Otter Manual

WRc OTTER 2.
1
DRAFT
User Guide
Copyright ? WRc plc 1995-2000

The contents of this manual and the accompanying software are the copyright of WRc plc and all rights
are reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted,
in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the
prior written consent of WRc plc. The information contained in this manual is confidential and restricted
to authorised users only.
This manual and the accompanying software are supplied in good faith. While WRc plc have taken all
reasonable care to ensure that the product is error-free, WRc plc accepts no liability for any damage,
consequential or otherwise, that may be caused by the use of either this manual or the software.
Trademarks
Windows is a registered trademark of Microsoft Corporation.
IBM is a registered trademark of International Business Machines Corporation.
Superpulsator is a registered trademark of Degremont.
WRc plc
Frankland Road
Blagrove
Swindon
Wiltshire SN5 8YF
Great Britain
Tel: 01793 - 865195
Fax: 01793 - 865001
WRc OTTER
User Guide
CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.5.1
1.5.2
1.5.3
1.6
1.7
1.8
1
1
1
2
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
What is OTTER?
Installing OTTER
A Brief History of OTTER
How OTTER works
Conventions used in this manual
Key strokes
Menus
Mouse Actions
How to use the OTTER on-line help system
The Layout of this Manual
OTTER support
2. GETTING STARTED WITH OTTER

2.1
2.2
2.3
2.3.1
2.3.2
2.3.3
2.3.4
2.3.5
2.4
2.5
2.5.1
2.5.2
2.6
Loading OTTER and Creating a Water Treatment Works

Building the Works Model
Defining the Run Conditions
Source data
Process data
Run Setup
Reporting data
Saving the Run Conditions
Running the Simulation
Viewing the Simulation Results
Stream results
Model results
Saving the Model Results
3. BUILDING A WORKS MODEL
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3.1
Creating a new works model
21
3.2
Adding a process to a works flow-sheet
21
3.3
Connecting processes together
22
3.3.1
Example A : Creating a new stream consisting of one line segment only. 22
3.3.2
Example B : Creating a new stream consisting of three line segments (two
bends).
23
3.4
Selecting and repositioning processes, sources and sinks
25
3.5
Selecting and repositioning streams
25
3.6
Removing bends from streams
27
3.6.1
Remove all bends
27
3.6.2
Remove (single) bend
28
3.7
Displaying the stream menu
29
3.8
Inserting bends into streams
29
3.9
Deleting streams and processes
30
3.10
Editing model data for streams and processes
30
3.10.1
Displaying the process, source or sink menu
31
3.11
Specifying water quality for raw and wash water sources
32
3.12
Requirements for a valid works model
32
3.13
Works Information
32
4. OTTER MENUS
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
35
The Top Menu

File Menu
Edit menu
Format menu
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35
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WRc OTTER
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9
4.10
4.11
User Guide
Spread-sheet popup menu

Model menu
Run menu
Tools menu
Chart menu
Window menu
Help menu
39
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48
5. SOURCES AND SINKS
49
5.1
Water quality profiles
5.1.1
General water quality determinands
5.1.2
Total and dissolved metal concentrations
5.1.3
Inorganic chemical concentrations
5.1.4
Organic chemical concentrations
5.1.5
Pesticide concentrations
5.1.6
Microbiological determinands
5.1.7
Other water quality determinands
5.2
Sources
5.3
Sinks
6. OTTER PROCESS DIALOGS
57
6.1
General Model Dialogs
6.1.1
Static data tab
6.1.2
Operating data tab
6.1.3
Model calibration tab
6.1.4
Reporting options tab
6.1.5
Results tab
6.2
pH adjuster
6.2.1
Process Connections
6.2.2
Static data
6.2.3
Operating data
6.2.4
Model calibration
6.2.5
Results
6.3
Coagulation
6.3.1
Process Connections
6.3.2
Static data
6.3.3
Operating data
6.3.4
Model calibration
6.3.4.1
6.3.4.2
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52
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60
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66
66
Model constants ......................................................................................................................... 66

Solids........................................................................................................................................... 67
6.3.5
Results
6.4
Flocculator
6.4.1
Process Connections
6.4.2
Static data
6.4.3
Model calibration
6.4.4
Results
6.5
Floc blanket clarifier
6.5.1
Process Connections
6.5.2
Static data
6.5.3
Operating data
6.5.4
Model calibration
6.5.5
State of floc-blanket
6.5.6
Results
6.6
Hopper-bottomed clarifier (HBC)
Process connections
6.6.2
Static data
6.6.3
Operating data
67
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6.6.4
Model calibration
6.6.5
State of floc-blanket
6.6.6
Results
6.7
Bank of hopper-bottomed clarifiers (HBC bank)
Process connections
6.7.2
Static data
6.7.3
Bank operating data
6.7.4
Individual tank operating data
6.7.5
Model calibration
6.7.6
Results
6.8
Superpulsator bank
Process connections
6.8.2
Static data
6.8.3
Bank operating data
6.8.4
Individual tank operating data
6.8.5
Model calibration
6.8.6
Results
6.9
Horizontal flow clarifier
6.9.1
Process Connections
6.9.2
Static data
6.9.3
Operating data
6.9.4
Model calibration
6.9.5
Results
6.10
Bank of sedimentation tanks
6.10.1
Process connections
6.10.2
Static data
6.10.3
Bank operating data
6.10.4
Model calibration
6.10.4.1
6.10.4.2
Flocculation model calibration.................................................................................................. 83

Settling model calibration.......................................................................................................... 83
6.10.5
Results
6.11
Lamella settler
6.11.1
Process connections
6.11.2
Static data
6.11.3
Operating data
6.11.4
Model calibration
6.11.5
Results
6.12
Dissolved air flotation (DAF)
6.12.1
Process Connections
6.12.2
Static data
6.12.3
Operating data
6.12.4
Model calibration
6.12.5
Results
6.13
DAF bank
Process connections
6.13.2
Static data
6.13.3
Bank operating data
6.13.4
Individual lane operating data
6.13.5
Model calibration
6.13.5.1
6.13.5.2
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89
Flocculation model calibration.................................................................................................. 89

DAF model calibration ............................................................................................................. 89
6.13.6
Results
6.14
Dynamic Separator
6.14.1
Process Connections
6.14.2
Static data
6.14.3
Operating data
6.14.4
Model calibration
89
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User Guide
6.14.5
Results
6.15
Generic separator
6.15.1
Process Connections
6.15.2
Static data
6.15.3
Model calibration
6.16
Rapid Gravity Filter
6.16.1
Process Connections
6.16.2
Static data
6.16.3
Operating data
6.16.4
Model calibration
6.16.4.1
6.16.4.2
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93
95
Model calibration - Logistic model........................................................................................... 96

Model calibration - Finite difference model.............................................................................. 96
6.16.5
Results
6.17
Rapid gravity filter bank
6.17.1
Process Connections
6.17.2
Static data
6.17.3
Operating data
6.17.4
Model calibration
6.17.4.1
6.17.4.2
96
97
97
97
98
99
Model calibration - Logistic model......................................................................................... 100

Model calibration - Finite difference model............................................................................ 100
6.17.5
Results
6.18
GAC adsorber
6.18.1
Process Connections
6.18.2
Static data
6.18.3
Operating data
6.18.4
Model calibration
6.18.5
Results
6.19
Slow sand filter bank
6.19.1
Process Connections
6.19.2
Static data
6.19.3
Operating data
6.19.4
Model calibration
6.19.5
Results
6.20
Ozone contactor
6.20.1
Process Connections
6.20.2
Static data
6.20.3
Operating data
6.20.4
Model calibration (process unit)
6.20.5
Model calibration
6.20.6
Results
6.21
Chlorine contact tank
6.21.1
Process Connections
6.21.2
Static data
6.21.3
Operating data
6.21.4
Model calibration
6.21.4.1
6.21.4.2
6.21.4.3
6.21.4.4
Chlorine decay ........................................................................................................................ 109

THM formation...................................................................................................................... 109
HAA formation ...................................................................................................................... 110
Disinfection ............................................................................................................................ 110
6.21.5
Results
6.22
Chloramination
Process connections
6.22.2
Static data
6.22.3
Operating data
6.22.4
Model calibration
6.22.4.1
6.22.4.2
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Chloramine decay ................................................................................................................... 113

THM formation...................................................................................................................... 114
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6.22.4.3
6.22.4.4
User Guide
HAA formation ...................................................................................................................... 114

Disinfection ............................................................................................................................ 115
6.22.5
Results
Chlorine dioxide
6.23.1
Process connections
6.23.2
Static data
6.23.3
Operating data
6.23.4
Model calibration
6.23.4.1
6.23.4.2
115
117
117
117
117
117
Chlorine dioxide decay............................................................................................................ 117

Disinfection ............................................................................................................................ 118
6.23.5
Results
6.24
Dechlorination
6.24.1
Process connections
6.24.2
Static data
6.24.3
Operating data
6.24.4
Model calibration
6.24.5
Results
6.25
Balancing tank
6.25.1
Process Connections
6.25.2
Static data
6.25.3
Operating data
6.25.4
Model calibration
6.25.5
Results
6.26
Pipe delay
Process connections
6.26.2
Static data
6.26.3
Operating data
6.27
Sludge thickener
6.27.1
Process Connections
6.27.2
Static data
6.27.3
Operating data
6.27.4
Model calibration
6.27.5
Results
118
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7. FLOW CONTROL
7.1
7.2
7.2.1
7.2.2
7.3
7.4
7.4.1
7.4.2
125
Streams
Flow dividers
Static data
Operating data
Flow mixers
Flow control valves
Process connections
Operating data
125
126
126
126
127
128
128
128
8. RUNNING A WORKS MODEL

8.1
8.1.1
8.1.2
8.1.3
8.1.4
8.2
8.3
8.4
129
Defining the run conditions

Timing
Constants
Order
Notes
Setting reporting options
Starting the run
Stopping and pausing the run
129
129
129
130
130
130
131
131
9. VIEWING RESULTS
9.1
9.2
133
Displaying results during a model run

Displaying results after a model run
133
135
WRc OTTER
9.3
10.
10.1
10.2
10.3
10.4
10.5
10.6
11.
11.1
11.2
11.3
11.4
11.5
11.6
11.7
11.8
User Guide
Easy menus
138
LOADING AND SAVING WORKS MODELS

Menu options
OTTER database file
Initialisation file (OTTER.INI)
Using several databases at once
Works and Runs
OTTER results files
141
141
141
141
141
142
142
WINDOWS KEYS
145
Cursor Movement Keys

Dialog Box Keys
Editing Keys
Help Keys
Menu Keys
System Keys
Text Selection Keys
Window Keys
145
145
146
146
146
147
147
148
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WRc OTTER
1.
INTRODUCTION
1.1
What is OTTER?
User Guide
OTTER is a dynamic water treatment works modelling package, which has been designed to simulate the
performance of a whole water treatment works. The dynamic properties of OTTER enable simulations of
the effects of temporal variations in water quality, flow or operating conditions on the downstream
process performance to be assessed. OTTER is composed of individual process models for the most
common water treatment processes, which are linked together to form a model of the complete works.
The software can therefore also be used to study the performance of the different stages in the works,
as well as the overall plant performance and the interactions between the processes. OTTER is designed
as an aid to process engineers and scientists studying water treatment works, not as a replacement for
them. OTTER comes with an Installation Guide, a User Guide (this manual) and a Process Model
Descriptions guide to help you design, calibrate and simulate works models and to interpret the results
generated by the OTTER models.
OTTER may be used for a wide range of applications. These include:
??
??
??
??
??
??
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??
As an aid in designing new water treatment works.

Upgrading and uprating existing water treatment works.
Operational decision support.
Testing what if? scenarios.
Optimising process and plant performance.
Training plant operators.
Process audits.
Benchmarking.
1.2
Installing OTTER
Before reading this manual, you should install OTTER on a suitable PC. For details of the hardware
requirements and instructions for installing the software, please see the accompanying Installation
Guide.
1.3
A Brief History of OTTER
WRc have been investigating the modelling of water treatment processes for many years. The first
model developed was called TSICALC 1 and was used to predict the change in water quality
determinands due to the addition of chemicals (e.g. the change in pH due to lime dosing). TSICALC in
effect provided the first model for OTTER, the pH adjuster. In 1994, WRc released GACMan, a Windows
package, which can be used to predict the performance of granular activated carbon filters and estimate
when the filter beds require regeneration.
OTTER began life as WEASEL, a development partially funded by Thames Water. Work began on the
project in 1994 and the first release of the software was issued in July 1995. The formal launch of version
1.0 of WEASEL took place in October 1995. Since then, the software has been renamed for international
standardisation, the package has been upgraded to be fully 32-bit and an ongoing development program
has involved incorporation of new process models and interface upgrades. This has resulted in the
launch of version 2.1 of OTTER, which you should now have installed.
WRc have also spent much time proving the capabilities of the process models via a range of
applications for clients. This has including case studies investigating issues such as:
For more information, see Ainsworth R and Jones C, A method for predicting the effects of treatment
processes that are designed to increase pH, alkalinity and hardness, WRc report LR1048, August
(1979)
WRc OTTER
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User Guide
Optimum run lengths for rapid gravity filters and how these vary with water quality and flow;
Varying works flow to minimise pumping costs as electricity tariffs vary over a 24 hour period;
Use of OTTER as an aid to commissioning a new works;
Comparison of designs and associated operating costs for a new works.
STOAT (Sewage Treatment Optimisation Analysis over Time) is a sister product of OTTER, which is
widely used in design and operational situations by the water industry in the UK and world-wide. The
packages share similar interfaces, and users of one will quickly adapt to the other.
Both OTTER and STOAT use simulation models of the unit treatment processes, written in FORTRAN,
which are linked together by a Windows interface, written in Visual Basic.
1.4
How OTTER works
The simulation of a water treatment works is achieved by building a works model. A works model
consists of a set of interconnected water treatment process models, together with at least one raw water
source. Process models are connected together by streams, which in real life are either channels or pipes.
The sources, process models and streams are displayed graphically in a works flow-sheet, an example of
which is shown below.
The above flowsheet includes a raw water source; a flow control valve; a coagulant dosing system; a
floc-blanket clarifier; a rapid gravity filter bank; a pH adjuster for acid or alkali dosing; a chlorine
contact tank for disinfection; a flow balancing tank and a sludge thickener for sludge treatment; and
sinks for the streams leaving the works.
WRc OTTER operates in Microsoft Windows and users who are familiar with Windows products, such
as MS Word or MS Excel will encounter many similarities.
WRc OTTER
User Guide
A works model is constructed on the works flow-sheet
by selecting process models from the processes
toolbox (as shown partly on the left).
In addition to true process models (e.g. coagulation
and filtration), the processes toolbox also contains
icons for the following:
source - (e.g. raw water source) a point where water of
constant or variable quality enters the treatment works,
sink - (e.g. final water) a point where water or sludge (of
a predicted quality) leaves the treatment works,
flow control valve - a simple model which specifies the
flow rate of water through the works,
flow divider - a simple model which splits the flow into
two or three streams of equal quality, and
flow mixer - a blending model which calculates the
resultant flow and quality when two or three streams
are mixed
A works model consists of a works definition (or description) and a run definition (or set of input data
over a specified period of time). Each works can have several runs associated with it. The run definition
contains the timings for a simulation (or model run). It also records any changes in the process model
data made since the original model was created.
Process model data is edited using dialogs. Process model data is divided into several categories. The
categories appear as folders or tabs on the dialog. The main categories of model data are static,
operating, model calibration, reporting options, and results data.
Influent water quality is specified in source profiles. Each source must have a profile associated with it.
The default profile in OTTER has columns for over 50 water quality determinands which may vary over
time. This profile can be tailored to individual circumstances, and for most applications a smaller group
of determinands will be of interest. When a works model runs, the current values for the influent water
quality are read in for all the sources in the works, interpolating between readings as necessary. These
values (together with a value for the flow) are passed by streams from source to process and from
process to process throughout the entire works model, with individual processes changing some of the
quality determinands.
The main results from a simulation are the predicted water quality and flow values for all the streams in
the works over the duration of the model run. Additionally, most processes have their own results data
(e.g. rapid gravity filters record headloss and number of backwashes). The results for all the streams and
processes can be displayed in customised spread-sheets within OTTER. Additionally, OTTER can
create charts of results based on data ranges selected in the spread-sheets.
OTTER model data is stored in a single database file known as the model database. The database file
format is Microsoft ACCESS 97. Several works models can be contained in one model database. New
model databases should be created for storing data for different modelling projects.
WRc OTTER
1.5
User Guide
Conventions used in this manual
1.5.1 Key strokes

Terms in CAPITAL LETTERS and enclosed by brackets, such as [RETURN] or [F1], refer to single keys
on the keyboard. Thus [RETURN] is the carriage-return key, and [F1] is the function key labelled F1,
usually (but not always) found on the top row of keys on the keyboard.
1.5.2 Menus
Menus are shown highlighted in bold. The underlined letter in the menu name represents the key which
may be used to select it (as an alternative to using the mouse). For example
File refers to the menu option on the menu bar, which contains options for loading
and saving OTTER models. File-Open... refers to the option got opening OTTER
models, which is found under the File menu. To select File-Open... using the
keyboard rather than the mouse, hold down the [ALT] key and press F, followed by
O.
1.5.3 Mouse Actions

Left-click on... means move the mouse pointer, , over a specified position on the screen (e.g. a button
or an image of a process), press down the left button on the mouse once, and release it.
Right-click on... means move the mouse pointer,
, over a specified position on the screen (e.g. a
button or an image of a process), press down the right button on the mouse once, and release it.
Double-click on... means move the mouse pointer, , over a specified position on the screen (e.g. a
button or an image of a process), press down the left button on the mouse twice in rapid succession.
Select [option] means choose from a list of options (e.g. in a menu, list box or option button group) by
left-clicking on the specified option.
Select [range of cells] means move the mouse pointer, , over the top left cell in a spread-sheet, press
the left button of the mouse and keep in held down. The move the mouse pointer to the bottom-right cell
in the desired range and release the mouse button. The selected range of cells will be highlighted in an
inverse colour.
Drag-and-drop [item] means move the mouse pointer, , over the specified item, press the left button
of the mouse and keep it held down (to select the item). Then move the mouse pointer, which may
change shape depending on the item being dragged, to the new desired location (dragging the item with
it) and release the mouse button (drop the item).
We assume that you are familiar with using your computer and the Windows operating system. If you
are not, we recommend that you read the Windows manual that came with your system and use the
training facilities that are on the computer.
1.6
How to use the OTTER on-line help system
An integral part of OTTER is the on-line help system. The help system has been designed to appear and
operate in a similar fashion to the help systems of other Windows applications. Help can be obtained by
selecting the help option from the toolbar,
, selecting the Help menu, left-clicking on the help
WRc OTTER
User Guide
button in a dialog or pressing the [F1] function key at any stage. Each help page contains links to other
topics. Left-clicking on any text coloured in green will bring up help about that topic.
Further information on using a help system can be obtained in OTTER by selecting the Help on Help
option from the Help drag-down menu.
1.7
The Layout of this Manual
Section 2 of the manual gives a quick run through of the basics of OTTER, and should enable you to
start building and running your own models. Section 3 gives detailed information on building works
models. Section 4 describes the menu system in OTTER. Sections 5-7 describe the unit processes and
flow control in OTTER. Sections 8-10 show how to run models, view results and save the results of
simulations. Section 11 lists the keys available in Windows.
1.8
OTTER support
For technical advice on the process models in OTTER and developing applications using OTTER,
further product information or sales enquiries, please contact:

415-13
#201
461-210
Tel. 031-759-5117
e-mail: webmaster@hydrosoft.co.kr
Liz Palfrey,
WRc plc,
Frankland Road,
Blagrove,
Swindon,
Wiltshire,
SN5 8YF,
United Kingdom.
Tel. 01793-865195
Fax. 01793-865001
e-mail: otter@wrcplc.co.uk
WRc OTTER
User Guide
WRc OTTER
2.
User Guide
GETTING STARTED WITH OTTER
This section describes how to build a simple model of a water treatment works, run a simulation of plant
operation and look at the results of the simulation. The section is presented in the form of working
through an example OTTER run.
2.1
Loading OTTER and Creating a Water Treatment Works
OTTER can be opened from the Start Menu in Windows. You will have a short wait while OTTER loads,
and then you will be faced with a blank screen, with a top menu containing three options, File, Tools
and Help. From the File menu, select New... to create a new water treatment works.
You will be asked to give this works a name. You may choose any name you want, but at this stage,
accept the default, Works 1, by pressing [RETURN], or left-clicking on OK.
A new empty works flow-sheet window will appear on the screen, together with a process toolbox in the
form of a floating window containing icons for each process, source and sink.
WRc OTTER
User Guide
You can now start to build a works model by selecting processes from the process menu and adding
them to the flow-sheet.
2.2
Building the Works Model
Processes are added to the flow-sheet using the drag-and-drop method, common to other Windows
applications. Using the mouse, select any process from the Process toolbox. Keeping the left mouse
button pressed down, move the mouse pointer back to your works flow-sheet and position the process
wherever you want. Release the mouse button and you will see the process appear on the flow-sheet.
For more details, see 3.2 Adding a process to a works flow-sheet.
For this example, add the following processes to the works flow-sheet: raw water source, flow control
valve, coagulation, floc blanket clarifier, rapid gravity filter bank, washwater tank and a chlorine contact
tank. Then close the processes toolbox. Your flow-sheet should resemble that shown below.
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User Guide
The processes must now be joined together. This is done by dragging a new stream line out from a
process or source outlet and linking it to the influent of another process or source.
When the mouse pointer is moved over an unconnected process outlet, it changes from a pointer to a
cross-hair. Now, hold down the left mouse button and move the mouse to over an unconnected process
inlet. A dotted line representing the new stream is dawn from the process outlet to the new position of
the mouse pointer. When the pointer is over a free process inlet, the mouse pointer changes into a chain
link symbol. Release the left mouse button and the stream will be connected. The mouse pointer now
returns to normal.
Connect the processes together, so that the works flow-sheet resembles the one shown. Try to ensure
that the streams are either horizontal or vertical, as they will be easier to select to look at results and
dialogs. For more information on connecting processes together and managing streams, see 3.3
Connecting processes together and 3.4 Selecting and repositioning processes, sources and sinks.
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2.3
User Guide
Defining the Run Conditions
Now that a works has been built, you must define the operating conditions of the unit processes and
the set-up for the model simulation.
2.3.1 Source data

