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I.
INTRODUCTION
In TD-LTE downlink, OFDM is selected as the airinterface. After procedure for cell search and synchronization,
user equipment (UE) uses downlink reference signals to
estimate channel in order to perform demodulation of the
downlink signal. Three different reference signals are provided,
including cell-specific reference signals, MBSFN reference
signals and UE-specific reference signals. The last one can be
used to enable beamforming of the data transmissions to
specific UEs.
Physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) is the main
data-bearing downlink channel in TD-LTE. On the purpose of
supporting data transmission for different UEs, downlink
control signalling is transmitted on the first n OFDM symbols
(n3) and carried by three physical channels- physical control
format indicator channel (PCFICH), physical HARQ indicator
channel (PHICH) and physical downlink control channel
(PDCCH).
A. PDSCH
PDSCH is mainly used for all user data, also for paging
messages and broadcast system information which not carried
on the physical broadcast channel (PBCH). When employed
for user data, one or at most two transport blocks can be
transmitted by each UE per subframe, depending on the
transmission mode selected for the PDSCH. Each transmission
mode corresponds to an applied multi-antenna transmission
technique. The mapping of data to physical resource blocks
(RBs) can be carried out by localized mapping and distributed
mapping. The former is suitable for most scenarios. The latter
is typically used for voice over IP service and results in the
increase of VOIP capacity. In order to facilitate UE to recover
the messages, the allocation of PDSCH transmission resources
are signaled to the UE on PDCCH, and the identity of a
specific UE is also indicated on PDCCH. For the broadcast
system information or paging messages transmitted on PDSCH,
the system information radio network temporary identifier (SIRNTI) and the paging radio network temporary identifier (PRNTI) are indicated on the PDCCH, respectively.
B. PCFICH
PCFICH carries a control format indicator (CFI) which
indicates the number of OFDM symbols, i.e. normally 1, 2 or 3,
used for transmission of PDCCH in a subframe. Three different
CFI values are used in LTE, and a fourth value is reserved for
future use. In order to make the CFI sufficiently robust, each
value is indicated by a codeword of 32 bits. To make the UE
receive the PCFICH from the desired cell, cell-specific
scrambling tied to the physical cell ID is applied to the CFI
codeword. After QPSK modulation, 16 REs are distributed
across the system bandwidth in the first OFDM symbol in
order to achieve maximum frequency diversity. To clearly
distinguish CFI from a neighbouring cell, the cell-specific
frequency offset tied to the physical cell ID is applied to the
positions of the PCFICH REs.
C. PHICH
PHICH carries the hybrid-ARQ ACK/NACK, which
indicates whether the eNodeB has correctly received a
transmission on the PUSCH or not. For a positive
acknowledgement, HARQ indicator is 0, while for a negative
acknowledgement, HARQ indicator is 1. The structure of
PHICH processing is shown in figure 1. The HARQ indicator
is firstly encoded by a factor-3 repetition coding for robustness,
and then modulated by BPSK. Multiple PHICHs can be
mapped to the same set of REs, which are multiplexed through
length-4 complex orthogonal Walsh sequences for normal
cyclic prefix (CP) or length-2 for extended CP. Therefore,
considering I/Q multiplexing, up to 8 UEs can receive their
acknowledgements on the same set of downlink REs. A cellspecific scrambling sequence is also applied. The number of
OFDM symbols for the PHICH transmission is configurable by
higher layers, including one, two or three OFDM symbols.
D. PDCCH
PDCCH carries downlink control information, including
downlink scheduling assignments, uplink scheduling grants
and uplink power control commands. UE identity is implicitly
encoded in the cyclic redundancy check (CRC). A PDCCH can
transmit 1, 2, 4, or 8 control channel elements (CCEs). Each
CCE corresponds to 9 resource element groups (REGs) and
each REG corresponds to 4 resource elements (REs). A larger
number of CCEs indicates a smaller code rate. eNodeB can
change the number of CCEs according to the channel
conditions to achieve sufficient robustness. The set of
downlink control information (DCI) formats is specified in [3].
DCI formats 0, 1A, 3 and 3A shall have the same payload size,
and the smaller format size is extended by adding zero padding
bits. Information fields defined in the DCI formats are
including: resource indication such as resource block grant or
assignment, resource allocation type; transport format such as
multi-antenna information, modulation and coding scheme
(MCS); HARQ process number; redundancy version; new data
indicator; power control commands. After information element
multiplexing and CRC attachment, the PDCCH information
bits are convolutional encoded and rate matched to an available
length. A cell-specific scrambling sequence is then applied.
