POLITEKNIK SULTAN SALAHUDDIN ABDUL AZIZ SHAH

Mechanical Engineering Department

WORK SHEET
Programme

Diploma Engineering in Mechanical

Course Code

DJJ2073 Thermodynamics 1

Title

Steam Turbine

Lab. No.

DJJ2073 - 2

CLO (COURSE LEARNING OUTCOMES)

1. Apply the fundamentals of thermodynamics to solve related problems ( C3,
PLO1)
2. Organize appropriately experiments in groups according to the
standard Operating Procedures (P4)
3. Demonstrate the ability to work in team to complete assigned tasks . ( A3)

ACTION

NAME & DESIGNATION

Prepared by:

Mohd Zulkarnaen Bin Mohd

Ibrahim

Checked by:

Approved by:

SIGNATURE

DATE

DJJ2073 THERMODYNAMICS

EXPERIMENT
TITLE
DURATION
PAGE

1.0

:
:
:
:

DJJ2073 2
STEAMTURBINE
15HOURS
10F 4

Experiment outcomes
At the end of the lab session students should be able:
1) Todemonstrate steam turbine
2) Todetermine the turbine shaft power and generated electrical power
3) Todeterminethe effect of steam temperature on turbine

2.0

Theory
A steam turbine is a device that converts the thermal energy of steam into
mechanical energy by using it to turn the blades of a rotor. High-temperature,
high-pressure steam passes through a nozzle or fixed blades and spurts out
and expands, or has its direction altered into a high-speed jet that is directed
against rotor blades which spin the shaft to which they are attached, creating
rotational energy. In simple terms, the steam turbine's rotors are turned by
the force of the steam in just the same way that a waterwheel is turned by
the force of the flowing water.

Prepared by : Mohd Zulkarnaen

Bin Mohd Ibrahim

DJJ2073 THERMODYNAMICS

EXPERIMENT
TITLE
DURATION
PAGE

:
:
:
:

DJJ2073 2
STEAMTURBINE
15HOURS
20F 4

Steam turbines used in electric power plants, factories, etc. use boilers
burning fossil fuels such as coal, fuel oil, or natural gas, or alternative fuels
such as biomass, refuse, or other waste materials, in order to produce large
quantities of superheated, high-pressure steam. This steam is channeled into
the turbine, where it is ejected from nozzles. At that instant, the
depressurization (expansion) of the steam creates a high-speed flow
(pressure is converted to velocity: Bernoulli's theorem). This jet of steam is
then directed against the turbine blades, causing them to revolve (velocity is
converted to kinetic energy).
Depending upon the behavior of the steam in the vicinity of the blades,
steam turbines are divided into two major classes: impulse turbines and
reaction turbines. In impulse turbines, high-velocity steam from fixed nozzles
impacts the blades, and this impulse drives the blades forward, causing the
rotor to turn. The main feature of these turbines is that the heat drop per
stage can be quite large, allowing for large blades and a smaller number of
stages. In reaction turbines, high-velocity steam from nozzles striking blades
also produces impulse, but the steam jet runs into the blades and the main
force turning the rotor is the reactive force produced by the expansion of
steam flowing off the rotor blades themselves. The main feature of this type
of turbine is that in contrast to the impulse turbine, the heat drop per stage is
lessened, so the blades become smaller and the number of stages increases.
Further sub classification of turbines is possible based upon the number of
rotor stages, steam extraction, direction of vapor flow, and so forth.

3.0

Apparatus/Equipments

1) Vapor Pressure Power Apparatus

2) Data Acquisition Software for LS-17123 Vapor Pressure Power Apparatus
3) 4LTapWater
4.0

Safety Precautions

1) Keep all body parts away from the boiler and system piping when in
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)

operation to avoid injury

Always use personal protective equipment (heat resistant gloves and
protection glasses) when operating this system.
Always ensure that the boiler vessel is filled with water until half full
before operating to prevent heater burnout.
Ensure that the boiler valves are kept closed when the system is in
operating.
Keep all body parts and objects away from the relief valve blowdown line.
Keep all body parts and objects away from the moving mechanical parts of

the turbine and generator.

Prepared by : Mohd Zulkarnaen
Bin Mohd Ibrahim

DJJ2073 THERMODYNAMICS

EXPERIMENT
TITLE
DURATION
PAGE

5.0

:
:
:
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DJJ2073 2
STEAMTURBINE
15HOURS
30F 4

Procedures

1. Connect the water inlet port at the bottom of the boiler to a water supply.
2. Connect the outlet port at the top of the boiler, relief valve blowdown line
and the discharge port to a drain.
3. Open the lower valve and the throttling valve. Fill the boiler vessel with
tap water until half full. Ensure that the heater cartridge is completely
submerged in water.
4. Close both of the valves.
5. Switch on the mains switch.
6. Set the temperature to 160C and switch on heater
7. Once the boiler temperature reaches 90C, slowly open the upper valve
on the boiler. This is to remove any air deposit in the boiler. Once steam
flows out steadily from the top outlet, fully close the upper valve.
8. Run the Data Acquisition Software and press start to begin data logging.
9. Once the boiler reaches a pressure of at least 4.0 bar (g), slowly open the
turbine valve. Allow theturbine speed to gradually pick up.
10. Fully open the turbine valve.
11. One by one, switch on lamps on the load bank until all four lamps are
switched on. Between switching on each lamp, allow the turbine to run for
5 to 10 seconds at the same time write down the value of temperature,
pressure, speed, torque, volt and amp.
12. Switch off all the lamps.
13. Switch off the heater and the mains switch.

6.0

Result/Data
No. of lamp

Temperature
Pressure
Speed
Torque
Voltage
Ampere

Prepared by : Mohd Zulkarnaen

Bin Mohd Ibrahim

DJJ2073 THERMODYNAMICS

EXPERIMENT
TITLE
DURATION
PAGE

7.0

:
:
:
:

DJJ2073 2
STEAMTURBINE
15HOURS
40F 4

Discussion

1. Draw the schematic of the component used in thisexperiment.

2. From the observations during the experiment, discuss and explain the
operating principles of the steam turbine.
3. From the data obtained, discuss the data comparison between all four
lamps that were on during the experiment.
4. If the amount of water in the boiler is low, will itcause any effect to the
experiment data? Discuss.

8.0

Conclusion and Recommendation

Your conclusion should be related to your practical and theoretical
understanding on the related topic.

9.0

References
Yunus A. Cengel,MichaelA. Boles(1998) Thermodynamics: An Engineering
Approach.
McGrawHill
Easteop,T.D &McConkey. , Applied Thermodynamics For Engineering
Technologist ,
5

th

Edition,Pearson&Prentice Hall,Singapore.

Sonntag,R. E.,Borgnakke,C.,and VanWylen,G. J.,2003. FUNDAMENTALS OF

THERMODYNAMICS, 6

th

Edition,JohnWiley&Sons,Inc.

John P. OConnell,J.M. Haile(2005) Thermodynamics:Fundamentals Of

Applications,
Cambridge UniversityPress.

Prepared by : Mohd Zulkarnaen

Bin Mohd Ibrahim