There are two types of sources in this works, a raw water source and a washwater tank. Right-click on
the raw water source icon and select Source data. The source dialog will be displayed.
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You now need to specify the raw water profile for this run. In this example, we will use a pre-defined
source, which describes a typical lowland source over a year. Left-click on the downward arrow under
Water quality profile to give a list of available source profiles, and select the Lowland seasonal source.
OTTER comes with three pre-defined sources, to enable you to get started with running the software.
The source can either be used as a profile through time or as an annual variation, so that each year the
source has the same pattern. In this example, choose to use the profile as an annual variation.
To view the source profile, left-click on Edit profile. Using this dialog, the data in the profile can be
edited to reflect your source data. Use the scroll bars to move around the spreadsheet and view all the
water quality determinands that make up the water profile. At this stage, leave the data as it stands.
Close the source dialog by selecting OK.
Now, using the same procedure, ensure that the washwater tank is using the Clean wash water profile
from the list of source profiles.
For more information about sources, water profiles and changing the data in the profiles, see 5 Sources
and Sinks.
2.3.2 Process data

Each process in an OTTER model has a set of data which describes the size of the tanks, the operating
conditions of the process and calibration constants so that the model predictions fit with the plant data.
The processes have been defined with a set of default data, based on WRcs experience of studying
process performance. The tanks have been sized to treat a flow of 200 m3/h. For this example, we will
make one change to the operating data of the floc blanket clarifier. View the floc blanket clarifier data by
right-clicking on it and selecting Process data.
You will now see the floc blanket clarifier model dialog.
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There are six categories of data that can be viewed - static data, operating data, model calibration, state
of floc blanket, reporting options and results. You can change which category you are looking at by
selecting the relevant tab at the top of the dialog. In this example, select the operating data tab and
change the desludging rate to 2.5%v/v. The operating data dialog often contains a spreadsheet for
entering parameters that can be varied with time over the duration of the simulation.
Left-click on OK to accept this change and return to the worksheet.
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The dialogs for the other models can be viewed in a similar fashion. For more details on viewing the
model data, editing the model data and the meaning of the data in the dialogs, see 6.1 General Model
Dialogs.
2.3.3 Run Setup

From the top menu, select Model - Run Setup... to show the run setup dialog. This contains details of
the start and end times of the model simulation, the time steps to be used in the model, global constants
(e.g. atmospheric pressure) and the order of calculation (usually left as automatic). It also contains a box
where you can make notes about the run, so that you can record what the simulation represents.
Edit the start and end times so that they read as above. Change the model input time step to 1h. The
shorter the input time step, the fewer the number of calculations and the faster the model runs. However,
accuracy can decrease as the time step is increased. Now check that the reporting time step is also 1h.
For more details on the run setup, see 8 Running a Works Model.
2.3.4 Reporting data

It is possible to show the results for any of the water quality determinands in any of the streams as the
run progresses. In this example, lets look at how the final water turbidity changes during the run. Rightclick on the stream leaving the chlorine contact tank and select Stream data.
The results can be shown either as a chart or as a meter. Here, we will look at the final water turbidity in
chart format. Left-click on the In-simulation reporting and Chart check-boxes.
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We now need to specify the determinand to be reported. Select the water quality tab and check the box
corresponding to Turbidity. The report code will toggle to TRUE status.
Close the dialog by selecting OK. You should see that the chart has appeared in the centre of the screen,
so that you can view the results over the run.
For more information on displaying the results of OTTER runs, see 9 Viewing Results.
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2.3.5 Saving the Run Conditions

Now that the simulation is ready to run, it is advisable to save the data in case any errors occur during
the run. From the File menu, select Save....
2.4
Running the Simulation
The simulation can be run either by selecting Run - Go from the top menu, or by left-clicking on the Run
icon.
You can watch the progress of the run by looking at the blue progress indicator in the top right hand
corner of the screen. During the run, the chart that you have set up will be updated at each reporting
time step.
The time taken for the simulation will depend on the time steps chosen and the speed of your processor.
Using in-simulation charts can slow down the calculation speeds, particularly over long simulations. A
small Window will appear and inform you when the run has finished.
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2.5
User Guide
Viewing the Simulation Results
After the run has finished, you will want to look at the results generated by the model. Each of the
streams and most of the processes produce results.
2.5.1 Stream results

The model produces a results file for each stream, unless the Create results profile option has been
disabled under the Stream data option. To look at the results for a stream, right-click on the stream and
select Results.... The results are shown in the form of a spreadsheet. To enable the data to be viewed
more easily, the different water quality determinands that are calculated have been broken up into
categories and each category has its own tab in the results dialog. The example shown here is for the
clarified water stream. To move around the spreadsheet, left-click anywhere on the spreadsheet and
vertical and horizontal scrollbars will appear. The general determinands category includes those
determinands most commonly measured on treatment works, although metal concentrations have their
own category.
To show the results in a graphical format, left-click on the heading for the column to select the column
of interest. From the top menu, select Chart - Timeseries. The X-axis of the chart can either be the date
and time or the time that has elapsed during the run. Here, select Elapsed time (h).
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The chart should now have appeared. The chart shows the change in turbidity of the clarified water
during the run. The turbidity has decreased as the turbidity of the raw water decreased. The Y-axis has
no units, as more than one determinand can be plotted on the same chart, the legend specifying the
units for each curve. The legend is taken from the column heading in the results spreadsheet. Doubleclick the heading before creating the chart to change the legend that will appear. More than one column
can be selected so that you can plot different results on the same spreadsheets (e.g. more than one
determinand from the same stream, or the same determinand from more than one stream to compare
water quality down treatment).
Similar charts can be produced for each water quality determinand in each stream. For more details, see
9.2 Displaying results after a model run. After you have looked at the results, close down the charts
and results spreadsheets.
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2.5.2 Model results

In a similar fashion, the results from the individual process models can also be presented on charts. For
more information on the results generated by each model, see process model dialogs.
In this example, we will look at the performance of one of the rapid gravity filters in the bank. Right-click
on the filter bank to select the process and choose Results.... Results are shown for the whole bank, but
in this case, we are interested in how the individual filters performed. Choose the tab marked Filter 1.
You can see that the headloss in the filter has risen, until the first backwash occurred. Lets look at how
the headloss has varied during the run. Left-click on the top of the headloss column and select Chart Timeseries - Elapsed time (h) from the top menu.
The headloss increased during each filter run until backwash occurred. Sudden peaks were due to the
increased flow when one of the other filters in the bank was washed. Other process results can be
viewed in a similar way.
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2.6
User Guide
Saving the Model Results
To save the results generated by the model, select File - Save... from the top menu.
You have now finished running a simple OTTER model of a water treatment works and should be able to
investigate the package further. To carry out more runs, simply select Model - New run from the top
menu. You will be given a choice of new run options. See 4.6 Model Menu for more information on
these options.
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3.
User Guide
BUILDING A WORKS MODEL
This section describes in detail how to build a works model from scratch.
3.1
Creating a new works model
Select New... from the File menu.

A dialog prompts for a new name for the works.
Enter a name, or accept the default and left-click on OK.
A new empty works flow-sheet window will appear on the screen, together with a process menu in the
form of a floating window containing icons for each process, source and sink (this is known as the
Process toolbox).
You can now start to build a works model by selecting processes from the process menu and adding
them to the flow-sheet.
3.2
Adding a process to a works flow-sheet
To add processes (or sources or sinks) to the works flow-sheet, simply drag-and-drop them from the
processes toolbox. In the example below, a flocculator is added to a flow-sheet already containing a raw
water source, a flow control valve and a coagulation unit.
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1. Put the mouse pointer

over the process icon required. Press the left mouse button and keep it
held down. The mouse pointer will change shape into the outline of the selected process.
2. Move the mouse (keeping the left button depressed) so that the pointer (now resembling the
selected process) moves over the flow-sheet.
3. When the selected process is over the desired location for the new process, release the left button.
A new process of the desired type should be created. It will become the current process for future
editing until another process is selected.
Note: It is only possible to drop a process onto the flow-sheet. If the process is dropped anywhere else,
no new process will be created.
3.3
Connecting processes together
To connect two processes, simply drag a new stream line out from a process or source outlet.
In the following examples, a new stream is created from a flow control valve to a coagulation unit.
3.3.1 Example A : Creating a new stream consisting of one line segment only.
1. Move the mouse pointer over the process that the stream is to emanate from.
2. Move the mouse pointer carefully over the process outlet. When it is over an unconnected outlet
point the mouse pointer changes from an arrow
to a cross-hair
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3. Press the left mouse button (with the mouse pointer in the shape of a cross-hair ) and keep it held
down. Move the mouse and a dotted line representing the new stream will be drawn from the process
outlet to the new position of the mouse pointer.
4. Move the mouse pointer until it is over an unconnected inlet belonging to a different process. When
the pointer is over a free inlet and a connection is allowed, the mouse pointer will change again into a
chain-link symbol
. Release the left mouse button and the stream will be connected.
5. A new stream has been created. It is dotted because it is the currently selected stream. The mouse
pointer returns to normal.
3.3.2 Example B : Creating a new stream consisting of three line segments (two
bends).
1. Move the mouse pointer over the process to connect from.
2. Move the mouse pointer carefully over the process outlet. When it is over an unconnected outlet
point the mouse pointer changes from an arrow
to a cross-hair
3. Press the left mouse button (with the mouse pointer in the shape of a cross-hair ) and keep it held
down. Move the mouse and a dotted line representing the new stream will be drawn from the process
outlet to the new position of the mouse pointer.
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4. Instead of positioning the mouse pointer

over a free process inlet, just release the left button
when the mouse pointer is over a blank area of the flow-sheet. A stream line segment is created,
connected from a process but not yet connected to a process. The stream segment is dotted because it
is selected and the free end (or node) appears as a small grey square.
5. Move the mouse over the stream node (grey square). The mouse pointer will change into a cross-hair
as it does when it is over a process outlet. Now left-click and keep the mouse button held down.
6. Move the mouse whilst keeping the left button held down. A new stream segment will be drawn from
the stream node. Release the mouse button to complete the second segment.
7. Add a further segment and this time connect to a process inlet as described previously.
8. The finished stream with three segments and two nodes or bend points. The nodes and processes
can be repositioned by dragging them with the mouse.
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3.4
User Guide
Selecting and repositioning processes, sources and sinks
Select a process, source or sink by left-clicking on it with the mouse. A dotted line is drawn around the
process when it is selected. It is only possible to select one process at a time.
To reposition a process, move the mouse pointer over it and hold down the left button. The pointer will
change into hand symbol
and the process can be moved to a new position by moving the mouse.
Note: When moving processes ensure that the mouse pointer is not positioned over an outlet, or a new
stream may be created inadvertently. The mouse pointer changes from an arrow
when it is over an outlet.
3.5
to a cross-hair
Selecting and repositioning streams
Select a stream by left-clicking on it with the mouse. The stream is displayed as a dotted line when it is
selected. It is only possible to select one stream at a time.
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Streams are repositioned automatically when the processes they are attached to are moved. Moving a
process is a good way of ensuring that streams have been connected to it properly. It is easier to
arrange the streams neatly on the flowsheet by moving the processes.
Where a stream consists of several segments, it is possible to move the nodes joining the segments.
First select the stream by left-clicking on it. This will make the nodes visible.
Then select (the mouse pointer will change to a cross hair

when it is over a node) and move the
node by dragging with the mouse in the same way as moving processes.
Select and drag the node
Drop the node
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Select and drag the node
Drop the node
3.6
Removing bends from streams
There are two methods for removing unwanted bends from streams.
A) Remove all bends
- replaces a multi-segment stream with one line segment
B) Remove (single) bend
- just removes the selected node or bend-point.
Both methods can be selected from the Stream menu which can be displayed by right-clicking on the
stream.
3.6.1 Remove all bends

Remove all the bends in a stream by right-clicking on the stream and selecting the Remove all bends
option on the Stream pop-up menu.
The bends are removed.
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3.6.2 Remove (single) bend

Remove a single bend by right-clicking on it and selecting the Remove bend option on the Stream popup menu.
First select the whole stream by left-clicking on it.
This displays the nodes or bend points as gre y squares.
Now right-click on the bend point to be removed.
The stream pop-up-menu will be displayed with the Remove bend option enabled.
Left-click on the Remove bend option.
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The bend point is deleted.
3.7
Displaying the stream menu
To show the Stream menu, simply position the mouse pointer over the stream of interest and right-click.
This will show the menu as a pop-up. Alternatively left-click on the stream and select the Stream... submenu under the Model menu on the main menu bar.
3.8
Inserting bends into streams
A new bend can be inserted into a stream by selecting the Insert bend option from the Stream menu.
Display the pop-up menu by right-clicking on the stream.
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A node or bend point is inserted into the stream.
The node can now be repositioned by dragging it with the mouse. (See 3.5 Selecting and repositioning
streams)
3.9
Deleting streams and processes
A stream can be deleted by selecting the Delete stream option from the Stream menu. Display the popup menu by right-clicking on the stream.
The stream is removed.
A similar method is used for deleting processes, by right-clicking on the process and selecting the
Delete process option.
3.10
Editing model data for streams and processes
Model data for a stream can be edited by selecting the Model data option from the Stream menu.
Display the pop-up menu by right-clicking on the stream.
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Model data for a process can be edited by selecting the Model data option from the Process menu.
Display the pop-up menu by right-clicking on the process.
3.10.1 Displaying the process, source or sink menu

To show the process source or sink menu simply position the mouse pointer over a process (or source
or sink) picture and right-click.
This shows the menu as a pop-up.
Alternatively, left-click on the picture and select the appropriate sub-menu under the Model menu on
the main menu bar.
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3.11
User Guide
Specifying water quality for raw and wash water sources
Water quality is specified for sources which feed into the processes via streams. Sources are added to
the works model in the same way as processes (See 3.2 Adding a process to a works flow-sheet). For
full information on water quality profiles and sources, see 5.2 Sources.
3.12
Requirements for a valid works model
A works model must include at least one raw water source.

If the flow to the works is to be varied, a flow control valve must be connected downstream of the
source. If the works contains no flow control valve, the flow through the works is set to a default value
of 200 m3/h.
All processes, sources and sinks must be connected. It is not necessary to use sinks (final water, sludge,
waste wash water); they are included for aesthetic reasons. However, process outlets must all have
streams connected to them even if the stream is not connected into another process.
Rapid gravity filters and rapid gravity filter banks must have a wash water source connected to them.
Flow dividers can be used to split the flow from a single wash water source to a number of filters. A flow
control valve is not necessary because the wash water flow is set by the filter model.
A water quality profile must be selected for each source (raw water and wash water).
Recycles are not fully supported in this version of OTTER.
One raw water source must be designated as the default source. This is used to initialise the water
quality in all the streams when starting a new run. Note: This is only applicable when more than one raw
water source is being used. A default source will automatically be set, but this can be overridden if
necessary.
There is no restriction on the order in which processes are connected together. However, illogical
connections may give unpredictable results.
Note: Validation checks are made on the process model data as it is entered in the dialogs.
3.13
Works Information
You may store information about the works that you are simulating and change its name, by selecting
Works Info... from the Model menu. It is important to keep a record of the work you carry out and
changes you make to the default settings. You should establish a good audit procedure for your
modelling exercises.
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4.
4.1
User Guide
OTTER MENUS
The Top Menu
The OTTER top menu contains information about the current status of the OTTER program and a menu
bar. An example of the top bar is shown here.
The OTTER menu bar contains the following entries, depending on the current active window. On-line
help can be obtained by pressing [F1] when selecting any of these options (see 1.6 How to use the
OTTER on-line help system).
When no model is loaded...
When a model is loaded and the works flowsheet is the active window...
When there is a results spread-sheet in the active window...
When there is a chart in the active window...
Items in grey are disabled and not available at that time. For example, you cannot try to save a works
model before one has been loaded or created.
If the menu option can be accessed by a key-stroke, the keys required are shown next to the option, e.g.
Cut Ctrl+X. In this case, the selection can be Cut, by pressing [CTRL] and X at the same time.
The following sections explain the options available on each of the menus.
4.2
File Menu
The File menu contains options for creating new works models and loading saved models from disk. It
also allows selection of the database file in which the models are stored. As in most other Windows
programs, printing is also controlled by the File menu.
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For further information on the OTTER file structure, see 10. Loading and Saving Works Models.
New...
Prompts for a name and creates a new works model.
Open...
Displays a dialog for selecting and opening an existing works model from the current models database
on disk.
Save...
Saves the current works model in the models database. The model can be opened again later using the
Open command on the File menu.
Save As...
Displays a dialog and saves the current works model in the database under a new name. The model can
be opened again later using the Open command on the File menu.
Close
Closes the current works model. If the current model has not been saved, a prompt will be shown asking
you whether or not to save changes to the model.
Delete...
Displays a dialog for selecting works models (or just model runs) and then deletes the selected model
(or run) from the database.
Database menu
Menu options for changing the current database used for storing OTTER model data.
New database...
Displays a dialog which prompts for a new models database name and directory. If a valid database
name and directory are entered, then they are created and the new database becomes the current
default database.
Open database...
Displays a dialog for selecting an existing models database. If a valid database is selected then it is
opened and becomes the current database.
Delete database...
Displays a dialog for selecting a models database and deletes the chosen database. Note: it is not
possible to delete the current database.
Compact database...
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Displays a dialog for selecting a models database. This database is then compacted so that it takes
up less space on the hard drive.
Export model...
Currently unavailable.
Import model...
Currently unavailable.
Last used database
A list of the four most recently used models database files. One of these databases may be opened
and made into the current database by simply selecting it from the list (left-click).
Print
Prints the information in the current window.
Printer setup...
Displays a standard Windows dialog for selecting printers and changing the configuration settings for
selected printers.
Exit
Terminates the OTTER program. If changes have been made to the current model, a prompt will be
shown to confirm whether or not you would like to save these changes.
4.3
Edit menu
The Edit menu contains options for copying, cutting and pasting data. The status of the Edit menu will
depend on the active window. The Edit menu options are active when a spread-sheet control is
displayed on the screen. They are also available as a pop-up menu displayed by right-clicking on the
spread-sheet. The spread-sheet pop-up menu also includes formatting and printing options.
Cut
Deletes the selected data from a spread-sheet and copies it to an internal paste buffer and the Windows
Clipboard. It can then be pasted back to the same spread-sheet or to a different spread-sheet in OTTER
or to any other Windows application which supports cut and paste.
Copy
Copies the selected data from a spread-sheet to an internal paste buffer and the Windows Clipboard. It
can then be pasted back to the same spread-sheet or to a different spread-sheet in OTTER or to any
other Windows application which supports cut and paste.
Paste
Pastes data from an internal paste buffer or the Windows Clipboard to the currently selected OTTER
spread-sheet. If the data was originally cut or copied to the internal paste buffer from an OTTER spreadsheet then cell formatting is pasted together with cell values. If data is from another application (pasted
from Windows Clipboard) just the cell values are pasted.
Clear
Removes data and formatting from the selected range in the current OTTER spread-sheet. Similar to cut
except that the data and formatting is not copied to a paste buffer.
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Insert...
Inserts blank cells or rows or columns into the selected range in the current OTTER spread-sheet and
moves the other cells according to an option selected from the following dialog:
Shift horizontal
Move cells on the right of the inserted range further to the right.
Shift vertical
Move cells below the inserted range downwards.
Insert whole rows
Insert whole rows in the selected range and move other rows down.
Insert whole columns
Insert whole columns in the selected range and move other columns right.
Delete...
Deletes cells or rows or columns from the selected range in the current OTTER spread-sheet and moves
the other cells according to an option selected from the following dialog:
Shift horizontal
Move cells from the right to fill in the deleted range.
Shift vertical
Move cells from below to fill in the deleted range.
Delete whole rows
Delete whole rows in the selected range and move rows up from below the deleted rows.
Delete whole columns
Delete whole columns in the selected range and move columns left from the right of the deleted rows.
4.4
Format menu
The Format menu contains options for formatting the selected cells or rows or columns, in the current
spread-sheet.
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Alignment...
Dis plays dialog to align cell values to the left, right or centre in the selected range of the current spreadsheet.
Font...
Displays dialog to edit the font for cells in the selected range of the current spread-sheet.
Border...
Displays dialog to edit the border style of cells in the selected range of the current spread-sheet.
Pattern...
Displays dialog to edit the background patterns and colours of cells in the selected range of the current
spread-sheet.
Number...
Displays dialog to format cell numeric values in the selected range of the current spread-sheet, e.g. set
the number of decimal places.
Column width...
Displays dialog to specify the column width in the selected range of the current spread-sheet.
Row height...
Displays dialog to specify the row height in the selected range of the current spread-sheet.
4.5
Spread-sheet popup menu
The Spread-sheet pop-up menu contains options for editing and formatting the selected cells in the
current spread-sheet and for printing the whole spread-sheet. It is displayed by right-clicking on a
spread-sheet.
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Fix rows
Fix rows in selected range in current spread-sheet so that they dont scroll. This may be useful for
comparing the data from the start and the end of the run by fixing the cells in the first row of the
spreadsheet.
Fix columns
Fix columns in selected range in current spread-sheet so that they dont scroll. It is sometimes useful to
fix the date/time columns while scrolling through associated data in other columns. However it is not
possible to edit data in the fixed columns so all times should be entered before fixing columns.
Format
Displays Format menu as a sub-menu.
Print
Prints the contents of the currently selected spread-sheet.
Page set-up...
Displays a dialog for defining the page layout used when printing a spread-sheet. The page layout
definition includes the header and footer text printed at the top and bottom of the page respectively, and
the sizes of the margins.
Printer set-up...
Displays a dialog for selecting a printer and setting up print options.
Export
Displays the Export sub-menu which contains options for writing the contents of the spread-sheet in
Excel format and text -only format.
4.6
Model menu
The Model menu contains options for creating a new run, editing the run timings and associated data
and editing model data for specific processes or streams. Some menu options are also available in the
form of a pop-up menu, displayed by right-clicking on a stream or process.
Works info...
Displays a dialog for editing the name of the works and any brief notes about the works.
See 3.13 Works Information.
Run set-up...
Displays a dialog for editing run set-up data. This includes the name of the run, run timings, global
model parameters (currently just atmospheric pressure), and the order in which the process models are
recalculated during each simulation time step. There is also a section for entering and recording brief
notes on a run.
For further information see 8.1 Defining the run conditions.
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New run
Displays a dialog with a choice of new run options.
For all the options, a new run definition for a works model is created by creating a new unique run ID
code for the model so that model input data and results can be identified reliably from any other runs for
the works.
The option chosen governs how the run timings and model states are initialised for the new run.
Cold start
?? Resets run timings to defaults ?? Start time set to todays date at midnight (00.00 hours)
?? End time set to 2 weeks after start time
?? Model input time step set to 0.1 hours
?? Model output (reporting time step) set to 1 hour
?? Number of time steps calculated from (end time - start time) / input time step (default = 3360)
?? Elapsed time set to zero
?? Current time step set to zero
?? Resets dynamic state data (initial conditions) for the processes in the model to default values. (Note:.
The following processes have dynamic state data: floc-blanket clarifier, rapid gravity filter, rapid
gravity filter bank and GAC adsorber)
?? Resets stream flow and water quality to zero. (At time zero during a run, the stream water quality is
initialised to the quality of the default raw water source.)
?? Resets reporting options for streams and processes
?? All in-simulation reporting disabled
?? All streams and processes enabled to produce results profiles
Repeat run
?? Run timings loaded in from previous run
?? Dynamic state data is reset to the default values
?? Stream and water quality data is set to zero
?? Reporting options read in from the previous run
Warm start
?? Run timings loaded in from previous run
?? Dynamic state data set to the values calculated at the end of the previous run
?? Stream and water quality data set to the values calculated at the end of the previous run
Warm start (continuing from end of previous run)
?? Start date and time of new run set as end date and time of previous run. End date and time of new
run set as start date and time of new run plus the time duration of the previous run
?? Dynamic state data set to the values calculated at the end of the previous run
?? Stream and water quality data set to the values calculated at the end of the previous run
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For further information see 8 Running a works model and 10 Loading and saving works models.
Stream
Displays Stream sub-menu. The same sub-menu can be accessed (as a pop-up menu) by right-clicking
on a stream.
Model data
Displays a dialog for editing the name and reporting options for the stream. The dialog also displays
a snapshot of the flow and water quality in the stream for the current time step.
Results...
Displays a results profile for a stream in the form of a spread-sheet. This menu option is enabled
only if a run has been started and reporting has been enabled for the selected stream.
Style - Colour...
Displays a standard Windows dialog for setting the colour of the currently selected stream. This
option can be useful to colour code streams on your works (e.g. different colours for treated water,
sludge and wastewater streams).
Insert bend
Inserts a bend point or node into the line representing a stream. Only enabled if a line segment has
been right-clicked on. See 3.8 Inserting bends into streams.
Remove bend
Deletes a bend point or node in the line representing a stream. Only enabled if a node was rightclicked on. See 3.6 Removing bends from streams.
Remove all bends
Removes all bend points (nodes) in a stream, leaving the stream in the form of a single straight line
segment. See 3.6 Removing bends from streams.
Delete stream
Deletes the stream from the works flowsheet. Both the line and the underlying stream data are
deleted. See 3.9 Deleting streams and processes.
Process
Displays Process sub-menu if the currently selected process on the flowsheet is a true process i.e. not a
source (raw water, wash water) or a sink (final water, sludge, waste-water). The same sub-menu can be
accessed, as a pop-up menu, by right-clicking on a process.
Process data
Displays a dialog for editing the model data for the process. The dialog will depend on the type of
process. See 3.10 Editing model data for streams and processes.
Results...
Display results profile for process in form of a spread-sheet. This option is enabled only if a run has
been started and reporting has been enabled for the selected process.
Bring to front
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Positions the currently selected process/source/sink picture object so that if it overlaps other
pictures on the flowsheet it is drawn on top of them.
Send to back
Positions the currently selected process/source/sink picture object so that if it overlaps other
pictures on the flowsheet it is drawn beneath them.
Rotate picture
Changes the orientation of the current process/source/sink picture object by rotating it clockwise
through 90. Only available for selected processes (processes involving tanks of water cannot be
rotated because the water would pour out!).
The raw water source has been rotated through 90o clockwise.
Delete...
Deletes the process from the works flowsheet. Both the picture and the underlying model data are
Source
Displays Source sub-menu if the currently selected process on the flowsheet is a source. The same submenu can be accessed, as a pop-up menu, by right-clicking on a source.
Source data
Displays a dialog for editing source model data. See 3.10 Editing model data for streams and
processes.
Delete
Deletes the source from the works flowsheet. Both the picture and the underlying model data are
Sink
Displays Sink sub-menu if the currently selected process on the flowsheet is a sink. The same submenu can be accessed, as a pop-up menu, by right-clicking on a sink.
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Name
Displays dialog, enabling you to change the name of the sink.
Results
Display results profile for stream connected to sink in the form of a spread-sheet. Enabled only if a
run has been started and reporting has been enabled for the stream.
Delete
Deletes the sink from the works flowsheet. Both the picture and the underlying model data are
Options
Displays Options menu.
Edit new process

