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KVA, Inc.
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However, what is usually not shown, strength vs. cost per pound, clearly shows the
benefits of using a hardenable stainless steel in a high-strength condition. Due to their
relatively simple chemical composition, martensitic stainless steels are only slightly more
expensive than low alloy steels, and significantly less costly than other stainless alloys,
magnesium, titanium, and composites.
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Variation of mechanical properties with tempering temperature for type 410 (0.15% max
C), 420 (0.15% min C) and 431 (0.20% C, 1.25-2.50% Ni) stainless steels
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Depending on the carbon content, martensitic alloys can be capable of tensile strengths
approaching 300 ksi (2000 Mpa). The most common type, 410, can be hardened to
approximately 210 ksi (1400 Mpa) in an as quenched-state. However, a tempering
operation is usually performed to increase ductility and reduce brittleness.
It should be noted, like all BCC steels, martensitic stainless steels exhibit a decreasing
resistance to impact with decreasing temperature. The temperature range to which the
ductile-to-brittle transition temperature (DBTT) appears is affected by heat treatment,
composition, and cold work. The following DBTT curve shows the effect of tempering
temperature on fracture toughness.
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These problems occur when welding martensitic steels regardless of the prior condition,
whether annealed, hardened, or hardened-and-tempered. They can occur with all types of
welding, including GTAW, GMAW, laser-beam, friction, resistance and electron-beam.
In all cases, the high-temperature HAZ will be fully hardened in the as-quenched
condition after welding.
Any mechanical straining after welding (i.e. continuous tube mill forming /straightening)
will cause the martensitic HAZ to crack. Conventional processes such as pre-heating and
post weld heat treatment (PWHT) do not lend themselves to cost-efficient, high-quality,
high volume production. KVAs proprietary methods overcome these difficulties and
enable the production of low-cost reliable weldments in martensitic stainless steels.
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Modified-Charpy impact test specimens post test (16 ga. Type 410, Autogenous GTAW
as-welded, weld orientation perpendicular-left and parallel-right to test specimen)
Tensile test specimens post test (Type 410, 16 ga. Autogenous GTAW as-welded - left,
410 filler rod GTAW 14 ga. Q&T 600F right, weld orientation perpendicular to load)
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Comparative dynamic hot hardness vs. temperature (forgeability) for various ferrous
alloys
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Continuous Cooling Transformation (CCT) Diagram for type 410 stainless steel
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Appendix D: References
Atlas of Isothermal Transformation Diagrams, 2nd edition, US Steel Corp., 1951
Atlas of Isothermal Transformation and Cooling Diagrams, American Society for Metals,
1977
M. Atkins, Atlas of Continuous Cooling Transformation Diagrams for Engineering
Steels, American Society for Metals, 1980
ASM Handbook, Volume 1, 10th edition, Properties & Selection: Irons, Steels, and High
Performance Alloys, American Society for Metals, 1991
ASM Handbook, Volume 4, 10th edition, Heat Treating, American Society for Metals,
1991
ASM Handbook, Volume 6, 10th edition, Welding, Brazing and Soldering, American
Society for Metals, 1993
SAE/AMS 2759C, Heat Treatment of Steel Parts: General Requirements, Society of
Automotive Engineers, rev. June 2000
SAE/AMS 2759/5D, Heat Treatment: Martensitic Corrosion Resistant Steel Parts,
Society of Automotive Engineers, rev. June 2004
MIL-H-6875, Military Specification: Heat Treatment of Steel, Process for, US
Department of Defense, rev. Feb 1999
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