The scrambled bits are QPSK modulated and mapped to blocks
of REGs. Interleaving is applied to the REGs in order to
provide frequency diversity. Finally, the available physical REs
are mapped to the set of OFDM symbols indicated by the
PCFICH. In general, multiple PDCCHs can be transmitted in a
subframe. In order to reduce computational load for blind
decoding at the receiver, a dedicated/common search space
containing a limited set of CCE locations where a PDCCH may
be placed is defined.
III.
B. PUCCH
PUCCH is only transmitted data non-associated control
signalling, including scheduling requests (SRs), HARQ
ACK/NACK bits and channel quality indicators (CQIs).
MIMO-related feedback, such as rank indicator (RI) or
precoding matrix indicator (PMI) for downlink transmissions,
also falls into this category.
A PUCCH transmission is comprised of two RBs each
subframe in a frequency region on the edges of the system
bandwidth. This is enabled to reduce out-of-band emissions
caused by PUSCH transmissions on the inner RBs, and
maximize the data rates of PUSCH and flexibility for PUSCH
scheduling. Frequency diversity is also achieved through slotbased frequency hopping. PUCCH can be multiplexed multiple
UEs via frequency-domain code-division multiplexing and/or
time-domain block spreading [4]. Demodulation reference
signal (DRS) is reserved for channel estimation. In the case of
normal CP, 3 reference symbols each slot are configured for
format 1/1a/1b and 2 reference symbols for format 2/2a/2b.
Format 1 supports of scheduling request which mapped to 1.
Format 1a/1b support 1- or 2-bit HARQ ACK/NACK
modulated by BPSK or QPSK. Format 2 supports CQI
feedback, which is encoded by using Reed Muller codes (20, k),
where k is the CQI payload size. The coded bits are scrambled
and QPSK modulated. Each modulated symbol is frequency
domain spread by multiplexing a cyclic time shift of the length12 base reference signal sequence. The number of cyclic time
shifts is configurable by a cell-specific higher-layer signalling
parameter. Then reference symbols and data symbols are timedivision multiplexed. For format 1/1a/1b, uplink control
PERFORMANCE EVALUATIONS
SIMULATION PARAMETERS
Description
TDD frame structure with normal CP
20MHz at 2GHz
1 UE
ITU-UMi
82 (Downlink) 18 (Uplink)
Ideal
Minimum mean square error (MMSE)
QPSK, Turbo Coding (1,13/11), Rate 1/2
16QAM, Turbo Coding (1,13/11), Rate 1/2
Format 0/1A/3/3A
1CCE , 2CCEs, 4CCEs, 8CCEs
Format 1/1a/1b/2/2a/2b
a) PDSCH
-1
10
-1
BLER
BLER
10
1CCE,dual
1CCE,mono
2CCE,dual
2CCE,mono
4CCE,dual
4CCE,mono
8CCE,dual
8CCE,mono
-2
10
10
-2
10
-3
dual
mono
-3
10
-10
-9
-8
-7
-6
-5
-8
-6
-4
-2
SNR(dB)
d) PHICH
SNR(dB)
c) PCFICH
10
b)PUCCH
-1
10
1, dual
1, mono
1a, dual
1a, mono
1b, dual
1b, mono
2, dual
2, mono
2a, dual
2a, mono
2b, dual
2b, mono
-1
BLER
BLER
10
-2
10
-3
mono
dual
-4
-2
SNR(dB)
10
-2
10
-3
-6
SNR (dB)
V.
CONCULUSIONS
-1
BLER
10
BLER
10
-1
10
-2
10
-3
-2
10
REFERENCES
mono
dual
-16
[1]
dual
mono
-3
-15
-14
-13
-12
-11
SNR (dB)
-10
-9
-8
10
-22
-20
-18
-16
-14
-12
-10
SNR (dB)
[2]
[3]
[4]
Mugen Peng and Wenbo Wang, Technologies and Standards for TDSCDMA Evolutions to IMT-Advanced, IEEE Communications
Magazine, vol. 47, pp. 5058, Dec 2009.
J.H. Winters, Smart antennas for wireless systems, IEEE Personal
Com. Magazine, vol. 5, pp. 2327, Feb 1998.
3GPP TS 36.211 V8.7.0 (2009-05), Evolved Universal Terrestrial
Radio Access (E-UTRA); Physical Channels and Modulation .
Stefania Sesia, Issam Toufik and Matthew Baker. The UMTS Long
Term Evolution: From Theory to Practice. Wiley. Feb 2009.