Shows dialog for editing process/source/sink data when process/source/sink is first created.
Enable tips
Show pop-up tips when mouse pointer is over toolbar buttons.
Stream style - Colour...
Shows dialog to change the colour of the streams.
4.7
Run menu
The Run menu contains options for controlling a simulation or model run. It is only available when the
works flowsheet is the currently active window.
For further information: 8 Running a works model.

Go
Start or continue a simulation or run. Same as
button on Run toolbar.
Pause
Pause a simulation or run. Same as
Stop
Stop a simulation or run. Same as
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4.8
User Guide
Tools menu
The Tools menu gives access to setting up a batch run and allows the user to change the units that are
used by the software.
Batch
Enables the user to set up and run a batch of simulations.
Edit
Allows the user to set up or edit the batch file for the simulation. A batch run is a set of OTTER
simulations, which have been set up by the user and are run in sequence automatically, without
further input being required. This is a useful tool when there are a large number of simulations or
when the simulations take a long time to run. For example, the software can be left running a batch of
simulations overnight and the results viewed the next day.
The batch run dialog shows each run that has been set up in the database. Use the arrows keys to
add the desired runs to the batch list.
Run
This carries out the batch simulation.
Units
OTTER supports both metric (SI) and US American units. When OTTER is first opened after installation,
the choice of default units is specified. This can be changed from the Tools menu.
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When OTTER is closed after use, it stores the units that were used last and these are read in when
OTTER is next opened.
Easy menus
Setting Easy menus to On enables a short-cut for creating charts of results. This functionality is
discussed further in 9.3 Easy menus. Off is the default.
4.9
Chart menu
The Chart menu contains options for creating graphs or charts from results spread-sheet data. To
create a chart, first select one or more ranges of data in the results spread-sheets using the mouse and
then choose a chart type from the Chart menu.
For further information, see: 9.2 Displaying results after a model run.
Timeseries
Left-clicking here shows a sub menu of time series charts. In this version of OTTER only time series
charts are available.
Date and time
Creates a timeseries chart using data from the selected ranges in the open spread-sheets with data
and time on the X-axis.
Elapsed time (h)
Creates a timeseries chart using data from the selected ranges in the open spread-sheets with
elapsed time on the X-axis.
4.10
Window menu
The Window menu contains options for controlling the way windows belonging to the OTTER
application are displayed on the screen.
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Cascade
Arranges the child windows (e.g. works flowsheet, results spread-sheets, charts) within the main
OTTER application window so that they are overlaid on top of one another with all the title bars visible.
It is then possible to select and view a particular child window by simply left-clicking on its title bar.
Note: This only works for child windows which have not been minimised (displayed in icon form).
Tile
Arranges the child windows within the main OTTER application window so that all their contents are
visible at once. The windows are sized so that they all fit together on the screen. Windows can be tiled
horizontally (one above the other on the screen with width usually larger than height) or vertically (side
by side on the screen with height usually larger than width). Note: This only works for child windows
which have not been minimised (displayed in icon form).
Arrange Icons
Arranges the icons of the minimised child windows evenly along the bottom of the application window.
Zoom
The zoom menu contains options for controlling the view of the works flowsheet. It is particularly
useful for manoeuvring around large works models. It is also possible to scroll around the flowsheet.
Zoom out
Displays more of the flowsheet on the screen. Care should be taken with this option, as zooming in
too far means that the images can no longer be seen clearly.
Zoom in
Magnifies the size of the displayed images on the worksheet.
Best fit
Fits all the images onto the visible flowsheet.
Normal view
Returns the flowsheet to the default resolution.
Processes toolbox
Displays or hides a floating window containing icons for all the processes (and sources, sinks) available
in the installed version of the OTTER application. This is called the Processes Toolbox and is used for
building works models. To add a process to the works flowsheet, simply drag-and-drop the appropriate
icon from the toolbox onto the flowsheet window using the left mouse button. When a new works is
created, the processes toolbox is automatically opened. When a works model has been run. the works
flowsheet cannot be modified directly. Modifications can be made by building a completely new works
model.
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List of available child windows

This is a list of all the child windows (e.g. works flowsheet, results spread-sheets, charts) which have
been created in the current session of OTTER. To select and view a particular window, simply left-click
on it, as if selecting any other menu option.
4.11
Help menu
Contents
Displays the contents screen of the OTTER help system.
Search...
Displays a dialog enabling you to search the OTTER help system for particular words or phrases.
How to use help
Provides instructions on how to use the help system.
About OTTER...
Displays a brief message about OTTER and the system configuration it is running on. It also displays
the name and path of the current models database in use by OTTER.
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5.
5.1
User Guide
SOURCES AND SINKS

Water quality profiles
OTTER includes 61 water quality determinands, which for reporting purposes are divided into eight
different categories:
General water quality (14),
Total metals (3),
Dissolved metals (3),
Inorganics (11),
Organics (8),
Pesticides (12),
Microbiological (5), and
Others (5).
When setting up a works model, water quality is specified for all the sources. The quality can be fixed or
varied during a model run.
Streams, sources and sinks store all 61 water quality determinands for the current time step. When a
process model is updated, it reads the water quality from the inlet streams and writes the new predicted
water quality to the outlet streams. Since the outlet stream of one process is also the inlet stream of
another process, the water quality changes are propagated from process to process throughout the
whole works.
Different process models affect different water quality determinands. For example, physical separation
processes (e.g. clarification, filtration) will predict solids and turbidity removal, together with those
determinands incorporated in the solids (e.g. precipitated metals), whereas chemical treatment process
models (e.g. coagulation, chlorination, ozonation) will predict the removal of true colour and organic
chemicals. Those water quality determinands not predicted by a particular process model will be passed
unchanged through the process from the influent streams to the effluent streams.
5.1.1 General water quality determinands

pH
Temperature (C)
*Turbidity (NTU)
Apparent colour (Hazen)
True colour (Hazen)
Hardness (mg/l CaCO3)
Alkalinity (mg/l CaCO3)
Conductivity (S/cm)
*Total suspended solids (mg/l)
Settleable solids (mg/l)
Filterable solids (mg/l)

Free chlorine (mg/l)
Combined chlorine (mg/l)
Chlorine dioxide (mg/l)
* OTTER keeps track of the ratio of total suspended solids to turdidity (solids:turbidity ratio). If the
turbidity is changed, the total suspended solids concentration is automatically changed to maintain
the ratio that existed with the old turbidity value. The filterable and settleable solids concentrations are
also automatically changed to maintain default (95%) proportions of total suspended solids. But
entering a new value for total suspended solids does not cause the turbidity to change; instead, there
is an implicit change in the solids:turbidity ratio.
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Filterable and settleable solids are set by default to be 95% of the total suspended solids. If the total
suspended solids concentration is changed, the filterable and settleable solids automatically change
to maintain the default proportion of total suspended solids. New values of filterable and settleable
solids concentrations can be entered; these values must not be greater than total suspended solids.
However, the non-settleable and non-filterable fractions are included as calibration parameters for
those processes where they are of relevance, and will override the fractions implicit in the water source
data.
5.1.2 Total and dissolved metal concentrations

Aluminium (mg/l)
Iron (mg/l)
Manganese (mg/l)
5.1.3 Inorganic chemical concentrations

Ammonia (mg/l)
Nitrate (mg/l)
Nitrite (mg/l)
Chloride (mg/l)
Chlorite (mg/l)
Chlorate (mg/l)
Bromide (g/l)
Bromate (g/l)
Sulphate (mg/l)
Dissolved oxygen (mg/l)
Orthophosphate (mgP/l)
5.1.4 Organic chemical concentrations

UV absorbance at 254 nm (/m)
*Total organic carbon, TOC (mg/l)
*Dissolved organic carbon, DOC (mg/l)
*Particulate organic carbon, POC (mg/l)
Trihalomethanes, THMs (g/l)
Trihalomethane formation potential, THMFP (g/l)
Haloacetic acids, HAA5 (g/l)
Assimilable organic carbon, AOC (g/l)
* When a new value of DOC is entered, POC is automatically recalculated by difference from TOC.
When a new value of POC is entered, DOC is automatically recalculated by difference from TOC.
When a new value of TOC is entered, it is first compared with DOC; if the current DOC is greater than
the new TOC, DOC is set equal to the new TOC. Then, POC is recalculated as the difference between
TOC and DOC.
5.1.5 Pesticide concentrations

Atrazine (g/l)
Simazine (g/l)
Chlortoluron (g/l)
Diuron (g/l)
Isoproturon (g/l)
MCPA (g/l)
MCPB (g/l)
Mecoprop (g/l)
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2,4-D (g/l)
Diazinon (g/l)
Chlorfenvinphos (g/l)
Propetamphos (g/l)
5.1.6 Microbiological determinands

Cysts (number/l)
Coliforms (number/ml)
E.coli (number/ml)
Viruses (number/ml)
Heterotrophs (number/ml)
5.1.7 Other water quality determinands

Algae (cells/ml)
Chlorophyll-A (g/l)
Taste (number)
Odour (number)
Particles (number/ml)
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5.2
User Guide
Sources
Water quality is specified for sources which feed into the processes via streams. Sources are added to
the works model in the same way as processes . There are two types of sources:
Raw water
Filter wash water

Having added the source to a flow-sheet, connect it to a process by drawing a stream from the source
outlet to the process inlet (see 3.3 Connecting processes together). Raw water sources should be
connected to a flow control valve so that the abstraction flow can be controlled during a run.
Wash water sources do not need a control valve and should be connected to the wash water inlet of a
filter (or a flow divider if the wash water source is supplying more than one filter).
Before running the works model, each source must have a water quality profile assigned to it.
A profile is assigned to a source using the Source dialog, accessed from Source data option under the
Source menu. The dialog has options for creating a profile, editing a profile, renaming a profile, copying
a profile and deleting a profile.
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Name
Users name for the source (up to 48 characters). This could be either the name of an intake (in the case
of a raw water source) or a name for a filter wash water tank (in the case of a wash water source).
Water quality profile
Select a water quality profile from the drop-down list or create a new water quality profile. To create a
new profile, select [New profile] from the drop-down list - a profile will be created with default data and a
new profile name will appear. Accept the default name for the new profile or enter an alternative. Raw
water profiles can be named after the river or reservoir from which the water is abstracted.
OTTER comes with three pre-defined water quality profiles. These are:
?? Upland seasonal
This profile represents the seasonal variation of a typical upland (soft, coloured) water source.
?? Lowland seasonal
This profile represents the seasonal variation of a typical lowland (moderately hard, low colour)
water source.
?? Clean wash water
This profile represents a good, constant quality filtered water (no variation over time) and is
intended for use as a Filter wash water source only.
Obviously these profiles are only generalised, and for accurate simulations you will need to enter a
profile which closely follows the variations in your water source.
[New profile] is used to create a new profile. It contains a single line of data, with nominal values for
some determinands but most set to zero.
By default, when a new Raw water source is created, the most recently created water quality profile that
excludes the string clean wash water in its profile name is loaded in the drop-down list. For a Filter
wash water source, the most recently created profile that includes the string clean wash water in its
profile name is loaded by default. In each case, if no profile is found that meets the criterion, the most
recently created profile is loaded instead. It is recommeded that if you create a profile specifically for
filter wash water, clean wash water is included in the profile name.
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Use profile as timeseries

Select this option to treat the profile as a straight timeseries rather than an annual variation. This means
that the data will be sorted by Date and time. During a run, the date and time for the current time step is
used to select the nearest date and times in the profile. With the Timeseries option selected it is
important to ensure that the dates and times in the profile match the start and end dates of the run
definition in the Run setup dialog (see 8.1 Defining the run conditions).
Use profile as annual variation
Select this option to treat the profile as an annual variation. This means that the data in the profile will
be sorted by Time of Year (the time of year it was measured e.g. 2nd May at 8am) rather than Date and
time (2nd May 1995 at 8am). Thus several years of water quality data can be entered together with the
date and time that the data was collected and all of the data can be used as if it were from the same year.
Default raw water source
At the start of a new run, the default raw water source is used to initialise the water quality in all of the
streams in the works model. If there is more than one raw water source it is possible to select which one
will be used to initialise the streams. This is the default source. If there is no default source, the model
will not run. (N.B. this only applies to raw water sources - a filter wash water source cannot be the
default source.)
Edit profile button
Click on this button to edit the currently selected water quality profile. The Source profile dialog will be
displayed. This contains a spread-sheet for editing water quality and time data.
Copy profile button
Click on this button to copy the currently selected water quality profile. A new profile will be created
containing the same water quality data as the original. The new profile will become the currently
selected profile. When the new profile is created it will have a default name: accept the default or enter
an alternative.
Rename profile button
Click on this button to rename the currently selected water quality profile. The drop-down list will
change into an edit box containing the name of the profile. Enter a new name and press [Enter]. (N.B.
OTTER discriminates between profiles by assigning ID codes automatically. Changing the name will not
affect the ID code. The naming facility is included for the benefit of the user.)
Delete profile button
Click on this button to delete the currently selected water quality profile. A dialog appears asking for
confirmation. Click on OK to delete the profile. The next profile in the drop-down list will become the
selected profile. (A word of warning. Profiles are shared by works models. Therefore deleting a profile
while editing one works will make that profile unavailable to all the other models too.)
Profiles are edited using the Profile dialog which is basically a customised spread-sheet. If the profile
consists of a single row of data, then the water quality is fixed for the duration of the run. If more than
one row is entered then there are two ways of using it - as a timeseries or as an annual variation.
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Profile dialog title bar (name of profile)

