LAB 2: ELECTRIC RISK

Leonardo Bermudez Trivio; 45131037

Andrea Velasquez Encalada: 42151003

I.

OBJECT

Educate the students on the electric risk

II. INTRODUCTION
In the use of the laboratory , they can present certain
electrical hazards, as there may be human error at
any time, from bad connection of electronic tools ,
short circuits, damage implements, by which is
essential to know the risks

III. QUESTIONS
1. Which of the electric risks listed at RETIE can
you find in the modeling lab?

MOST COMMON FACTORS ELECTRICAL

HAZARD
As a rule, all electrical installations have implied a
risk and unable to control all permanently, some
factors that present them no cause as many
accidents were selected. Preventive treatment of the
problem of the risk of electrical origin, requires
knowing how to identify and assess the irregular
situations before an accident happens. Therefore, it
is necessary to clearly understand the concept of
risk; from that knowledge, the analysis of the factors
involved and the particular circumstances, objective
criteria to detect the risk and assess the degree of
danger will be taken. Identified risk, they have to
select applicable preventive measures

DIRECT CONTACT POSSIBLE CAUSES:

Neglect
technical
or
non-technical
incompetence, violation of minimum safety
distances. PROTECTION : Establish safety
distances, bringing barriers , isolation or
covering live parts , use of residual current
devices , personal protective equipment
,grounded , no voltage test Insulation .

INDIRECT CONTACT Possible Causes

Fault isolation, poor maintenance, lack of
grounding conductor.
PROTECTION: Separation of circuits using
low voltage, safety distances, equipotential
connections, grounding systems, RCDs,
preventive and corrective maintenance.
SHORT
POSSIBLE
CAUSES:
Fault
isolation, incompetence of the technicians,
external accidents strong winds, humidity,
faulty
EQUIPMENT PROTECTION: Switches
automatic firing devices overcurrent circuit
breakers or fuses.
POSSIBLE CAUSES STATIC: Union and
consistent separation of materials such as
insulators, conductors, solid or gas in the
presence of an insulator.
PROTECTION:
System
grounding,
equipotential connections, increase the
relative humidity, ambient ionization,
electrical and radioactive eliminators, and
conductive floors.
DEFECTIVE
EQUIPMENT
POSSIBLE
CAUSES: Poor maintenance, improper
installation, improper use, time of use,
improper transport.
PROTECTION: predictive and preventive
maintenance, construction of installations
using
the
technical
standards,
characterization of the electromagnetic
environment.
POSSIBLE
CAUSES
OVERLOAD:
Overcoming nominal limits teams or drivers,
facilities that do not meet technical
standards, loose, harmonic connections, not
to control the power factor.
PROTECTIVE MEASURES : Use Breakers
with overload relays , circuit breakers
associated with circuit breakers, circuit
breakers, fuses well sized , technical

dimensioning of conductors and equipment,

reactive power compensation capacitor
bank.
CONTACT VOLTAGE POSSIBLE CAUSES:
Rays, ground faults, fault isolation, violation
of safety distances.
PROTECTION: earthed low resistance,
access restrictions, and high resistivity floor
equipotential sing.
STEP POSSIBLE CAUSES TENSION:
Rays, ground faults, fault isolation, violation
of restricted areas, delay in clearing the fault,
protective measures: Grounding of low
resistance, restricting access, high resistivity
of the floor.

than high frequency currents and three to five times

more dangerous than DC of the same voltage and
current (amps). The current tends to cause strong
muscle contractions that often the victim away from
the power source .The alternating current at 60 Hz
causes the muscles are frozen ( made ) in place ,
which prevents victims to drop the current source (
You stay stuck, so to speak) . As a result, exposure
may be prolonged and cause burns. Usually, the
higher the voltage and amperage, the greater the
damage that will produce the current, regardless of
type

2.

1. What is the difference about electric risk

between the DC and AC current?
La diferencia entre la corriente AC y DC es la
cantidad de energa que se puede transportar en
cada tipo. La electricidad no puede viajar muy lejos
antes de que empiece a perder voltaje (medida de
la tensin elctrica).
Each battery is designed to produce only a certain
DC voltage level, so that from the time of the
production of electricity is already predetermined
distance which can be transported through the
wiring. AC, however, can be produced in a generator
which can raise or lower the output voltage of the
current transformers using so-called, can be altered
as required.
AC usually has more energy and combined with
frequency allows it to reach longer distances and
have higher risks in the body
Zone 0: usually no skin alteration unless the
exposure time is several seconds , in which case
,Skin contact with the electrode can take a grayish
color
with
a
rough
surface
Zone 1: a reddening of the skin occurs with swelling
at the edges where the electrode was located .
Zone 2: brown discoloration of the skin was placed
under the electrode leads. If the length is several
tens of seconds a clear swelling around the
electrode
Zone 3: carbonization can cause skin
Overall, the current is less dangerous than
alternating current, but only in general. The effects
of AC on the body depend on the rate at which it
varies (i.e., frequency), a factor that is measured in
cycles per second (hertz). The low frequency
currents, 50 and 60 hertz, they are more dangerous

Which electric variable is more important

in the electric risk: voltage, current or
energy?
A current of 50 mA will make you lose
consciousness and can kill you. More than 100 mA
is decidedly fatal. The maximum current that can be
considered non-hazardous is approx. 5 mA. We are
obviously talking about currents in the human body.
However, in practice constant current sources are
very rare, therefore most usual is that the current is
always obtained from a constant voltage source
(generator, battery, etc.). Then one must consider
that the current is obtained in practice is a function
of source voltage and the resistance (impedance for
alternating current) involved: I = V /R Therefore, for
a same resistance (for example the body of a
person) will produce a higher voltage a higher
current, and then a high voltage is dangerous ** **
indirectly.
Or, for the same voltage, a lower resistance because
a larger current .For example the human body is less
wet than when dry Resistance. Therefore a wet body
is indirectly dangerous if you are working with
electricity.
3. What happens if you are not wearing the
adequate clothing in the CDT?
The circuit breaker reacts to the movements of the
masses of hot, shooting when it detects people,
animals or things, causing a switching process. The
circuit breaker remains connected while detecting
any movement. If there is no movement, it turns off
after a delay .The circuit breaker consists of 2 parts:
A modular unit for mounting and a trim. Under the
modular principle, the unit built and the bezel (flush
box 60 mm) are suitable for applications indoors and
in wet areas or outdoors

4. Based on NTC 4120, how would you

model your body with circuit elements in
the case of contact voltage?
The total impedance of the human body is made up
of resistive and capacitive components. For voltages
of approximately 50V to contact because of the
considerable variations in skin impedance, the total
impedance of the human body, similarly varies
widely .For higher voltages contact the total
impedance depends less on the impedance of the
skin and its value is close to that of the internal
impedance