться этим документом

Поделиться или встроить документ

Параметры публикации

Этот документ был вам полезен?

Это неприемлемый материал?

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

Wireless Communications TLSingal Chapter4 PowerPointSlides Rev0

Загружено:

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

1

McGraw-Hill Education 2010

McGraw-Hill Education 2010

McGraw-Hill Education 2010

Principles of Cellular Communication

McGraw-Hill Education 2010

Cellular Terminology A Cell

McGraw-Hill Education 2010

Cell Structure (Cell Shape)

(a) Ideal cell

(b) Actual cell

(c) Fictitious cell models

McGraw-Hill Education 2010

A Cell with a CS and Mobile

McGraw-Hill Education 2010

McGraw-Hill Education 2010

Geometric Cellular Structures

McGraw-Hill Education 2010

Hexagonal Cellular Geometry

best possible non-overlapped cell

McGraw-Hill Education 2010

Only selected number of cells can form

Can be repeated any number of times in a

McGraw-Hill Education 2010

Hexagonal Cluster Patterns

McGraw-Hill Education 2010

Conventional Mobile Communication

High power consumption

McGraw-Hill Education 2010

System Design Problem?

So the big challenge is

with a specified system quality

McGraw-Hill Education 2010

System Capacity & Spectrum Utilization?

System capacity at required QoS

How to increase capacity & Spectrum utilization

McGraw-Hill Education 2010

Possible Solution Frequency Reuse

Divide the service area into a number of

McGraw-Hill Education 2010

Frequency Reuse Concept

Frequency reuse is the core concept

McGraw-Hill Education 2010

Illustration of Frequency Reuse

McGraw-Hill Education 2010

Co-channel and Adjacent Channel

McGraw-Hill Education 2010

Frequency Reuse & Spectrum Efficiency

HPT High Power Transmitter

LPT Low Power Transmitter

Scenario 1: A high power

McGraw-Hill Education 2010

Selection of a suitable frequency reuse pattern

Physical deployment and radio coverage modeling

Plans to account for the expansion of the

McGraw-Hill Education 2010

Cluster Size and Cell Capacity

McGraw-Hill Education 2010

Cluster Size and System Capacity

The cluster can be replicated many times to cover the

When K is reduced, J is proportionally increased since

To increase C, M is increased. But reducing K will

McGraw-Hill Education 2010

McGraw-Hill Education 2010