The title bar of the dialog indicates the name of the profile being edited.
Date/time
The date/time column in the water quality profile spread-sheet. Enter the date and time that the water
quality data (on the same row of the spread-sheet) was collected.
Time of year
The time of year column in the water quality profile spread-sheet. You cannot edit this column - it is
updated automatically from the date and time column each time the data in the spread-sheet is changed.
The time of year is used in preference to date and time when the profile is being used as an annual
variation rather than a straight timeseries.
Water quality data
Values for the water quality determinands used by the OTTER process models.
There are various rules for entering water quality data:
?? Each row of data must have a valid date and time associated with it.
?? There may be one or more rows of data. (One row means that the quality remains fixed during a run
and the date and time is essentially ignored.)
?? Missing values in a row are treated as zeros. This means that if a new row is added with a new date
and time, but no water quality data is entered in the new row, OTTER will assume zero values.
?? The apparent colour must be greater than or equal to the true colour.
?? The total concentration must be greater than or equal to the dissolved concentration for each metal.
?? TOC (total organic carbon) must be greater than or equal to DOC (dissolved organic carbon).
Data can be cut, copied and pasted inside the water quality profile spread-sheet using the pop-up menu.
It is also possible to paste data that has been copied into the Windows clipboard by other applications,
e.g. Microsoft Excel. To switch into another Windows application use the task-switching keys [Alt-Tab],
described in the Windows Users Guide.
Water quality profiles are shared between works models. If you want to have different water quality
profiles for different works, simply create a new profile (or copy one) every time you create a new works.
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Remember that if a profile is shared by several works models and it is changed while working on one
model, the changes will also affect all the other models.
At the start of a mo del run the current time is set to the start time specified in the run setup dialog. As a
run proceeds the current date/time is incremented by the time step interval (default 0.1 hours). All the
process models and sources are updated for each time step. In the case of a source, the current run
date/time is compared with the date/times in the water quality profile. Assuming there is more than one
set of data in the profile, two sets of water quality data for the profile times either side of the current run
date/time are read in. Then linear interpolation is used to calculate the water quality for the current run
date/time.
If the profile is to be used as an annual variation, rather than a timeseries, the year part of the date/times
is ignored (actually all years are set to a base of 1900). Hence several years worth of water quality data
may be combined into one annual variation.
If the current run date/time is before the first date/time in the profile then the water quality data for the
first record in the profile will be used. Similarly if the current run date/time is after the last time in the
profile then the water quality data for the last record in the profile is used. Therefore it is important to
ensure that if the profile is being used as a timeseries, then the dates in the profile and the dates in the
run setup must match up.
5.3
Sinks
In OTTER, Sinks is the collective term for locations where water or sludge leaves the treatment works.
The available sinks are:
final water,
waste sludge, and
waste water.
Sinks read and store the flow and all the current values for the water quality determinands from the
stream connected to it. Since the flow and water quality data will be the same for the sink and its influent
stream, sinks are not necessary in modelling terms. However, they do improve the presentation of the
works flow-sheet and are a convenient way of identifying and recording the water quality and flow
leaving the works.
It is possible to create on-line charts and meters for sinks. For more information, see 9.1 Displaying
results during a model run.
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6.
User Guide
OTTER PROCESS DIALOGS
This section describes the process models that are available in OTTER and the data than can be entered
for each model. Full descriptions of the model equations, the methods of solution and model calibration
are presented in the accompanying document Process Model Descriptions.
6.1
General Model Dialogs
The dialogs are used to enter data about the models. On-line help can be obtained by left-clicking on an
area of interest. Left-click on a tab at the top of the dialog to change the view of the dialog.
Most of the model dialogs (viewed and edited by right-clicking on a process and selecting Process
data) contain five tabs, each containing data about the process. There are 5 main tabs, which are
available for the majority of the models. The standard form of these five tabs is explained in this section,
and data that is common to most of these tabs is described. In the following sections, the data that
appears on the tabs in each model is explained, and any extra tabs that there may be for individual
models are introduced. The example of the five principal model tabs is taken from the dissolved air
flotation model dialogs.
When a model is first created, each of the tabs contains default data that has been estimated from
WRcs experience of water treatment processes and is based upon a standard flow of 200 m3/h. When
you make a change to the data, OTTER will check that the new value is within pre-defined limits. If your
value is too small or too large, you will be asked to enter a new value within the limits. For full details of
the default values and the range of acceptable values, see Appendix A.
The following buttons are available at the bottom of each of the dialog tabs.
OK
Saves changes made to data in the dialog and closes the dialog window.
Cancel
Closes the dialog window and abandons any changes made to the data.
Reset
Resets the data in the dialog to the original values when the dialog was opened.
Help
Shows the main help text for the dialog.
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6.1.1 Static data tab

The Static data category includes the name and physical characteristics of the process.
Name
Each process can be given a name, up to 48 characters long. By default, the process is named after the
type of process, with a number qualifier depending on the number of each process that are in the works.
Static data cannot be changed once a run has started.
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6.1.2 Operating data tab

The Operating data category generally includes control settings for the process which can be changed
during a simulation. This data is displayed in the form of an operating schedule.
Operating schedule
Operating schedules are used to specify how process control settings vary during a simulation. They
consist of a list of times in hours associated with one or more control parameters. The list is edited in a
spread-sheet control.
The first entry must be for time zero. Times must be entered consecutively. At least one time must be
entered (for time zero). Enter further times and control settings if you want to alter them during the
course of a simulation. The control settings will persist until the elapsed simulation time reaches the time
of the next settings.
The operating schedule can be edited during a simulation. To do this, first pause the simulation using
the Pause option in the Run menu or the Pause button
in the Run toolbar. Then call up the
schedule in the appropriate dialog tab and insert or append new control settings for times greater than
the current elapsed time.
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6.1.3 Model calibration tab

The Model Calibration category includes data required for configuring the model to give an accurate
representation of the real process performance.
Number of CSTR stages

A number of the models simulate removal across the process by splitting the tank into a number of
different stages, and modelling solids across each of these stages. This is a way of representing nonideal flow (i.e. not plug flow) through tanks. A single stage means the DAF tank is being modelled
hydraulically as a continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR). As the number of stages is increased the
closer the hydraulic regime approaches plug flow (20 stages will, for all practical purposes, simulate plug
flow). See the Process Model Descriptions for more information.
Note that for some processes the number of CSTR stages is included on the Static data tab instead of
on the Model calibration tab. It cannot be changed once a run has started.
Solids:turbidity ratio
The models of the solids removal processes, principally clarification and filtration, calculate the solids
removal on the basis of the concentration of settleable solids. The solids concentration of water
entering the process is read directly from the inlet stream. The turbidity of the water leaving the process
is calculated from the suspended solids concentration, using the solids turbidity ratio, as below:
Solids concentration
Turbidity ?
The solids:turbidity ratio can be specified for each of the processes where it is used, and can be varied
through the works, if it is found that it changes for the different processes, e.g. if the nature of the
suspension changes due to the removal of only large or small particles.
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6.1.4 Reporting options tab

The Reporting options category includes a check box to determine whether the results for the process
should be written to file. The results can be viewed at the end of a simulation by reading data from the
file into a spread-sheet control (using the Results option on the Process menu). In-simulation reporting
is limited to streams and sinks (final water, sludge, and waste water).
This tab is the same for each model that can produce results.
Create results profile?
The Create results profile? check box indicates whether results for the stream or process will be written
to a file during a simulation. If a results file is created, it can be read back from disk at the end of the
simulation and displayed in one or more spread-sheet controls in a report form. Left-click on the checkbox to change your answer from Yes (checked) to No (unchecked) and back again.
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6.1.5 Results tab

The Results data category includes the results for a process model when it was last updated. During a
simulation, the results will be calculated for each time step. It is possible to record the results for all the
time steps by writing them to file (see 8.2 Setting reporting options). The Results tab in the dialog,
however, just displays a snapshot of results for the most-recent time step.
Removal (%)
This is the total removal of a water quality determinand across the specific process, expressed in
percentage terms:
?Inlet concentration - Outlet concentration?
Removal (%) = 100 x
Inlet concentration
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6.2
User Guide
pH adjuster
6.2.1 Process Connections
6.2.2 Static data

Chemical
Select a pH adjustment chemical from the list by clicking on an option button. The chemicals available
are:
?? Sulphuric acid,
?? Hydrochloric acid,
?? Carbon dioxide,
?? Lime,
?? Sodium hydroxide,
?? Sodium carbonate, and
?? Sodium bicarbonate.
Only one pH adjustment chemical can be selected at any one time. For example, select lime if you want
to increase the pH or sulphuric acid if you want to decrease the pH.
Automatic pH control
When this is chosen, the model will calculate the dose of the pH adjustment chemical required to
achieve a target pH. If this option is disabled the model calculates the pH for a specified dose of the pH
adjustment chemical.
Note: With automatic pH control, the correcting chemical and target pH have to be specified, e.g. to
reduce the pH from 8 to 7 requires an acid. If an inappropriate chemical is chosen, the chemical dose is
calculated as zero and the pH is not changed.
Control option
There are two options for automatic pH control, both using feedback control. The options are:
?? Simple - With this option the model adjusts the acid or alkali dose (in steps of 0.5 mg/l) and
calculates the resulting pH. This is done until the target pH is reached.
?? PID - This uses a proportional-integral derivative (PID) controller, similar to those used on real plant,
to calculate the chemical dose. However, unless the PID controller is correctly set up it can be
difficult to control the pH using this control mechanism.
PID control settings
When PID control has been chosen, you may enter the controller variables:
?? tolerance,
?? gain,
?? integral time (h), and
?? derivative time (h).
Maximum dose
This is the maximum dose of acid or alkali that can be dosed, which is governed by the capacity of the
dosing pump found on the works. Specified only if automatic pH control is enabled.
6.2.3 Operating data

Target pH
When automatic pH control is chosen this is specified. The model will then calculate the required dose
of the pH adjustment chemical to achieve this target pH.
For manual pH control, this is ignored.
Dose
For manual pH control, the chemical dose is specified. The model will then calculate the resulting pH
from the specified dose.
For automatic pH control, this is the initial estimate of the dose required to achieve the target pH. This is
updated as the model calculations proceed.
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6.2.4 Model calibration

The pH model in OTTER is based on the fundamental chemical equations describing the carbonate
system and therefore requires no calibration. Hence, there is no model calibration tab for the pH model.
6.2.5 Results
Saturation ratio
This gives an indication of the likelihood of scale deposition. If the value of the saturation ratio is
greater than 1, scale deposition is likely to occur.
Precipitation potential
This applies to solutions supersaturated with calcium carbonate and is the weight in mg of CaCO3 per
litre of solution that will deposit to relieve supersaturation and produce water that is just saturated.
Note: This is a theoretical quantity that may never be obtained in practice.
Langelier saturation pH
At this pH water is saturated with calcium carbonate. If the pH of a water is less than the Langelier pH, it
will tend to dissolve calcium carbonate. If, however, the pH is above the Langelier pH the water will be
supersaturated and tends to precipitate calcium carbonate.
Plumbosolvency Index
This is a theoretical factor that gives an indication of the likelihood of lead dissolution. The model
calculates the dissolution of lead from a 5 m long, diameter pipe that has been flushed at a rate of
10 l/minute, after a stagnation period of 8 hours. The plumbosolvency index is the resulting lead
concentration divided by the prescribed concentration value (PCV) for lead of 50 ?g/l. A value of the
index that is greater than 1 could indicate a potential lead problem.
Dezincification Index
This is the ratio of chloride to alkalinity. This gives an indication of the likelihood of corrosion for brass
fittings, which is likely to occur if the dezincification index is greater than 0.5.
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6.3
User Guide
Coagulation

6.3.2 Static data
Coagulant
Select a coagulant chemical from the list by clicking on an option button. The coagulants available are:
?? Aluminium sulphate,
?? Ferric sulphate,
?? Polyaluminium chloride,
?? Ferric chloride,
?? Polymer ferric and
?? Ferral (FAS).
Only one coagulant can be selected at any one time.
Note: If the WRc organics removal model is selected on the Model Calibration tab, the choice of
coagulant will not in itself make a difference to the colour or organics removal, as the model calibration
constants have to be specified relevant to the coagulant type being used. If the Langmuir model is
selected, the default model calibration constants change depending on whether the coagulant is
aluminium or iron based. Whichever model is selected, the choice of coagulant will affect the amount of
solids produced and the pH.
Manganese content
If an iron based coagulant is chosen, the model calculates the amount of manganese that would be
added. The basis for this calculation is that the typical manganese content of iron coagulants is 8 g Mn
per kg of Fe. The concentration of manganese added can be set to zero by selecting the Low-manganese
coagulant check-box.
Polyelectrolyte
Select a polyelectrolyte from the list by clicking on a option button. The polyelectrolytes available are:
?? None,
?? Anionic,
?? Cationic, and
?? Non-ionic.
Only one polyelectrolyte can be selected at any one time.
Note: In the present version of OTTER the choice of polyelectrolyte does not affect the nature of the
floc produced by coagulation, although calibration constants can be changed to reflect the enhanced
settleability of the flocs. The polyelectrolyte dose is simply added to the amount of solids produced.
The choice of polyelectrolyte has been included for future versions of OTTER, when the addition of
polyelectrolyte will affect the nature of the flocs produced.
Coagulant dose control
When the Feedforward dose control option is chosen, the model will calculate the coagulant dose based
on the inlet water quality to the coagulation unit.
pH adjustment
Select a pH adjustment chemical from the list by clicking on an option button. The chemicals available
are:
?? None,
?? Sulphuric acid,
?? Hydrochloric acid,
?? Carbon dioxide,
?? Lime,
?? Sodium hydroxide,
?? Sodium carbonate, and
?? Sodium bicarbonate.
Only one pH adjustment chemical can be selected at any one time. For example, select Lime if you want
to increase the pH or sulphuric acid if you want to decrease the pH.
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User Guide
Automatic pH control
When this is chosen, the model will calculate the dose of the pH adjustment chemical required to
achieve a target pH. The model takes into account the effect of the coagulant dose on pH before
calculating the dose of the pH adjustment chemical.
Control options
There are two options for automatic pH control, both using feedback control. The options are:
?? Simple - With this option the model adjusts the acid or alkali dose (in steps of 0.5 mg/l) and
calculates the resulting pH. This is done until the target pH is reached.
?? PID - This uses a proportional-integral derivative (PID) controller, similar to those used on real plant,
to calculate the chemical dose. However, unless the PID controller is correctly set up it can be
difficult to control the pH using this control mechanism.
When PID control has been chosen, you may enter the controller variables:
?? tolerance,
?? gain,
Dosing pump settings
If automatic pH control is enabled, the Maximum dose of acid or alkali must be specified. This
determines the practical upper limit of the control action.

Coagulant dose
This is the dose of the metal ion coagulant. It has to be entered in terms of the metal ion concentration,
i.e. for aluminium based coagulants the dose is expressed as mg Al/l, and for iron compounds mg Fe/l.
If feedforward control is chosen, the model calculates the required coagulant dose. In this case, the
coagulant dose is therefore not displayed on the operating data tab.
pH adjuster dose
For manual pH control, the chemical dose, in mg/l, is specified. The model will then calculate the
resulting pH from the specified dose.
For automatic pH control, this is not displayed.
Polyelectrolyte dose
This is the dose of the chosen type of polyelectrolyte in mg/l. If no polyelectrolyte is being used, this
column is not displayed.
Target pH
When automatic pH control is chosen this is specified. The model will then calculate the required dose
of the pH adjustment chemical to achieve this target pH.
If manual pH control has been chosen or if no acid or alkali is chosen, this is not displayed.
Feedforward control algorithm
If feedforward control is chosen, the algorithm constants used to calculate the coagulant dose are
entered here (see Process Model Descriptions, Section 3.1.1).

First, the Coagulation organics removal model is selected. The model constants appropriate to the
selected model are then entered. Finally, enter the data pertinent to solids.
6.3.4.1
Model constants
WRc model
The WRc organics removal model is described in Process Model Descriptions, Section 3.2.1. The
spreadsheet is used to enter the constants a 1, a 2, b 1, b 2, c1, c2, ? , and ?, for colour and UV.
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In the WRC model, removal of DOC is assumed to be by the same proportion as reduction in UV254
absorbance. Removed DOC becomes POC, so TOC is not affected.
Langmuir model
The Langmuir organics removal model is described in Process Model Descriptions, Section 3.2.2. The
spreadsheet is used to enter the constants k 1, k 2, x1, x2, x3 and y4, and the colour removal factor.
There are two sets of default values of the constants k 1, k 2, x1, x2, x3 and y4; one set applies to aluminium
coagulants, the other to iron coagulants. The defaults change accordingly if the coagulant type is
changed. The user can overwrite the default values.
The colour removal factor is used to impose a relatively greater reduction in true colour than in DOC.
The reduction in UV254 absorbance is assumed to be by the same proportion as removal of DOC. DOC
removed becomes POC, so TOC is conserved.
6.3.4.2
Solids
The coagulation model determines the total suspended solids after coagulation. The non-settleable and
non-filterable solids in the coagulated water are then calculated from the respective fractions.
Fraction of non-settleable solids
It may not be possible for coagulation to produce solids that can be effectively settled. This can be
used to define the fraction of the solids (influent solids concentration + solids added during
coagulation) that will not be removed and will thus pass directly through the clarification stages.
If the fraction of non-settleable solids is 1, then no solids will be removed by clarification.
Fraction of non-filterable solids
It may not be possible for coagulation to produce solids that can be effectively filtered. This can be
used to define the fraction of the solids that will not be removed and will thus pass directly through
filtration.
If the fraction of non-filterable solids is 1, then no solids will be removed by filtration.
The turbidity in the coagulated water in calculated using this value.
6.3.5 Results
Saturation ratio
This gives an indication of the likelihood of scale deposition. If the value of the saturation ratio is
greater than 1, scale deposition is likely to occur.
Langelier saturation pH
At this pH water is saturated with calcium carbonate.
If the pH of a water is less than the Langelier pH, it will tend to dissolve calcium carbonate. If, however,
the pH is above the Langelier pH the water will be supersaturated and tends to precipitate calcium
carbonate.
Precipitation potential
This applies to solutions supersaturated with calcium carbonate and is the weight in mg of CaCO3 per
litre of solution that will deposit to relieve supersaturation and produce water that is just saturated.
Note: This is a theoretical quantity that may never be obtained in practice.
Dezincification Index
This is the ratio of chloride to alkalinity. This gives an indication of the likelihood of corrosion for brass
fittings, which is likely to occur if the dezincification index is greater than 0.5.
Plumbosolvency Index
This is a theoretical factor that gives an indication of the likelihood of lead dissolution. The model
calculates the dissolution of lead from a 5 m long, diameter pipe that has been flushed at a rate of
10 l/minute, after a stagnation period of 8 hours. The plumbosolvency index is the resulting lead
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User Guide
concentration divided by the prescribed concentration value (PCV) for lead of 50 ?g/l. A value of the
index that is greater than 1 could indicate a potential lead problem.
6.4
Flocculator
6.4.2 Static data

Tank volume
The total volume of water in the flocculator.
Number of stages
The number of stages into which the flocculation tank is divided. Thus for a tank volume V and number
of tanks N, volume per tank is V/N.
G value
This is a measure of the energy input for mixing. The larger the value of G the smaller the floc that is
produced. The G value can be varied in different flocculation stages, for example to allow tapered
flocculation.

Model constants
The model constants a, b, c and d that describe the relationship between mixing energy (G value), the
coagulant dose and the resulting floc size, as described in Process Model Descriptions, Section 4.
Should it be desired to fix the floc size to some particular value, set a = desired floc size, b = 0, c = 0 and
d = 1.
The outlet turbidity from the flocculator is calculated using this ratio.
6.4.4 Results
Floc size
The calculated floc size of the flocculated material leaving the flocculator in microns (?m).
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6.5
User Guide
Floc blanket clarifier
6.5.2 Static data

Tank depth
The depth of water in the floc-blanket clarifier (from the bottom of the tank to the top water level). The
sides of the tank are assumed to be vertical (i.e. the clarifier is assumed to be flat-bottomed).
Tank surface area
The surface area of the water in the floc-blanket clarifier.
Sludge take-off height
The height of the sludge take-off point from the bottom of the floc-blanket clarifier.

Desludging option
There are three desludging options for a floc-blanket clarifier. These are:
?? continuous desludging where the sludge is taken off continuously at the rate specified,
?? intermittent desludging where the clarifier is only desludged when the depth of the blanket is
greater than the height of the sludge take off point, and
?? timed desludging where a desludging time and frequency are specified.
One of these options has to be chosen to run the model.
Desludging frequency
This is the number of times the clarifier can be desludged during the day, and is required when timed
desludging is chosen.
Desludging duration
This is duration of the desludging when timed desludging is chosen.
Desludge rate
The desludging rate has to be specified as a percentage of the incoming water flow. For example, if the
desludging rate is entered as 1% v/v for an inlet flow of 100 m/h the desludging rate would be
calculated as 1 m/h. The concentration of solids in the sludge stream is calculated by the mathematical
model.

Model type
There are two floc-blanket clarification model options (Process Model Descriptions, Section 5):
?? CSTR model, and
?? Plug flow model (finite difference method).
The number of CSTRs provides some measure of the hydraulic behaviour of the clarifier.
Initial blanket concentration
To set model running, the model assumes that the clarifier already has a sludge blanket, at a
concentration that can be specified by the user. The initial blanket concentration is expressed as the 30
minute settled volume of the blanket (% v/v).
Flocculation factor
This factor is an internal model parameter, which describes the removal rate of primary particles in each
layer of the blanket due to collisions between these particles and the fully grown flocs which make up
the blanket.
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The outlet turbidity from the clarifier is calculated from this ratio.
Maximum settling velocity
If the floc particles in the blanket were allowed to settle individually, they would settle with a higher
velocity than the suspension. This velocity is the maximum settling velocity. This is used to calculate
the hindered settling velocity for the blanket.
Minimum blanket concentration
This is a term that is used to calculate the hindered settling velocity of the blanket. Below the minimum
blanket concentration the settling velocity is equal to the maximum settling velocity. Above the
minimum blanket concentration the settling velocity of the blanket will decrease with increasing
concentration. The minimum blanket concentration is expressed in volumetric concentration of flocs in
the blanket (% v/v).
Reference temperature for settling velocities
This is the temperature at which the settling characteristics of the blanket have been measured, i.e. the
temperature at which the model has been calibrated. The settling velocity of a particle in water depends
upon the viscosity of the water, which in turn is dependent upon the water temperature. The FBC model
takes into account the effect of temperature by calculating the water viscosity and comparing this with
the viscosity at the reference temperature. The maximum settling velocity of the blanket is then modified
according to the ratio of the actual viscosity to the reference viscosity.
Shape factor
The shape factor is used to calibrate the hindered settling equation to take account of the method of
measuring the blanket concentration and the non-spherical nature of the floc particles in the blanket.
Exponent factor
This is a constant (dimensionless) in the hindered settling equation, which depends on the nature of the
suspension being studied.
Floc density
The floc density is the average density of an individual fully grown floc particle. As the flocs contain a
large proportion of water, the density is very close to that of water.
Ratio of wet to dry solids
This is the mass ratio of wet solids (including entrained water) to dry solids.
Initialise blanket
During a run it is possible to reset the condition of the blanket to that at the start of a run. This button is
used to do this.
6.5.5 State of floc-blanket

The State of floc-blanket data category includes data about the dynamic state of the floc-blanket when it
was last updated. During a simulation, the state data will be calculated for each time step. Initial values
for the state data are required to start the model. These are taken from the initial blanket concentration
on the model calibration tab.
Note that for the CSTR model, the floc-blanket is assumed to be of uniform concentration.
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Figure 6-1 Model calibration tab showing the initial conditions of the blanket
Blanket concentration profile plot
During a run it is possible to get a visual representation of the concentration of the blanket as it varies
from the top to the bottom of the clarifier. The y axis of the graph is the blanket concentration
(expressed as % v/v) for the blue line or primary particle concentration (in mg/l) for the red line. The x
axis represents the distance from the bottom of the tank in metres.
Primary particles concentration
This is the concentration of coagulated particles (prior to the formation of fully grown floc) within the
clarifier. The dosed water entering the floc blanket clarifier is assumed to comprise only these primary
particles. The concentration is expressed in terms of the dry solids concentration in mg/l.
Secondary particles concentration
This is the concentration of fully grown floc particles within the clarifier which make up the floc blanket.
The concentration is expressed in terms of the 30 minute settled volume, in % v/v.
6.5.6 Results
Rise rate
The rate that the water flows up through the clarifier; it is the ratio of inlet flowrate to tank surface area.
Mean blanket concentration
This is the average calculated volumetric concentration of the floc blanket, in percentage terms. Lower
upflow rates through a clarifier will result in higher blanket concentrations, which in turn lead to higher
degrees of solids removal.
Blanket height
This is the height of the top of the sludge blanket measured from the bottom of the tank.
Solids removal
The percentage removal of solids across the clarifier.
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6.6
User Guide
Hopper-bottomed clarifier (HBC)
6.6.1 Process connections

Water outlet
Sludge outlet
Influent
6.6.2 Static data

Total tank depth
The depth of water in the clarifier (from the bottom of the tank to the top water level).
Depth of hopper section
The height measured from the bottom of the clarifier to the top of the hopper section. Above the hopper
section the clarifier is straight-sided.
Tank surface area
The surface area at the top of the clarifier.
Base area
The area of the base of the clarifier. If equal to tank surface area, clarifier is straight sided. The clarifier
profile in plan view is assumed to be square throughout.
The dimensions of the hopper-shaped clarifier are shown in Figure 6-2.
Tank surface area
Total tank
depth
Base area
Figure 6-2 Dimensions of hopper-shaped clarifier

Desludging option
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User Guide
Desludging duration
Desludge rate
model.

Model type
There is only one model option for the hopper-bottomed clarifier (Process Model Descriptions, Section
6):
?? CSTR model
Flocculation factor
the blanket.
The outlet turbidity from the clarifier is calculated from this ratio.
Shape factor
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Exponent factor
Floc density
This is the mass ratio of wet solids (including entrained water) dry solids.
Initialise blanket
used to do this.
6.6.5 State of floc-blanket

The State of floc-blanket data category includes data about the dynamic state of the floc-blanket when it
was last updated. During a simulation, the state data will be calculated for each time step. Initial values
for the state data are required to start the model. These are taken from the initial blanket concentration
on the model calibration tab.
Note that for the CSTR model, the floc-blanket is assumed to be of uniform concentration.
Figure 6-3 Model calibration tab showing the initial conditions of the blanket
Blanket concentration profile plot
During a run it is possible to get a visual representation of the concentration of the blanket as it varies
from the top to the bottom of the clarifier. The y axis of the graph is the blanket concentration
(expressed as % v/v) for the blue line or primary particle concentration (in mg/l) for the red line. The x
axis represents the distance from the bottom of the tank in metres.
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Primary particles concentration

This is the concentration of coagulated particles (prior to the formation of fully grown floc) within the
clarifier. The dosed water entering the floc blanket clarifier is assumed to comprise only these primary
particles. The concentration is expressed in terms of the dry solids concentration in mg/l.
Secondary particles concentration
This is the concentration of fully grown floc particles within the clarifier which make up the floc blanket.
The concentration is expressed in terms of the 30 minute settled volume, in % v/v.
6.6.6 Results
Rise rate
The rate that the water flows up through the clarifier; it is the ratio of inlet flowrate to tank surface area.
This is the average calculated volumetric concentration of the floc blanket, in percentage terms. Lower
upflow rates through a clarifier will result in higher blanket concentrations, which in turn lead to higher
degrees of solids removal.
Blanket height
This is the height of the top of the sludge blanket measured from the bottom of the tank.
Solids removal
The percentage removal of solids across the clarifier.
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6.7
User Guide
Bank of hopper-bottomed clarifiers (HBC bank)

Water outlet
Sludge outlet
Influent
6.7.2 Static data

Number in bank
The number of clarifiers in the bank (can = 1).
Total tank depth
The depth of water in the clarifier (from the bottom of the tank to the top water level).
Depth of hopper section
The height measured from the bottom of the clarifier to the top of the hopper section. Above the hopper
section the clarifier is straight-sided.
Tank surface area
The surface area at the top of the clarifier.
Base area
The area of the base of the clarifier. If equal to the tank surface area, the clarifier is straight sided. The
clarifier profile in plan view is assumed to be square throughout.
6.7.3 Bank operating data

Desludging option
Desludging duration
Desludge rate
model.
6.7.4 Individual tank operating data

In Service?
Flags if an individual tank is operational.
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Desludge offset
For timed desludging, the time between desludges is equal for all tanks, being defined by the desludge
frequency and duration. The desludge offset then determines when each tank desludges relative to the
other tanks. If offsets are all equal, all tanks desludge simultaneously. Otherwise, in the bank desludge
cycle the tanks will desludge in order of increasing offset (i.e. the smallest offset first, the largest last).
Starting from time zero, the first desludge from each tank is delayed by the offset, and occurs when the
time equals the sum of the time between desludges and the offset.

For a description of the model see ProcessModel Descriptions Section 7.
Flocculation factor
the blanket.
The outlet turbidity from the clarifier bank is calculated from this ratio.
Shape factor
Exponent factor
Floc density
Initialise blanket
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used to do this.
6.7.6 Results
Average rise rate
The rate that the water flows up through each clarifier; it is the ratio of tank inlet flowrate to tank surface
area, averaged across all in-service tanks.
This is the calculated volumetric concentration of the floc blanket, in percentage terms, averaged across
all in-service tanks.
Solids removal
The percentage removal of solids across the clarifier bank.
Number of tanks in service
The number of tanks currently flagged as in service.
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6.8
User Guide
Superpulsator bank

Water outlet
Sludge outlet
Influent
6.8.2 Static data

Number in bank
The number of Superpulsators in the bank (can = 1).
Total tank depth
The depth of water in the Superpulsator (from the bottom of the tank to the top water level).
Tank surface area
The surface area at the top of the Superpulsator.
Base area
The area of the base of the Superpulsator. If sludge remo val is over a submerged weir into a sludge
concentrator, the base area will be less than the tank surface area.
The height of the sludge take-off point from the bottom of the Superpulsator.

Desludging option
There are three desludging options for a Superpulsator. These are:
?? intermittent desludging where the Superpulsator is only desludged when the depth of the blanket is
This is the number of times the Superpulsator can be desludged during the day, and is required when
timed desludging is chosen.
Desludging duration
Desludge rate
model.
Vacuum ON period
The duration of the vacuum drawing period in the influent cycle.
Vacuum OFF period
The duration of the vacuum release period in the influent cycle.
Flow reduction (Vac ON)
The % reduction in mean influent flowrate during the vacuum release period.
6.8.4 Individual tank operating data

In Service?
Flags if an individual tank is operational.
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Desludge offset
For timed desludging, the time between desludges is equal for all tanks, being defined by the desludge
frequency and duration. The desludge offset then determines when each tank desludges relative to the
other tanks. If offsets are all equal, all tanks desludge simultaneously. Otherwise, in the bank desludge
cycle the tanks will desludge in order of increasing offset (i.e. the smallest offset first, the largest last).
Starting from time zero, the first desludge from each tank is delayed by the offset, and occurs when the
time equals the sum of the time between desludges and the offset.

For a description of the model see Process Model Descriptions Section 8.
The number of CSTRs provides some measure of the hydraulic behaviour of the Superpulsator.
To set model running, the model assumes that the Superpulsator already has a sludge blanket, at a
Flocculation factor
the blanket.
The outlet turbidity from the Superpulsator bank is calculated from this ratio.
Enhancement factor
The enhancement factor increases (if > 1) the blanket settling velocity for the prevailing conditions. It is
the means by which OTTER allows for the greater settling rates achieved using appropriately
dimensioned inclined plates.
Shape factor
Exponent factor
Floc density
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Initialise blanket
used to do this.
6.8.6 Results
Average rise rate
The rate that the water flows up through each Superpulsator; it is the ratio of tank inlet flowrate to tank
surface area, averaged across all in-service tanks.
This is the calculated volumetric concentration of the floc blanket, in percentage terms, averaged across
all in-service tanks.
Solids removal
The percentage removal of solids across the Superpulsator bank.
Number of tanks in service
The number of tanks currently flagged as in service.
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6.9
User Guide
6.9.2 Static data

Tank volume
The volume of water in the horizontal flow clarifier.
Tank area
The plan (floor area) area of the horizontal flow clarifier. The sides of the tank are assumed to be vertical.
The area specified should be the area available for settlement.

Desludging rate
model.

The model is described in Process Model Descriptions, Section 9.
This gives an indication of the hydraulic behaviour of the tank.
Scouring factor
This represents the re-suspension of solids that have accumulated at the bottom of the clarifier. If it is
set to zero, no solids are re-suspended. If set to 1, then settlement will not occur within the tank.
The outlet turbidity is calculated using this rato.
6.9.5 Results
Hydraulic loading
This is the velocity at which the water flows through the horizontal flow clarifier; it is the ratio of inlet
flowrate to tank surface area.
Solids removal
The solids removal across the clarifier.
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6.10
User Guide
Bank of sedimentation tanks

Influent
Water outlet
Sludge outlet
6.10.2 Static data

Number of lanes
The number of lanes in the bank (can = 1).
Floc tank volume
Total volume of the flocculation tank.
Number of flocculation stages
The number of stages within the flocculation tank.
Settling tank depth
Settling tank depth. If the tank floor has a gradient, use the mean depth. This depth is of the main
settling zone only; it excludes any sludge sump.
Settling tank width
Settling tank width.
Settling tank length
Settling tank length.
G Values
flocculation.

In Service?
Flags that indicate whether or not individual lanes are in service.
Desludge rate
model.

6.10.4.1
Flocculation model calibration

d = 1.
6.10.4.2
Settling model calibration

This gives an indication of the hydraulic behaviour of the tank.
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Scouring factor
The outlet turbidity is calculated using this rato.
6.10.5 Results
Hydraulic loading
This is the velocity at which the water flows through the horizontal flow clarifier; it is the ratio of clarifier
inlet flowrate to clarifier surface area, averaged for all in-service clarifiers.
Solids removal
The average solids removal across the bank of clarifiers.
Number in service
The current number of lanes in service.
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6.11
User Guide
Lamella settler
6.11.2 Static data

Tank length
The length of the lamella settler.
Tank width
The width of the tank.
Tank depth
The depth of the tank.
Plate length
The length of each plate.
Plate submergence
The depth of each plate that is submerged in the water in the tank.
Plate angle
The angle of inclination of the plates from the horizontal.
Plate spacing
The distance between the plates.

Desludge rate
model.

Gives an indication of the hydraulic behaviour of the tank.
Scouring factor
Solids:turbidity ratio.
The outlet turbidity id calculated using this ratio.
6.11.5 Results
Hydraulic loading
The ratio of volumetric flowrate to surface area of the tank.
Solids removal
The solids removal across the settler.
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6.12
User Guide
6.12.2 Static data

Tank depth
The depth of water in the DAF tank (from the bottom of the tank to the top water level). The sides of the
tank are assumed to be vertical.
Tank width
The width of the DAF tank.
Tank length
The length of the DAF tank. The tank length is the length available for separation and should be
measured from the top of the inlet baffle.
Saturator pressure
This is the absolute pressure of the air saturator. Higher values of pressure mean that more air can be
dissolved in the recycle water, and so a lower recycle rate can be used to achieve the required air dose.
Saturator efficiency
This is the efficiency of the air saturator. The efficiency of the saturator will depend on the type being
used. Typically, packed saturators would have an efficiency of 90% and unpacked saturators an
efficiency of 70%.
Note: a value of zero can be entered, but this will mean that no solids removal will occur across the DAF
tank.

Desludging method
Desludging options are:
?? continuous or
?? timed
Scraper speed
Desludging is assumed to be by scraper. This is the speed at which the scraper passes along the tank
surface.
Desludge duration
This is the duration of each desludge event, required if timed desludging is specified.
Desludge frequency
This is the number of desludge events per day, required if timed desludging is specified.
Desludge rate
model.
Recycle rate
The recycle rate is the volume of water (expressed as a percentage of the incoming water flow) that is
recycled to the air saturator before being passed back to the DAF tank. A higher value will mean more
efficient solids removal because of the greater amount of air dosed.

The number of CSTRs provides an indication of the hydraulic behaviour of the tank.
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Bubble size
This is the average bubble size of the air bubbles released into the DAF tank. The smaller the bubble
size, the more effective the process will be.
Floc attachment factor
This is a factor that relates the attachment of floc particles to the air bubbles released in the DAF tank.
A high value means more efficient attachment and hence more effective solids removal.
The outlet turbidity from the DAF tank is calculated using this ratio.
6.12.5 Results
Hydraulic loading
This is the rate at which the water flows through the DAF tank and is calculated by the model. It is the
ratio of inlet flowrate to tank surface area.
Air dose
This is the dose of air applied to the DAF tank.
Solids removal
The solids removal across the DAF tank.
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6.13
User Guide
DAF bank

Influent
Sludge outlet
Water outlet
6.13.2 Static data

Number of lanes
Number of lanes in the bank, each lane incorportating flocculation and DAF (can = 1).
Floc tank volume
Total volume of flocculation tank.
Number of flocculation stages
The number of stages into which the flocculation tank is divided.
DAF tank depth
Depth measured from tank floor to water surface.
DAF tank width
Tank width.
DAF tank length
Length measured from inlet baffle.
Saturator efficiency
This is the efficiency of the air saturator. The efficiency of the saturator will depend on the type being
used. Typically, packed saturators would have an efficiency of 90% and unpacked saturators an
efficiency of 70%.
Note: a value of zero can be entered, but this will mean that no solids removal will occur across the DAF
tank.
G Values
flocculation.

Desludging method
Desludging options are:
?? continuous or
?? timed
Scraper speed
Desludging is assumed to be by scraper. This is the speed at which the scraper passes along the tank
surface.
Desludge duration
This is the duration of each desludge event, required if timed desludging is specified.
Desludge frequency
This is the number of desludge events per day, required if timed desludging is specified.
Desludge rate
model.
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Recycle rate
The recycle rate is the volume of water (expressed as a percentage of the incoming water flow) that is
recycled to the air saturator before being passed back to the DAF tank. A higher value will mean more
efficient solids removal because of the greater amount of air dosed.
Saturator pressure
This is the absolute pressure of the air saturator. Higher values of pressure mean that more air can be
dissolved in the recycle water, and so a lower recycle rate can be used to achieve the required air dose.
6.13.4 Individual lane operating data

In Service?
Flags if an individual lane is operational.
Desludge offset
For timed desludging, the time between desludges is equal for all DAF tanks, being defined by the
desludge frequency and duration. The desludge offset then determines when each tank desludges
relative to the other tanks. If offsets are all equal, all tanks desludge simultaneously. Otherwise, in the
bank desludge cycle the tanks will desludge in order of increasing offset (i.e. the smallest offset first, the
largest last). Starting from time zero, the first desludge from each tank occurs when the time equals the
offset.

6.13.5.1
Flocculation model calibration
d = 1.
6.13.5.2
DAF model calibration

The number of CSTRs provides an indication of the hydraulic behaviour of the tank.
Bubble size
This is the average bubble size of the air bubbles released into the DAF tank. The smaller the bubble
size, the more effective the process will be.
Floc attachment factor
This is a factor that relates the attachment of floc particles to the air bubbles released in the DAF tank.
A high value means more efficient attachment and hence more effective solids removal.
The outlet turbidity from the DAF bank is calculated using this ratio.
6.13.6 Results
Hydraulic loading
This is the rate at which the water flows through the DAF tank and is calculated by the model. It is the
ratio of inlet flowrate to tank surface area, averaged across all in-service DAF tanks.
Air dose
This is the mean dose of air applied to each in-service DAF tanks.
Solids removal
The solids removal across the DAF bank.
Number in service
The current number of in-service lanes.
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6.14
User Guide
Dynamic Separator
6.14.2 Static data

Tank volume
The volume of water in the dynamic separator.
Maximum flowrate
This is the maximum water flowrate that the dynamic separator can handle. If the water flow entering the
separator is greater than the maximum allowable flowrate, the model assumes that no solids or
particulate removal will occur.

Desludge rate
desludging rate is entered as 1% v/v for an inlet flow of 100 m3/h the desludging rate would be
calculated as 1 m3/h. The concentration of solids in the sludge stream is calculated by the mathematical
model.

The number of CSTR stages proovides an indication of the hydraulic behaviour of the tank.
Removal rate
This is the rate constant k in the algorithm for the removal of particulate material entering the dynamic
separator. This can be specified for:
?? turbidity;
?? particulate colour;
?? suspended solids;
?? particulate metals (Al, Fe, Mn);
?? particulate organic carbon (POC);
?? microbiological determinands (cysts, coliforms, E.coli, viruses, Heterotrophs);
?? algae; and
?? particles.
The greater the value the more effective the separation process will be.
6.14.5 Results
Hydraulic residence time
This is the hydraulic residence time of the water flowing through the dynamic separator tank in hours,
which is calculated by the model.
Removal
The removal of each determinand across the separator.
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6.15
User Guide
Generic separator
6.15.2 Static data

Sludge wastage
The volume of water that is wasted in the sludge stream, expressed as a percentage of the inlet water
flow.

The generic separator model is described in Process Model Descriptions, Section 15.
Model constants
These are the values of the constants a, b, c, d and e used in the algorithm to calculate removal by the
generic separator.
Note that for any determinand:
?? If a = 0 and b = 0, removal = 0
?? If a ? 0 and b = 0, removal = a
?? If b = 0, removal is unaffected by flow, concentration or temperature.
?? If c = 0, removal is unaffected by flow.
?? If d = 0, removal is unaffected by concentration.
?? If e = 0, removal is unaffected by temperature.
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6.16
User Guide
Rapid Gravity Filter
6.16.2 Static data

Filter unit depth
Depth of the filter unit.
Weir height
Height of the weir for the overflow of waste washwater from the bottom of the filter.
Depth of gravel support
Depth of gravel support layer underneath filter media. OTTER assumes that the layer of gravel has no
effect on the removal of solids or headloss across the filter.
Filter surface area
The surface area of the filter bed. This area should be the area of the filter bed available for filtration.
Number of media layers
Total number of media layers. Rapid gravity filters can have up to three layers of media, which are
numbered from the top down.
Media type
Media type selected from:
?? Sand
?? Anthracite
?? Garnet and
?? Granular activated carbon (GAC).
Select the media type by clicking on one of the items in the drop-down list.
Note: In the current version of OTTER the choice of media type does not automatically affect the
performance of the rapid gravity filter. Calibration constants have to be entered for each media type.
Using different constants for the different media types will lead to a difference in the filtration
performance of each media layer. If GAC is selected, no removal of organic matter due to adsorption is
predicted. If this is of interest, a GAC adsorber model should be used following the filter.
Media depth
Depth of media layer in metres.
Effective size
Effective size of media particles in the layer.
Media voidage
The voidage of a filter bed containing the particular media selected.
Sphericity
Media sphericity, to take account of the fact that the media particles are generally not exactly spherical.

Control of backwash
There are two options for contolling the backwashing of the filter:
?? Manual
Select this option in to use a manual backwashing schedule. If manual control is selected then it is
necessary to enter a list of backwash times.
?? Automatic
Select this option to use automatic backwashing control.
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Backwash trigger
If automatic backwash control is selected, one or more triggers can be set:
??
Run length
??
Turbidity
??
Headloss
If more than one trigger is set the first one to exceed the prescribed limit will initiate a backwash. Run
length, Maximum turbidity, and Maximum headloss must be specified if the corresponding trigger is set.
Backwash time
A list of times when a backwash is to be initiated if manual backwash control is selected.
Backwash regime
Select either
?? Air then water
?? Air and water combined
At the moment this is only used to calculate the total duration of the backwashing cycle. It does not
affect the efficiency of backwashing. For a water only backwash, set the air scour duration to zero.
Run length
Maximum run length. Used to initiate backwashing when automatic backwash control run length trigger
option is set. Note that when testing for a run length trigger, any Slow start, Run to waste or Slow stop
periods are not included in the cumulative filter run time. For example, a filter specified with a 1 hour
slow start period, 24 hour maximum run length and and 1 hour slow stop period would actually be in
operation for 26 hours. If it were desired to limit the operational run length to 24 hours, including the
slow start and stop periods, the maximum run length would have to be set to 22 hours.
Maximum turbidity
Maximum turbidity. Used to initiate backwashing when automatic backwash control turbidity trigger
option is set.
Maximum headloss
Maximum headloss. Used to initiate backwashing when automatic backwash control headloss trigger
option is set.
Terminal headloss
The critical headloss above which the constant flow through the filter cannot be maintained. This
should be greater than the Maximum headloss backwash trigger. If the headloss exceeds the terminal
headloss a warning is issued. There is currently no attempt to model the drop in flow and the
subsequent changes in loading to parallel filters.
Drain down period
Drain down period. Used to calculate duration of complete backwashing cycle (filter down-time).
Backwash rate
The upflow rate at which the backwash water washes the filter.
Backwash duration
Duration of backwash. Used to calculate duration of complete backwashing cycle (filter down-time), and
the volume of backwash water used for calculating the backwash efficiency.
Air scour rate
Rate of air scour.
Air scour duration
Duration of air scour. Used to calculate duration of complete backwashing cycle (filter down-time).
Refill period
The time taken for the filter to be refilled after backwashing. Used to calculate duration of complete
backwashing cycle (filter down-time).
Slow stop period
The period over which the filtration rate is reduced from the operating rate to zero after a backwash is
triggered, if Slow stop stop regime has been specified.
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Slow start period

The period over which the filtration rate is increased from zero to the operating rate when restarting after
a backwash is complete, if Slow start start regime has been specified.
Run to waste period
The period over which filtered water is diverted to waste when restarting after a backwash is complete, if
Run to waste start regime has been specified.
Stop regime
Determines how the flow is stopped when a backwash is triggered:
?? Normal stop
The flow stops immediately the backwash is triggered.
?? Slow stop
Once a backwash is triggered, the flow is gradually reduced, linearly over the Slow stop period
specified in the operating data.
Start regime
Determines what happens to the flow when the filter is restarted after completion of the backwash:
?? Normal start
Once the backwash cycle has been completed, the full flow is immediately passed through the filter
and forward to the next process..
?? Slow start
When the filter is brought back into operation, the flow is linearly increased from zero to the
operating rate over the Slow start period specified in the operating data.
?? Run to waste
When the filter is brought back into operation, the full flow is immediately passed through the filter,
but for the Run to waste period specified in the operating data the filter effluent is run to waste (to
filter wastewater stream) rather than passed forward to the next process.

The filter models are described in Process Model Descriptions, Section 16.
Model type
There are two different models available for predicting the performance of rapid gravity filters:
?? Logistic
?? Finite Difference
The number of CSTR stages gives an indication of the hydraulic behaviour of the filter. It is used for
determinands not otherwise affected by the filter.
It may not be possible for filtration to remove all of the solids present in the inlet water stream. This can
be used to define the fraction of the incoming solids that will not be removed and will thus pass directly
through the filter. If the fraction of non-filterable solids is 1 then no solids will be removed by the filter.
The filtered water turbidity is calculated from this ratio.
Optimum backwash volume
This is the volume of backwash water required to achieve complete removal of the deposited solids from
the filter during backwashing. The optimum backwash volume is only required for the finite difference
model.
Ripening time
Filter ripening time. This is the period, immediately after a backwash or at the beginning of the run,
where the filter may not be as efficient at removing solids as a mature filter would be. Study of plant data
at a range of sites has suggested that during this period, the degree of solids removal will initially start
at 90% of the steady solids removal rate, but will improve as the filter ripens. After the ripening period,
the filter is assumed to be mature and fully efficient at removing solids until breakthrough occurs.
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6.16.4.1
User Guide
Model calibration - Logistic model
Attachment rate
Attachment rate for each media type.
Hydraulic conductivity
Hydraulic conductivity for each media type.
Theoretical filter capacity)
Theoretical capacity for each media type.
6.16.4.2
Model calibration - Finite difference model
Attachment coefficient
Attachment coefficient for each media type.
Detachment coefficient
Detachment coefficient for each media type.
Theoretical filter capacity
6.16.5 Results
Filtration rate
This is the filtration rate (the ratio of flowrate to surface area).
Total headloss
Total headloss predicted through the filter.
Solids removal
The percentage removal of solids across the filter.
Number of backwashes
Cumulative total of backwashes.
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6.17
User Guide
The rapid gravity filter bank incorporates both models from the single filter model. However, manual
backwash cannot be specified. The filter bank model automatically sets up a stagger between washing
the filters. When one filter goes out of service, the flow is spread equally across the other filters in
service across the bank, taking into account slow start and slow stop settings. Therefore, only one filter
can be washed at any one time.
6.17.2 Static data

Number of filters in the bank
The number of individual filter units in the bank (must be > 1). Each filter in the bank is assumed to be
identical.
Filter unit depth
Depth of the filter unit.
Weir height
Height of the weir for the overflow of waste washwater from the bottom of the filter.
Depth of gravel support
Depth of gravel support layer underneath filter media. OTTER assumes that the layer of gravel has no
effect on the removal of solids or headloss across the filter.
Filter surface area
The surface area of the filter bed. This area should be the area of the filter bed available for filtration.
Number of media layers
Total number of media layers. Rapid gravity filters can have up to three layers of media, which are
numbered from the top down.
Media type
Media type selected from:
?? Sand
?? Anthracite
?? Garnet and
?? Granular activated carbon (GAC).
Select the media type by clicking on one of the items in the drop-down list.
Note: In the current version of OTTER the choice of media type does not automatically affect the
performance of the rapid gravity filter. Calibration constants have to be entered for each media type.
Using different constants for the different media types will lead to a difference in the filtration
performance of each media layer. If GAC is selected, no removal of organic matter due to adsorption is
predicted. If this is of interest, a GAC adsorber model should be used following the filter.
Media depth
Depth of media layer in metres.
Effective size
Effective size of media particles in the layer.
Media voidage
The voidage of a filter bed containing the particular media selected.
Sphericity
Media sphericity, to take account of the fact that the media particles are generally not exactly spherical.
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Backwash trigger
Backwashing control of the filter bank is automatic. One or more triggers can be set:
?? Run length
?? Turbidity
?? Headloss
If more than one trigger is set the first one to exceed the prescribed limit will initiate a backwash. Run
length , Maximum turbidity, and Maximum headloss must be specified if the corresponding trigger is set.
Note that only one filter can be backwashing. If a filter triggers a backwash while another is washing, it
joins a queue.
Backwash regime
Select either
?? Air then water
?? Air and water combined
Currently this is only used to calculate the total duration of the backwashing cycle. It does not affect
the efficiency of backwashing. For a water only backwash, set the air scour duration to zero.
Number of filters in service
The number of filters in the bank currently in service. Note that it is not currently possible to identify
specific filters in the bank.
Minimum run length
The minimum time that a filter remains in operation. Any backwsh trigger for a filter is ignored until the
minimum run length has been reached for that filter. Note that when testing for the minimum run length,
any Slow start, Run to waste or Slow stop periods are not included in the cumulative filter run time. For
example, a filter specified with a 2 hour minimum run length and a 1 hour slow start period would actually
be in operation for a minimum of 3 hours.
Run length
Maximum run length. Used to initiate backwashing when the run length trigger option is set. Note that
when testing for a run length trigger, any Slow start, Run to waste or Slow stop periods are not included
in the cumulative filter run time. For example, a filter specified with a 1 hour slow start period, 24 hour
maximum run length and and 1 hour slow stop period would actually be in operation for 26 hours. If it
were desired to limit the operational run length to 24 hours, including the slow start and stop periods,
the maximum run length would have to be set to 22 hours.
When starting from time zero, the first backwash for each filter is staggered at an interval of
(maximum run length / number of filters in bank). This initial stagger overrides any triggers.
Maximum turbidity
Maximum turbidity. Used to initiate backwashing when the turbidity trigger option is set.
Maximum headloss
Maximum headloss. Used to initiate backwashing when the headloss trigger option is set.
Terminal headloss
The critical headloss above which the constant flow through the filter cannot be maintained. This
should be greater than the Maximum headloss backwash trigger. If the headloss exceeds the terminal
headloss a warning is issued. There is currently no attempt to model the drop in flow and the
subsequent changes in loading to parallel filters.
Drain down period
Drain down period. Used to calculate duration of complete backwashing cycle (filter down-time).
Backwash rate
The upflow rate at which the backwash water washes the filter.
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Backwash duration
Duration of backwash. Used to calculate duration of complete backwashing cycle (filter down-time), and
the volume of backwash water used for calculating the backwash efficiency.
Air scour rate
Rate of air scour.
Air scour duration
Duration of air scour. Used to calculate duration of complete backwashing cycle (filter down-time).
Refill period
The time taken for the filter to be refilled after backwashing. Used to calculate duration of complete
backwashing cycle (filter down-time).
Slow stop period
The period over which the filtration rate is reduced from the operating rate to zero after a backwash is
triggered, if Slow stop stop regime has been specified.
Slow start period
The period over which the filtration rate is increased from zero to the operating rate when restarting after
a backwash is complete, if Slow start start regime has been specified.
Run to waste period
The period over which filtered water is diverted to waste when restarting after a backwash is complete, if
Run to waste start regime has been specified.
Stop regime
Determines how the flow is stopped when a backwash is triggered:
?? Normal stop
The flow stops immediately the backwash is triggered.
?? Slow stop
Once a backwash is triggered, the flow is gradually reduced, linearly over the Slow stop period
specified in the operating data.
Start regime
Determines what happens to the flow when the filter is restarted after completion of the backwash:
?? Normal start
Once the backwash cycle has been completed, the full flow is immediately passed through the filter
and forward to the next process.
?? Slow start
When the filter is brought back into operation, the flow is linearly increased from zero to the
operating rate over the Slow start period specified in the operating data.
?? Run to waste
When the filter is brought back into operation, the full flow is immediately passed through the filter,
but for the Run to waste period specified in the operating data the filter effluent is run to waste (to
filter wastewater stream) rather than passed forward to the next process.

The filter models are described in Process Model Descriptions, Section 16.
Model type
There are two different models available for predicting the performance of rapid gravity filters:
?? Logistic
?? Finite Difference
It may not be possible for filtration to remove all of the solids present in the inlet water stream. This can
be used to define the fraction of the incoming solids that will not be removed and will thus pass directly
through the filter. If the fraction of non-filterable solids is 1 then no solids will be removed by the filter.
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The filtered water turbidity is calculated from this ratio.
Optimum backwash volume
This is the volume of backwash water required to achieve complete removal of the deposited solids from
the filter during backwashing. The optimum backwash volume is only required for the finite difference
model.
Ripening time
Filter ripening time. This is the period, immediately after a backwash or at the beginning of the run,
where the filter may not be as efficient at removing solids as a mature filter would be. Study of plant data
at a range of sites has suggested that during this period, the degree of solids removal will initially start
at 90% of the steady solids removal rate, but will improve as the filter ripens. After the ripening period,
the filter is assumed to be mature and fully efficient at removing solids until breakthrough occurs.
The number of CSTR stages gives an indication of the hydraulic behaviour of the filter. It is used for
determinands not otherwise affected by the filter.
6.17.4.1
Model calibration - Logistic model
Attachment rate
Attachment rate for each media type.
Hydraulic conductivity
Hydraulic conductivity for each media type.
Theoretical filter capacity)
6.17.4.2
Model calibration - Finite difference model
Attachment coefficient
Attachment coefficient for each media type.
Detachment coefficient
Detachment coefficient for each media type.
Theoretical filter capacity
6.17.5 Results
Filtration rate
This is the average filtration rate (the ratio of flowrate to surface area) for all in-service filters.
Solids removal
The percentage removal of solids across the filter bank.
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6.18
User Guide
GAC adsorber
6.18.2 Static data

Number of adsorbers
The number of adsorbers in the bank (can = 1).
Filter unit area
The surface area of the GAC filter bed.
GAC depth
The depth of the GAC filter bed.
GAC type
The type of GAC in the filter bed. You may enter your own name for the GAC type (up to 48 characters).
GAC bulk density
The bulk density of the GAC filter media.
GAC particle size
The mean particle size of the GAC filter media.
This gives an indication of the hydraulic behaviour of the filter. It is used for water quality determinands
not affected by the GAC.

Number in service
The number of adsorbers in service. The number may not be greater than the total number of adsorbers.
Units for schedule
Select whether schedule data is in Hours, Days or Weeks.
Period between regenerations
The period between consecutive GAC regenerations. The time units are as specified by the Units for
schedule. At the specified regeneration period, the GAC bed will be regenerated and restored back to
the state of virgin GAC.
First regeneration time
The time from the start of the run until the first regeneration. This can be specified for each adsorber and
allows a stagger to be set up.
Down time
The time that an adsorber is out of service for regeneration. During this period, the flow is shared
equally between the other adsorbers in the bank.

The GAC model is described in Process Model Descriptions, Section 18.
General tab
Click on this tab in order to view and/or edit GAC adsorption constants for the removal of true colour.
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Organics tab
Click on this tab in order to view and/or edit GAC adsorption constants for the removal of organic
determinands.
Pesticides tab
Click on this tab in order to view and/or edit GAC adsorption constants for the removal of common
pesticides.
Freundlich capacity constant
The Freundlich capacity constant for each water quality determinand in mg/g. The capacity of a GAC is
related to the liquid phase concentration of a compound, given by the Freundlich isotherm.
The higher the value of the Freundlich capacity constant the better removed a compound is by GAC.
Freundlich exponential constant
The Freundlich exponential constant for each water quality determinand.
Adsorption rate constant
The adsorption rate constant for each water quality determinand in mg/g. The higher the value of the
rate constant the more readily removed a compound is by GAC.
Non-adsorbable fraction
The fraction of each water quality determinand that cannot be adsorbed by the GAC filter bed (cannot
be specified for pesticides).
Biodegradable fraction
The fraction of each water quality determinand that is biodegradable (cannot be specified for pesticides).
Molecular weight
The equivalent molecular weight for each water quality determinand .
6.18.5 Results
Empty bed contact time
The model calculates the average empty bed contact time across the bank of adsorbers.
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6.19
User Guide
Slow sand filter bank
6.19.2 Static data

Filter area
The surface area of each individual filter bed in the bank.
Sand depth
The depth of sand in the filter.
Water depth
The depth of water above the sand in the filter.
Number of filters in bank
The number of individual filter units in the bank (must be > 1).

Maximum run length
The maximum allowable run length of each filter in the bank. Once this is exceeded, the filter is cleaned.
Note: The model assumes that the cleaning of the filter is instantaneous. It does not take into account
the fact that a filter may be out of action for a significant period of time for cleaning.

The SSF model is described in Process Model Descriptions, Section 19.
Initial normalised headloss
The headloss across a clean filter at the start of the run, normalised with respect to a standard filtration
rate of 0.2 m/h.
Growth rate
A factor to account for headloss due to biological activity.
K factor
A factor to relate headloss to the amount of solids accumulated within the filter.
Fraction of solids removed
The fraction of the influent solids that are removed by the filter.
6.19.5 Results
Filter number
The number of the filter unit in the bank.
Filter flow
The calculated filter flow of each filter unit in the bank.
Normalised headloss
The headloss across a filter, normalised with respect to a standard filtration rate of 0.2 m/h.
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6.20
User Guide
Ozone contactor
6.20.2 Static data

Note that the OTTER ozone model applies to diffused bubble type contactors.
Tank depth
The ozone contactor tank depth.
Tank width
The ozone contactor tank width.
Number of chambers
The number of partitioned chambers inside the ozone contactor tank.
Bubble size
Mean size of feed gas bubbles.
This refers to the hydraulic behaviour of the tank, NOT to turbine type ozone reactors; the OTTER
ozone model is not intended to apply to turbine reactors. The number of CSTR stages is used for
determining the disinfection efficiency and for determinands unaffected by ozone.
Ozone feed gas
The feed gas into the ozone generator. There are two options:
?? Air
?? Oxygen
Chambers
The ozone contactor tank can be sub-divided into a maximum of 6 chambers. Model data can be entered
for each chamber by selecting the appropriate tab. If less than 6 chambers are specified in the static data,
the tabs for the unused chambers are not visible.
Flow regime
The flow regime for each chamber. The options are:
?? Counter-current
?? Co-current
Whether or not a ozone is dosed to a particular chamber is determined by setting the Ozone dose on
the Dose to chambers spreadsheet (Operating data)
Chamber length
The length of the chamber.
Automatic control to set point
If Automatic control to set point is enabled, the model uses a PID feedback control loop to determine the
ozone dose required to maintain the target ozone residual specified in the Operating data. The feedback
control algorithm compares the current value of the ozone residual leaving the ozone contactor with the
target residual, and determines an error term. This error term is used to calculate a new total dose of
ozone. The total dose is then apportioned to each chamber in proportion to the ozone doses for each
chamber specified in the Dose to chambers spreadsheet (Operating data). The model also uses these
specified doses as the initial condition. Dose is changed by varying gas flow.
The following are required to define the automatic control system:
Maximum ozone dose
The maximum ozone dose that can be applied to each chamber in the ozone contactor.
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User Guide

When the automatic control to set point option has been chosen, you may enter the PID controller
variables:
?? tolerance,
?? gain,
If Automatic control to set-point is disabled, the model calculates the ozone residual leaving the
contactor based on the ozone dose set to each chamber.

In the ozone contactor model there are operating schedules for each chamber (to specify ozone dose)
and a schedule for the whole chamber (to specify the feed gas concentration and the target ozone
residual.)
Ozone feed gas conc.
The concentration of ozone in the feed gas to the contactor.
Target ozone residual
The target residual ozone concentration at the outlet of the contactor.
Ozone demand factor
In OTTER a correlation is used to calculate the rate of ozone decay in water, which is a function of
temperature, pH, TOC and alkalinity. This correlation, however, can sometimes underpredict the decay,
so that the model calculates higher residuals than would occur in practice. The ozone demand factor can
be used to increase the rate of ozone decay by increasing the contribution of the organic content.
Dose to chambers
Ozone dose
The applied ozone dose to each chamber in mg/l. For a reaction-only chamber, the ozone dose is 0. If
automatic control is enabled, the doses specified here serve as the initial doses (time zero) and also
determine how the total ozone dose is split between the chambers.
H2O2 dose
The applied hydrogen peroxide dose. This currently has no effect.
6.20.4 Model calibration (process unit)

Correlation for k la
The correlations available are:
?? Hughmark,
?? Roustan,
?? Laplanche, and
?? LeSauze.
??
Correlation for Henrys constant
The correlations available are:
?? Roustan,
?? Sullivan,
?? Ouderni @ pH2,
?? Ouderni @ pH7,
?? Langlais, and
?? Roth & Sullivan.
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User Guide

The ozone model is described in Process Model Descriptions, Section 20.
Nth order reaction rate constants
The reaction rate constants for various determinands are grouped into four categories:
?? General
?? Organics
?? Pesticides
?? Microbiological
For all determinands, the followiing are required:
Reaction constant
Reaction constant for the oxidation of each water quality determinand by ozone.
Order of reaction
Order of reaction for the oxidation of each water quality determinand by ozone.
For microbiological determinands, additional data required are:
Hom time exponent
The time exponent in the Hom reaction equation.
Activation energy
Used to determine temperature dependency of the reaction constant.
Disinfection time
This selects the time basis for disinfection reaction. The options are:
?? T10
Disinfection reactions are calculated on the basis of T10 (see Process Model Descriptions, Appendix
A) rather than hydraulic retention time. This is intended to account for the impact of the hydraulic
behaviour of the contactor.
?? HRT
Disinfection reactions are calculated on the basis of the hydraulic retention time.
Bromate model constants
The model constants for the bromate formation correlation.
6.20.6 Results
Results given for each chamber:
Contact time
The hydraulic retention time calculated by the ozone contactor model from the chamber volume and the
flow into the contactor.
Off-gas ozone concentration
The predicted concentration of ozone in the off-gas.
Ozone transfer (%)
The efficiency of ozone transfer, expressed as a percentage, for each chamber, as predicted by the model.
Ozone residual
The predicted residual ozone concentration in the water leaving the chamber.
T10
T10 retention time.
Average concentration
The arithmetic mean ozone residual in the contactor, based on the ozone residual profile across the
chamber predicted by the model.
CT
The product of T10 and average concentration.
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User Guide
Average concentration (EPA)

The notional mean ozone residual in the chamber in accordance with USEPA guidelines.
CT (EPA)
The prooduct of T10 and average concentration (EPA).
For the whole contactor:
Log Inactivation
Log inactivation for each microbiological determinand.
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6.21
User Guide
6.21.2 Static data

Volume
The volume of water in the chlorine contact tank. The contact tank is assumed to be full at all times.
Indicates the hydraulic behaviour of the contact tank. Used in the determination of disinfection
efficiency and for determinands unaffected by chlorine.
Dosing system
There are three options available for the chlorine source:
?? Chlorine gas (stored under pressure as liquid in cylinders or drums),
?? OSCG (on-site chlorine generation), or
?? Hypochlorite solution.
Note: The chlorine dosing system chosen does not affect the disinfection model predictions, but it is
taken into account when calculating the concentration of inorganic determinands (e.g. chloride) and
effect on pH.
Automatic control to set-point
When Automatic control to set-point is enabled, the model calculates the chlorine dose required to
maintain a target residual free chlorine concentration using a PID feedback control loop.
The feedback controller compares the current value of the chlorine residual leaving the chlorine contact
tank with the target residual, and determines an error term. The error term is used to calculate the new
dose of chlorine applied to the contact tank.
When Automatic control to set-point is disabled, the model calculates the chlorine residual leaving the
contact tank based on the applied chlorine dose.
When Automatic control to set-point is enabled, the PID controller settings are required:
?? Tolerance
?? Gain
?? Integral time
?? Derivative time
Maximum chlorine dose (Automatic control to set-point enabled)
This determines the upper limit of the control action.

Chlorine dose (Automatic control to set-point disabled)
The applied chlorine (free chlorine) dose.
Target chlorine residual (Automatic control to set-point enabled)
The set-point free chlorine residual.

The chlorination model is described in Process Model Descriptions, Section 21. It performs four
principal functions:
?? chlorine decay,
?? THM formation,
?? HAA formation, and
?? disinfection.
Each of these functions has a calibration sub-tab.
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6.21.4.1
User Guide
Chlorine decay
Chlorine decay models

There are three chlorine decay models to choose from:
?? Second order model. This models decay as second order. The rate constant, once specified,
does not vary with changes in water quality.
?? Steady state model. This models decay according to an empirical exponential relationship. The
decay rate does not vary with changes in water quality.
?? Dharmarajah model. In this model, decay can be second or first order depending on contact
time and the chlorine dose:TOC ratio. The rate constants are functions of water quality.
Instantaneous chlorine demand model constants
The instantaneous chlorine demand model is applied for all decay models. Enter values for the model
constants d1, d 2, d 3 and d 4. To set the instantaneous demand to zero, set d 1 = -20.0 and
d 1 = d 2 = d 3 = 0.0.
Chlorine decay model constants
For the second order model, set second order rate constant k.
For the steady state model, set the model constants a1, a2, b 1 and b 2.
For the Dharmarajah model, the default model constants are those derived by the originators of the
model. Changing these values is not recommended; nevertheless, the user has the option to do so.
?? a1 to a4 are the corrleation constants that determine k1, the second order rate constant, as a
function of water quality. The rate constant k1 applies if chlorine dose/TOC ? 1 and contact time
? 5 h.
?? b 1 to b5 are the corrleation constants that determine k2, the first order rate constant, as a
function of water quality. The rate constant k2 applies if chlorine dose/TOC ? 1 and contact time
> 5 h.
?? c1 to c3 are the corrleation constants that determine k3, the first order rate constant, as a function
of water quality. The rate constant k3 applies if chlorine dose/TOC <1.
6.21.4.2
THM formation
THM formation models

There are five model options for the prediction of the formation of THMs:
?? Model A. This model is based on the US-EPA model, which predicts the total THMs formed as a
function of chlorine dose, water quality and contact time.
?? Model B. This model predicts the total THMs formed after 96 hours, as a function of chlorine
dose and water quality.
?? Model C. This model predicts the total THMs formed after 4 hours, as a function of organic
quality only.
?? Model D. This model predicts the total THMs formed after 16 hours, as a function of UV
absorbance only.
?? Model E. This model predicts the total THMs formed as a function of chlorine consumed.
THM formation model constant
Each model requires a different number of correlation constants to be set:
?? Model A: A to H
?? Model B: A to G
?? Model C: A, B.
?? Model D: A, B.
?? Model E: A, B.
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6.21.4.3
User Guide
HAA formation
Acid
Different correlation constants apply to each of the five component acetic acids of the overall HAA5
concentration. These are:
?? MCAA monochloroacetic acid
?? DCAA dichloroacetic acid
?? TCAA trichloroacetic acid
?? MBAA monobromoacetic acid
?? DBAA dibromoacetic acid
Constants
The default model constants are those derived by the originators of the model. Changing these
values is not recommended; nevertheless, the user has the option to do so.
There is a maximum of nine correlation constants for each acid, A, B, C, D, E, F, G and I. For
individual acids, some constants are implicitly zero by default, and these are not available to the
user:
MCAA: C, I
DCAA: F
TCAA: I
MBAA: D, G
DBAA: D, F
6.21.4.4
Disinfection
Chlorine disinfection affects each of the microbiological determinands included in OTTER:

?? Cysts,
?? Coliforms,
?? E.coli.,
?? Viruses, and
?? Heterotrophs.
Disinfection time
This determines the time basis on which disinfection reactions occur. The two options are:
?? T10
T10, which is evaluated from the number of CSTR stages, flowrate and contactor volume, is
substituted for hydraulic retention time. This makes allowance for non-ideal hydraulics since T10
is derived from the number of CSTRs.
?? HRT
Hydraulic retention time is used. The concept of segregated flow is applied to the contactor
when evaluating disinfection, using the residence time distribution (derived from the number of
CSTRs) to account for non-ideal hydraulics.
Disinfection model constants
The following constants are required for each determinand:
?? Pseudo first order rate constant, k
?? Coefficient of dilution, n
?? Empirical constant, m
?? Heat of reaction
6.21.5 Results
Contact time
This is the hydraulic residence time of the water in the chlorine contact tank.
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User Guide
Chlorine dose
The applied chlorine dose for the most recent time step.
Chlorine residual
The residual free chlorine for the most recent time step.
Chlorine consumption
The chlorine consumption for the most recent time step. This is calculated from the applied chlorine
dose and the flow rate of water through the contact tank.
CT value
The product of chlorine residual and contactor T10.
Log Inactivations
Log inactivations are listed for each microbiological determinand.
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6.22
User Guide
Chloramination

Influent
Effluent
6.22.2 Static data

Volume
The volume of water in the chloramine contact tank. The contact tank is assumed to be full at all times.
efficiency and for determinands unaffected by chloramine.
Dosing system
There are three options available for the chlorine source:
?? Chlorine gas (stored under pressure as liquid in cylinders or drums),
?? OSCG (on-site chlorine generation), or
?? Hypochlorite solution.
Note: The chlorine dosing system chosen does not affect the disinfection model predictions, but it is
taken into account when calculating the concentration of inorganic determinands (e.g. chloride) and
effect on pH.
Ammonia dosing method
Determines how ammonia is dosed. There are two options:
?? Ratio
Whatever chlorine dose is applied, ammonia is dosed at a mass ratio specified in the Operating data.
This is the only option if Automatic control to set-point is enabled.
?? Dose
The ammonia dose is as specified in the Operating data.
When Automatic control to set-point is enabled, the model calculates the chlorine dose required to
maintain a target residual chloramine (expressed as combined chlorine) concentration using a PID
feedback control loop. Ammonia dosing is always by ratio.
The feedback controller compares the current value of the chloramine residual leaving the contact tank
with the target residual, and determines an error term. The error term is used to calculate the new dose of
chlorine applied to the contact tank. The ammonia dose is then calculated from the specified ratio.
When Automatic control to set-point is disabled, the model calculates the chloramine residual leaving
the contact tank based on the applied chlorine and ammonia doses. The ammonia dose can be either a
specified dose or a specified ratio of the chlorine dose.
?? Tolerance
?? Gain
?? Integral time
?? Derivative time
Maximum chlorine dose (Automatic control to set-point enabled)

Chlorine dose (Automatic control to set-point disabled)
The applied chlorine (free chlorine) dose.
Target combined chlorine residual (Automatic control to set-point enabled)
The set-point chloramine residual, expresssed as combined chlorine.
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User Guide
Chlorine:ammonia ratio (Automatic control to set-point enabled AND/OR Ammonia dosing method =
Ratio)
The mass ratio of chlorine to ammonia (expressed as ammonia nitrogen). Determines the ammonia dose
from a known chlorine dose.
Ammonia dose (Automatic control to set-point disabled AND Ammonia dosing method = Dose)
The ammonia dose (expressed as ammonia).

The chloramination model is described in Process Model Descriptions, Section 22. It performs four
?? chlorine decay,
?? THM formation,
?? HAA formation, and
?? disinfection.
Each of these functions has a calibration sub-tab.
6.22.4.1
Chloramine decay
Chloramine decay models

There are two chloramine decay models to choose from:
?? First order, dual rate. This models decay as first order. The rate constant changes after 10
hours. Each rate constant varies with changes in water quality.
?? First order, nth order. This models decay as nth order for the first 10 hours, and first order
thereafter. The initial reaction order and rate constants vary with changes in water quality.
Instantaneous demand model constants
The instantaneous chloramine demand model is applied for all decay models. Enter values for the
model constants e1, e2, e3 and e4. The defaults are those derived by the originators of the model, and
changing these values is not recommended. Nevertheless, the user can do so if they wish. To set the
instantaneous demand to zero, e1 = e2 = e4 = 0.0 and e3 = 1.0.
Chloramine decay model constants
For the First order, dual rate model the default model constants are those derived by the originators
of the model. Changing these values is not recommended; nevertheless, the user has the option to
do so.
?? a1 to a5 are the corrleation constants that determine k1, the initial first order rate constant, as a
function of water quality. The rate constant k1 applies if chlorine dose/TOC < 3.0 and contact
time ? 10 h.
?? b 1 to b 4 are the corrleation constants that determine k2, the subsequent first order rate constant,
as a function of water quality. The rate constant k2 applies if chlorine dose/TOC < 3.0 and
contact time > 10 h.
?? c1 to c3 are the corrleation constants that determine k1, the initial first order rate constant, as a
function of water quality. The rate constant k1 applies if chlorine dose/TOC ? 3.0 and contact
time ? 10 h.
?? d 1 to d 4 are the corrleation constants that determine k2, the initial first order rate constant, as a
function of water quality. The rate constant k2 applies if chlorine dose/TOC ? 3.0 and contact
time > 10 h.
For the First order, nth order model the default model constants are those derived by the
originators of the model. Changing these values is not recommended; nevertheless, the user has the
option to do so.
?? b 1 to b 5 are the corrleation constants that determine k3, the initial, nth order rate constant, as a
function of water quality. The rate constant k3 applies if contact time ? 10 h.
?? a1 to a4 are the corrleation constants that determine k4, the subsequent first order rate constant,
as a function of water quality. The rate constant k4 applies if contact time > 10 h.
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User Guide
?? c1 to c2 are the corrleation constants that determine the order of the initial chloramine decay
reaction. This reaction order, with the corresponding rate constant k3, applies if contact time
? 10 h.
6.22.4.2
THM formation
The chloramine model handles THM formation by first calculating the THMs that would be formed if
the applied comined chlorine (chloramine) dose (or demand, depending on the THM model used)
were substituted by free chlorine. A factor is then applied to correct for the fact that it is really
combined chlorine, not free chlorine.
THM fraction
THM formation relative to chlorine
This is the correction factor applied to the THMs as calculated for free chlorine.
THM formation models
There are five model options for the prediction of the formation of THMs:
?? Model A. This model is based on the US-EPA model, which predicts the total THMs formed as a
function of chlorine dose, water quality and contact time.
?? Model B. This model predicts the total THMs formed after 96 hours, as a function of chlorine
dose and water quality.
?? Model C. This model predicts the total THMs formed after 4 hours, as a function of organic
quality only.
?? Model D. This model predicts the total THMs formed after 16 hours, as a function of UV
absorbance only.
?? Model E. This model predicts the total THMs formed as a function of chlorine consumed.
THM formation model constant
Each model requires a different number of correlation constants to be set:
?? Model A: A to H
?? Model B: A to G
?? Model C: A, B.
?? Model D: A, B.
?? Model E: A, B.
It should be noted that, although the default THM formation model constants relate to free chlorine,
the user could, if data were available, calibrate any of the models in terms of combined chlorine. In
this case, the THM formation relative to chlorine would be set = 1.0.
6.22.4.3
HAA formation
The chloramine model handles HAA formation by first calculating the HAAs that would be formed if
the applied comined chlorine (chloramine) were substituted by free chlorine. A factor is then applied
to correct for the fact that it is really combined chlorine, not free chlorine.
HAA fraction
HAA5 formation relative to chlorine
This is the correction factor applied to the HAAs as calculated for free chlorine.
Acid
Different correlation constants apply to each of the five component acetic acids of the overall HAA5
concentration. These are:
?? MCAA monochloroacetic acid
?? DCAA dichloroacetic acid
?? TCAA trichloroacetic acid
?? MBAA monobromoacetic acid
?? DBAA dibromoacetic acid
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User Guide
Constants
The default model constants are those derived by the originators of the model. Changing these
values is not recommended; nevertheless, the user has the option to do so.
There is a maximum of nine correlation constants for each acid, A, B, C, D, E, F, G and I. For
individual acids, some constants are implicitly zero by default, and these are not available to the
user:
MCAA: C, I
DCAA: F
TCAA: I
MBAA: D, G
DBAA: D, F
It should be noted that, although the default HAA formation model constants relate to free chlorine,
the user could, if data were available, calibrate the model in terms of combined chlorine. In this case,
the HAA5 formation relative to chlorine would be set = 1.0.
6.22.4.4
Disinfection
Chloramine disinfection affects each of the microbiological determinands included in OTTER:

?? Cysts,
?? Coliforms,
?? E.coli.,
?? Viruses, and
?? Heterotrophs.
Disinfection time
?? T10
?? HRT
?? Heat of reaction
6.22.5 Results
Contact time
This is the hydraulic residence time of the water in the chloramine contact tank.
Chloramine dose
The applied combined chlorine dose for the most recent time step.
Chloramine residual
The residual combined chlorine for the most recent time step.
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Chlorine consumption
The chlorine consumption for the most recent time step. This is calculated from the applied chlorine
Ammonia dose
The applied ammonia dose for the most recent time step.
Ammonia consumption
The ammonia consumption for the most recent time step. This is calculated from the applied ammonia
CT value
The product of combined chlorine residual and contactor T10.
Log Inactivations
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6.23
User Guide
Chlorine dioxide

Inlet
Outlet
6.23.2 Static data

Volume
The volume of water in the chlorine dioxide contact tank. The contact tank is assumed to be full at all
times.
efficiency and for determinands unaffected by chlorine dioxide.
When Automatic control to set-point is enabled, the model calculates the chlorine dioxide dose required
to maintain a target residual chlorine dioxide concentration using a PID feedback control loop.
The feedback controller compares the current value of the chlorine dioxide residual leaving the contact
dose of chlorine dioxide applied to the contact tank.
When Automatic control to set-point is disabled, the model calculates the chlorine dioxide residual
leaving the contact tank based on the applied chlorine dioxide dose.
?? Tolerance
?? Gain
?? Integral time
?? Derivative time
Maximum chlorine dioxide dose (Automatic control to set-point enabled)

Chlorine dioxide dose (Automatic control to set-point disabled)
The applied chlorine dioxide dose.
Target ClO2 residual (Automatic control to set-point enabled)
The set-point chlorine dioxide residual.

The chlorine dioxide model is described in Process Model Descriptions, Section 23. It performs three
?? Chlorine dioxide decay,
?? inorganic byproduct formation, and
?? disinfection.
6.23.4.1
Chlorine dioxide decay
Chlorine dioxide decay models

There are two chlorine dioxide decay models to choose from:
?? nth order model. This models decay as nth order. The rate constant and reaction order, once
specified, do not vary with changes in water quality.
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?? Korn model. This models decay and byproduct formation according to empirical, steady state
correlations. These take water quality into account.
Chlorine dioxide decay model constants
For the nth order model, enter:
?? reaction order, n
?? rate constant, k
For the Korn model, enter the NPOC:TOC ratio. This determines non-purgeable organic carbon,
NPOC, as a fraction of total organic carbon, TOC.
Proportion of ClO2 forming: (nth order decay model)
?? Chlorite
?? Chlorate
?? Chloride
The fraction of reacted chlorine dioxide that forms each byproduct.
6.23.4.2
Disinfection
Chlorine dioxide disinfection affects each of the microbiological determinands included in OTTER:
?? Cysts,
?? Coliforms,
?? E.coli.,
?? Viruses, and
?? Heterotrophs.
Disinfection time
?? T10
?? HRT
?? Heat of reaction
6.23.5 Results
Contact time
This is the hydraulic residence time of the water in the chlorine contact tank.
ClO2 dose
The applied chlorine dioxide dose for the most recent time step.
ClO2 residual
The residual chlorine dioxide for the most recent time step.
ClO2 consumption
The chlorine dioxide consumption for the most recent time step. This is calculated from the applied
chlorine dioxide dose and the flow rate of water through the contact tank.
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CT value
The product of chlorine dioxide residual and contactor T10.
Log Inactivations
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6.24
User Guide
Dechlorination
6.24.2 Static data

Dechlorination chemical
Select the chemical being used from:
?? Sulphur dioxide,
?? Sodium bisulphite,
?? Sodium thiosulphate,
?? Sodium sulphite, or
?? Sodium metabisulphite.
When Automatic control to set-point is enabled, the model will calculate the chemical dose required to
achieve a target residual free chlorine concentration. This is done using a PID feedback control loop.
The feedback controller compares the current value of the chlorine residual leaving the chlorine contact
dose of chemical applied to the contact tank.
When Automatic control to set-point is disabled, the model calculates the chlorine residual leaving the
contact tank based on the applied chemical dose.
When the Automatic control to set-point is enabled, the PID controller settings are required:
?? tolerance,
?? gain,
?? integral time, and
?? derivative time.
Maximum chemical dose
When the Automatic control to set-point is enabled, the maximum chemical dose must be set. This
defines the upper limit of the control action.

Target chlorine residual
If automatic control is selected, enter the target chlorine residual after dosing the dechlorination
chemical.
Chemical dose
If automatic control is not selected, enter the dose of the dechlorination chemical.

There is no calibration required to run the dechlorination model.
6.24.5 Results
Chemical dose
The dose of dechlorination chemical.
Chlorine residual
The chlorine residual, after dosing.
Chemical consumption
The consumption of dechlorination chemical.
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6.25
User Guide
Balancing tank
6.25.2 Static data

Maximum volume
The maximum volume of water allowed in the balancing tank. If the volume of water in the tank exceeds
this, the tank will overflow.
Minimum volume
The minimum volume of water allowed in the balancing tank. If the volume of water in the tank is below
the minimum tank volume then the outlet flow is set to zero.

Outlet flow
The water flowrate from the outlet of the balancing tank.

The balancing tank model is described in Process Model Descriptions, Section 25. There is no
calibration required to run the model.
6.25.5 Results
Water volume
This is the current volume of water in the balancing tank.
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6.26
User Guide
Pipe delay

Influent
Effluent
6.26.2 Static data

Pipe diameter
Pipe diameter, used to determine hold-up volume. For a non-circular pipe, or open channel, the pipe
diameter should be set to give the equivalent cross-sedtional area.
Pipe length
Pipe length, used to determine hold-up volume.
This provides an indication of the hydraulic behaviour of the pipe.

There is currently no operating data to enter.
The pipe delay model is described in Process Model Descriptions, Section 26.
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6.27
User Guide
Sludge thickener
6.27.2 Static data

Tank depth
The depth of water in the sludge thickener.
Tank area
The plan area of the sludge thickener. The sides of the tank are assumed to be vertical.

Poly dose
The dose of polyelectrolyte expressed in terms of the dry solids content of the incoming sludge. With
the present version of the thickener model, the poly dose does not affect the process performance.
Inclusion of the poly dose is for future developments of the model.
Sludge concentration
The target concentration for the thickened sludge in % v/v. The model calculates the volumetric
flowrate of the thickened sludge.

The thickener model is described in Process Model Descriptions, Section 27.
This provides an indication of the hydraulic behaviour of the tank.
Stokes settling velocity
This is the settling velocity of a single floc. The greater the value of the Stokes velocity, the easier the
solids are to settle. A greater value is indicative of a larger and/or denser floc. It may be possible to
model the effect of using polyelectrolyte, by increasing the value of the Stokes velocity.
Vesilind exponent
This is used in the calculation of the settling velocity of the sludge.
Scouring factor
This is a measure of floc break-up within the thickener. If set to zero, there is no re-suspension in the
thickener. If set to 1, all solids are re-suspended and no thickening occurs.
The outlet turbidities from the thickener are calculated from this ratio.
6.27.5 Results
Hydraulic loading
This is the velocity at which the water flows through the sludge thickener. It is the ratio of influent
flowrate to tank area.
Solids removal
This is the percent reduction is solids between the influent and the supernatant.
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7.
7.1
User Guide
FLOW CONTROL
Streams
Streams transport water from source to process, from process to process and from process to sink.
Streams store the flow and all the current values for the water quality determinands. When a process
model is updated, it reads the water quality and flow from the inlet streams and writes the new predicted
water quality and flow to the outlet streams. Since the outlet stream of one process is also the inlet
stream of another process, the water quality changes are propagated from process to process
throughout the whole works.
It is possible to record the changes in water quality and flow during a model run by writing them to file.
The file can be read into an OTTER spread-sheet at the end of the run by selecting the Results menu
option on the stream menu. Additionally, streams support in-simulation reporting. Using the stream
dialog, it is possible to select those water quality determinands which are to be included in report forms
- see 9.1 Displaying results during a model run for more information on charts and meters.
N.B. In the real world, changes to the water quality in each process would all occur at once. However, in
OTTER the process models are updated one after another. The order in which the process models are
recalculated is therefore very important: all processes upstream of a particular process must be
recalculated before that process can also be recalculated. It is important to take care when calculating
sinks. Ensure that the sink is calculated AFTER the process that feeds into it, or else the sink will be
reporting values from the timestep prior to the values in its inlet stream.
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7.2
User Guide
Flow dividers
Often, it is necessary to split streams in a works model. In OTTER, this is done using flow dividers.
Dividers have one inlet and either two or three outlets:
flow divider with two outlets (2-way)
flow divider with three outlets (3-way)
The water quality in each of the outlet streams is set equal to the inlet water quality.
7.2.1 Static data

Number of outlets (2 or 3)
When a flow divider is first dropped on the flowsheet, it is possible to switch from a 2-way to a 3-way
divider, and vice versa, by changing the Number of outlets. The icon will change when the dialog OK
button is pressed, but outlet streams do not immediately align with the new icon. If outlet streams are
attached to all three outlets of a 3-way divider, then converting it to a 2-way divider results in the third
outlet stream being deleted. Because of the potential confusion with this functionality, it is not
recommended.

Flow to outlet 1
Flow to outlet 2
Flow to outlet 3 (3-way divider only)
The flow divider dialog contains an operating schedule. You must specify how the flow is split between
the outlet streams. This split can vary over time. The proprtion of flow to the second outlet of two, or
the third outlet of three, is calculated by difference to ensure that the flow balance in maintained.
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7.3
User Guide
Flow mixers
Flow mixers are used to combine streams. They generally use a simple algorithm to calculate the water
quality of the combined stream from the qualities in the streams that are being mixed. However, some
determinands are not conservative (e.g. pH, alkalinity) and a model based on SICALC is used to predict
the combined water quality. Flow mixers can have two or three inlets:
flow mixer with two inlets (2-way)
flow mixer with three inlets (3-way)
Number of outlets (2 or 3)
When a flow mixer is first dropped on the flowsheet, it is possible to switch from a 2-way to a 3-way
mixer, and vice versa, by changing the Number of outlets. The icon will change when the dialog OK
button is pressed, but inlet streams do not immediately align with the new icon. If inlet streams are
attached to all three inlets of a 3-way mixer, then converting it to a 2-way mixer results in the third inlet
stream being deleted. Because of the potential confusion with this functionality, it is not recommended.
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7.4
User Guide
Flow control valves

Flow
Enter the flow.
Flow calculation method
?? Step change
The flow step-changes at each specified time.
?? Interpolation
The flow is linearly interpolated between consecutive entries in the operating schedule.
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8.
User Guide
RUNNING A WORKS MODEL
To run a works model (i.e. perform a simulation) you must first build a valid model (see 2. Building a
Works Model) or load one from the models database.
8.1
Defining the run conditions
Select Run Setup... from the Model menu. This displays the Run Setup dialog. After you have finished
editing the run conditions, the run toolbar should change to reflect the changes to the run setup data.
There are four tabs for entering data.
8.1.1 Timing
Start date & time
The start date and time for the run. The default is todays date at 00:00 hours (midnight).
End date & time
The end date and time for the run. The default is 2 weeks after the start time. It is calculated
automatically if the number of time steps is edited.
Input time step
The time interval between model updates in a run in hours. The default is 0.1 hours or 6 minutes.
Output (reporting) time step
The time interval between each reported set of model results (in hours). This must be an exact multiple
of the input time step. The default is 1 hour; the minimum allowable value is equal to the input time step.
Therefore, assuming a 0.1 hour input time step, the works model (collection of process models) is
updated 10 times for every line of results data.
Number of time steps
The total number of time steps in a model run. This is calculated automatically from the start and end
times and the input time step if any one of them is changed. Alternatively, enter a value for the number
of time steps and the end time is updated automatically.
8.1.2 Constants
Atmospheric pressure
The atmospheric pressure which is assumed to be fixed during a run. The default is one atmosphere.
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8.1.3 Order
Model order
The order in which the process models are updated during a run. The processes or sources (e.g. raw
water) at the top of the list are calculated first. The order is usually set automatically. However, by
deselecting the automatic order option it becomes possible to edit the order manually. To do so, simply
drag the models in the list box up and down using the mouse. (Move the mouse pointer over a model,
select it by clicking and holding down the left mouse button, move the mouse pointer to a new position
and release the button.)
Automatic order
Sets an automatic order of model calculation if selected (checked). This is the default. If this option is
not selected it is possible to enter your own order of calculation.
8.1.4 Notes
Notes
Your notes on the run. Enter any text you like here.
8.2
Setting reporting options
By default, results are produced for all the streams in the works. If your works has many streams or you
are running a long simulation, you may produce many megabytes of data. To cut down on the size of
your results files, you can disable the results reporting for streams that are of no interest in the
simulation. Some streams may be identical to others, e.g. after flow dividers. Others may not be relevant
to the simulation you are carrying out. To disable the reporting, select Stream data from the stream
menu.
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Click on Create results profile? to toggle the status of the check box. When results are being produced,
the box will contain a cross.
For the streams and sinks, select whether in-simulation reporting is required and if so what type of
reporting. See 9.1 Displaying results during a model run.
At this point, it is worth saving the works and run, in case any errors occur.
8.3
Starting the run
To start the run left-click on the Go button

menu or press [F5].
on the run toolbar, select the Go option from the Run
If the model is valid, the run will start and the elapsed time and current date and time will start increasing
on the run toolbar. The mouse pointer will take on the appearance of an hourglass.
If the model is invalid, a window will appear with one or more messages in it. Edit the model data and try
again. The validation messages should be self-explanatory.
The run will continue until
?? the end time is reached,
?? an error occurs (e.g. the disk is full) or
?? the run is stopped by the user.
8.4
Stopping and pausing the run
To stop the run, left-click on the Stop button

Run menu.
on the run toolbar or select the Stop option on the
A stopped run can be restarted by selecting Go again. A completed run (end time reached) can be
continued by extending the end time in the Run Setup dialog. A stopped or completed run can be saved
to the models database using the Save option under the File menu.
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It is possible to pause a simulation by left-clicking on the Pause button

on the run toolbar or
selecting the Pause option on the Run menu. When a run is paused it cannot be saved and the results
files are not closed. However, it is possible to adjust process data such as control settings before
resuming the run. To resume a paused run, simply select Go again.
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9.
User Guide
VIEWING RESULTS
The results of an OTTER simulation can be viewed during and after a model run.
9.1
Displaying results during a model run
OTTER can display water quality and flow data graphically as they are predicted during a run or
simulation. There are two ways of viewing data: Charts and Meters.
Chart showing a plot of turbidity (NTU) vs. time (h) for a stream leaving a filter
Meter showing the pH for a stream leaving a coagulation unit

Charts and meters can be created for any stream or sink. They can display any of the water quality
determinands and/or the flow. A chart can display lines for up to 10 different determinands at once. A
meter can only display the current value of one determinand, but up to 10 meters are allowed per stream
or sink.
In order to display a dynamic chart and/or meters for a stream it is necessary to specify the reporting
options for that stream BEFORE starting a run. To edit the reporting options select Stream data from the
Stream menu. This will display the stream dialog.
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Select the In-simulation reporting option by left-clicking on it with the mouse so that a cross appears
in the check box. If you require a chart, also select the Chart option in the same way. Similarly select the
Meter option if you require meters. Now select the Water Quality tab on the dialog.
For each water quality determinand (and for flow) there is a check box to determine whether the
determinand should be included in the chart (or a meter should be created for the determinand). Select
the determinands to be displayed. In the above example, pH and turbidity have been selected.
Once the selections have been made, close the dialog and save the changes by left-clicking on the OK
button. Assuming both meters and charts have been selected, a chart will appear with a line for each
determinand and a separate meter will appear for each determinand. Arrange the chart and meters on the
screen by dragging and sizing them with the mouse.
Repeat the procedure for other streams or sinks but bear in mind that the more charts and meters there
are, the more cluttered the screen will be and the slower the simulation will run.
Start the run by left-clicking on the Go button
automatically as the simulation proceeds.
. The charts and meters should be updated
Close the charts and windows as you would any other window. (Use the controls at the top right of the
window or system menu in the top left of the window.)
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The reporting options are saved with the rest of the works model. When the model is re-opened a dialog
may appear asking whether the in-simulation charts or meters should be created. Select Yes to make
them appear on the screen. The charts will be empty until a run is started.
The layout of a chart can be edited by right-clicking on it to show a menu. The chart used in OTTER is
a 3rd party product called First Impression, by Visual Components. The charts are very similar to
those found in products such as Microsoft Excel. For example, the formatting of an axis can be changed
by double-clicking on the axis and selecting an option from the pop-up menu that appears.
It is possible to change the scale on the meters by simply left-clicking on the scale values and editing
them. In fact only the minimum and maximum scale values will have any effect on the movement of the
needle on the meter. Edit the other values to keep the scale consistent.
9.2
Displaying results after a model run
Model results are written to files during a run (see 10.6 OTTER results files). It is possible to select
whether a results file is generated for a particular stream, process or sink by editing the reporting
options before starting a run. To edit the reporting options for a stream, right-click on the stream to
reveal the Stream menu and select Stream data to open the stream dialog. On the Reporting options tab
there is a Reporting frame:
Select the Create results profile? option by left-clicking on it with the mouse so that a cross appears in
the check box. The default is to create results files for all streams, processes and sinks. These files do
take up a lot of storage space as they accumulate. If you are sure that you will never need to see the
results for a particular stream or process, then you can save space by not creating the file.
To edit the reporting options for a sink, select Sink data from the Sink menu. This will display the sink
dialog. On the Reporting Options tab there is a Reporting frame like that above.
Most processes have results files, but some do not. To edit the reporting options for a process, rightclick on the process to reveal the Process menu and select Process data to open the process dialog. On
the Reporting options tab, if there is one, is a Create results profile? check box.
Results files are generated automatically during a model run. If the run is stopped the results files are
closed. If a run is restarted, results for new time steps are appended to the existing files. If a run is
deleted all the results file are deleted too.
Once a run has been stopped or completed, the results files can be read into OTTER using the Results...
option on the Stream, Process and Sink menus. If no results file has been created, or if a run has not
been started, the Results... option is disabled.
Results data is presented in the form of spread-sheets. Data is divided into different categories accessed
using tabs. In the example below, water quality and flow data is presented for a stream.
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The General category of water quality determinands is shown; data for the other categories is stored in
different spread-sheets, accessed by left-clicking on the appropriate tab. The spread-sheet windows
can be re-sized to show as much or as little data on screen as required. Reports can be created for each
sheet. Use the Printer Setup and Print options from the File menu or right-click on the spread-sheet to
access the same options from the spread-sheet popup menu. The latter can also be used for formatting
the spread-sheet. Options include changing the number of decimal places shown for a column, which
may be important when the values are very low (e.g. filtered water turbidity). It is even possible to insert
new rows and columns into the sheets and include formulae to calculate costs or summary statistics.
The allowable formulae are similar to those used by Microsoft Excel.
Timeseries charts can be produced directly from the spread-sheets. Simply select the required ranges of
data from the open spread-sheets, ensuring that the ranges all have the same number of rows. (Select
whole columns by left-clicking on the column title). Then select a charting option from the Chart menu
(either date and time or elapsed time on the X-axis). A chart will be generated automatically and will
include all the data from all the selected ranges in the open spread-sheets. The legend text in the chart is
taken from the appropriate column headings in the spread-sheets.
The layout of a chart can be edited by right-clicking on it to show a menu. The chart used in OTTER is
a 3rd party product called First Impression, by Visual Components.
Multiple results files can be displayed at any one time, and they can be from different runs or even
works (only one copy of the results for a specific stream, process or sink can be opened). For example,
consider the situation of a proposed filter design for which Run 1 simulates a bed depth of 0.8 m and
Run 2 simulates 1.0 m. Run 2 has been completed and is on the screen. To compare headloss profiles,
the results for the filter are opened, and the spread-sheet minimised. The current works is then closed
and reopened for Run 1. The filter results for Run 1 are then opened. The results file for Run 2 is then
resized and can be compared with Run 1.
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The title bars on the results spread-sheets identify the stream, works and run.
With both results files on the screen, it is then possible to select data from each for inclusion on one
chart. The Total headloss column for Run 1 is selected. Then, the Total headloss column for Run 2 is
selected. Note that when moving to Run 2 results, the focus is lost from Run 1 results and the selected
column loses its highlighting.
Charts use the column header text as the legend for each data set. In this situation it is convenient to
edit the headers. Double-clicking on the header opens the Header Name dialog box, in which the
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desired change is made. If this isnt done, the chart will simply display two data sets called Total
headloss, which isnt very clear.
The chart is now created from the Chart menu as already described.
9.3
Easy menus
A short-cut method for creating a chart of process, stream or sink data is to use the Easy menus. To
enable Easy menus, select the Easy menus option in the Tools menu and left-click on On.
With Easy menus enabled, when you right-click on a process, stream or sink the menu that appears has
only two options, one of which is Results, the other Process, Stream or Sink data. Results opens a list
of all results parameters for the current process, stream or sink. The example below is for the filter
process. The minimised results profile spread-sheet will be also be seen in the lower left of the screen.
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One or more parameters can be selected from the list (for mu ltiple selections, hold down the <Ctrl> key
when left-clicking). When OK is pressed, the chart is created.
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10. LOADING AND SAVING WORKS MODELS

10.1
Menu options
Models can be loaded using the Open... option and saved using the Save or Save As... options from
under the File menu. The Save As... option differs from the Save option because it saves the model
under a different name and ID, thus creating another copy of the model.
10.2
OTTER database file
Works models are saved in an OTTER database file. The OTTER database file is given the extension
*.WSL and is in Microsoft Access 97 format.
The database file contains all the data required to run a works model. This includes raw water quality
data, process dimensions, control and model calibration data, connectivity and reporting options. The
database does not contain results files.
The default database is USER_32.WSL, located in the OTTER user database directory (a sub-directory
of the main OTTER application directory, default C:\PROGRAM FILES\WRC\OTTER\DATABASE).
10.3
Initialisation file (OTTER.INI)
The paths and names for the OTTER files are stored in the OTTER initialisation file, OTTER2.INI,
located in the Windows directory (e.g. C:\WINDOWS).
Sample contents of OTTER2.INI showing file names and paths:
[OTTER filing system]
OTTER_DIR=C:\PROGRAM FILES\WRC\OTTER\PROGRAM - the OTTER application directory
(contains the program file OTTER.EXE)
OTTER_DATABASE_DIR=C:\PROGRAM FILES\WRC\OTTER\DATABASE - the OTTER directory
where database directories are created.
OTTER_USER_DIR=C:\PROGRAM FILES\WRC\OTTER\DATABASE\USER - the current OTTER
database directory
OTTER_MDB_USER=USER_32.WSL - the name of the current OTTER database
OTTER_MDB_EMPTY=TEMPL_32.WSL - the name of the database template file (an empty database
used for creating new database files)
The OTTER2.INI file is created by the OTTER installation program and maintained automatically by
OTTER.
10.4
Using several databases at once
An OTTER database file can contain hundreds of works models. However this would result in a very
large database with slow access times (it would take a long time to load and save the models). Therefore
it is recommended that modelling work is separated into different OTTER databases e.g. for different
types of works or different modelling projects. The Database menu under the File menu can be used for
creating new databases and swapping between different databases. It is possible to move works from
database to database by selecting one database (File-Database-Open), opening a works model (FileOpen), changing the database (File-Database-Open again) and saving the works model (File-Save As).
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10.5
User Guide
Works and Runs
A complete works model contains data describing the sizes and types of processes and how they are
connected (works definition) together with data describing when a simulation should start and stop,
what results are required and how they should be displayed (run definition).
WORKS MODEL = WORKS DEFINITION + RUN DEFINITION
It is often necessary to model the effect of a series of changes to essentially the same works definition.
To avoid having to duplicate the whole works definition every time a small change is made to the data
(e.g. a different control setting or a different tank size), the changes are included in the run definition.
Therefore the run definition not only includes the start and end times (etc.) for a simulation - it also
includes a record of any changes made to the process models in the original works definition.
RUN DEFINITION = RUN TIMINGS + CHANGES FROM ORIGINAL WORKS DEFINITION
For example, consider a simple works model consisting of a raw water source, a control valve, a
coagulation unit, and a filter. The new works model will contain data describing the physical works and
data for controlling the run. It is saved as Works 1 with an associated run Run 1. Now say the
purpose of building the model was to investigate the effect of filter bed area on the final water quality.
The user then creates a new run (by selecting New run from the Model menu) and edits the filter data,
increasing the filter area by 20%. The new run is saved as Run 2. This procedure is repeated several
times, generating runs Run 3, Run 4 and Run 5. When Run 2 is saved, only the changes to the
original model (Works 1, Run 1) are saved. When Run 3 is saved, only the changes from Run 2 are
saved etc..
There are several consequences from this approach. The main benefit is that the amount of data written
to the database is substantially reduced. It is possible to perform several runs on essentially the same
works and the data which can be changed between runs includes all the data in the model apart from the
works physical connectivity. Runs are created sequentially so that one run may use data from several
preceding runs. This means that runs can only be deleted in the order in which they are created (you
cannot delete Run 3 if Run 4 has been created from it - you must delete Run 4 first). It is also not
possible to delete Run 1 because it is not possible to have a works model without any run data.
Having created a series of runs, changes to old runs may have a cascade effect on subsequent runs.
10.6
OTTER results files
As mentioned earlier, model results (over time) are not stored in the database, but rather in separate files.
This is because a model run can produce very large volumes of data (several megabytes if you run for
about 1000 time steps, e.g. 1 year at 10 hour intervals). One file is created for each stream or process or
sink in the model. To help reduce the amount of data generated by each run it is possible to select
whether a particular results file should be generated or not. Therefore results files need only be created
for particular areas of interest. For example, it is usual to disable the results for the backwash water
streams, as the water quality is fixed by the washwater source profile and the flow is governed by the
filter backwash regime. The files are stored in the same directory as the OTTER database file to which
they belong. A database file must be located in its own unique directory to avoid file name clashes.
Results files can be read in at the end of a run by selecting the Results... option from the Process menu,
Stream menu or Sink menu.
The following naming convention has been devised for OTTER results files:
?? First three digits - the ID of the works in hexadecimal
?? Fourth and fifth digits - the ID of the run in hexadecimal
?? Sixth, seventh and eighth digits - the ID of the stream, process or sink in hexadecimal
followed by an extension indicating the type of process, sink or stream:
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Stream water quality and flow

Final water quality and flow
Waste sludge water quality and flow
Waste wash water quality and flow
pH adjuster
Coagulation unit
Flocculator
Floc-blanket clarifier
Hopper bottomed clarifier (HBC)
HBC bank
Superpulsator bank
Bank of horizontal sedimentation tanks
Lamella settler
DAF bank
Dynamic separator
Rapid gravity filter
Granular activated carbon
Slow sand filter
Ozone contactor
Chloramine
Chlorine dioxide
Dechlorination
Balancing tank
Sludge thickener
User model
.WQF
.FNL
.SLG
.WST
.PHA
.CGN
.FLC
.FBC
.HBC
.HBK
.SBK
.HSD
.BSB
.LAM
.DAF
.DBK
.SEP
.FIL
.RGF
.GAC
.SSF
.OZN
.CL2
.CLN
.CLO
.DCL
.BAL
.THK
.USM
Streams record the water quality and flow entering and leaving the processes. Sinks record the water
quality and flow at locations where water is leaving the works (which are actually the same as the water
quality and flow for the stream connected to them). Process model results include data such as retention,
headloss, removal efficiency, and chemical consumption. The water quality predicted by a process
model can be obtained by looking at the results for the stream connected to the process outlet.
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11. WINDOWS KEYS

11.1
Cursor Movement Keys
Key(s)
Function
DIRECTION key
Moves the cursor left, right, up, or down in a field
End or Ctrl+Right Arrow
Moves to the end of a field
Home or CTRL+Left Arrow
Moves to the beginning of a field
PAGE UP or PAGE DOWN
Moves up or down in a field, one screen at a time
11.2
Dialog Box Keys
Key(s)
Function
TAB
Moves from field to field (left to right and top to bottom)
SHIFT+TAB
Moves from field to field in reverse order
ALT+letter
Moves to the option or group whose underlined letter matches the

one you type
DIRECTION key
Moves from option to option within a group of options
ENTER
Executes a command button

Or, chooses the selected item in a list box and executes the
command
ESC
Closes a dialog box without completing the command (Same as

Cancel)
ALT+DOWN ARROW
Opens a drop-down list box
ALT+UP or DOWN ARROW
Selects item in a drop-down list box
SPACEBAR
Cancels a selection in a list box

Selects or clears a check box
CTRL+SLASH
Selects all the items in a list box
CTRL+BACKSLASH
Cancels all selections except the current selection
SHIFT+ DIRECTION key
Extends selection in a text box
SHIFT+ HOME
Extends selection to first character in a text box
SHIFT+ END
Extends selection to last character in a text box
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11.3
User Guide
Editing Keys
Key(s)
Function
Backspace
Deletes the character to the left of the cursor.

Or, deletes selected text
Delete
Deletes the character to the right of the cursor.

Or, deletes selected text
11.4
Help Keys
Key(s)
Function
F1
Gets Help and displays the Help Index for the application. If the
Help window is already open, pressing F1 displays the "Using
Windows Help" topics.
In some Windows applications, pressing F1 displays a Help topic
on the selected command, dialog box option, or system message.
SHIFT+F1
Changes the pointer to

so you can get Help on a specific
command, screen region, or key. You can then choose a
command, click the screen region, or press a key or key
combination you want to know more about.
(This feature is not available in all Windows applications.)
11.5
Menu Keys
Key(s)
Function
Alt
Selects the first menu on the menu bar
Letter key
Chooses the menu, or menu item, whose underlined letter matches

the one you type
Alt+letter key
Pulls down the menu whose underlined letter matches the one you
type
LEFT or RIGHT ARROW
Moves among menus
UP or DOWN ARROW
Moves among menu items
Enter
Chooses the selected menu item
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11.6
User Guide
System Keys
The following keys can be used from any window, regardless of the application you are using.
Key(s)
Function
Ctrl+Esc
Switches to the Task List
Alt+Esc
Switches to the next application window or minimised icon,

including full-screen programs
Alt+TAB
Switches to the next application window, restoring applications that

are running as icons
Alt+PrtSc
Copies the entire screen to Clipboard
Ctrl+F4
Closes the active window
F1
Gets Help and displays the Help Index for the application. (See
Help Keys)
11.7
Text Selection Keys
Key(s)
Function
SHIFT+LEFT or RIGHT ARROW
Selects text one character at a time to the left or right
SHIFT+DOWN or UP
Selects one line of text up or down
SHIFT+END
Selects text to the end of the line
SHIFT+HOME
Selects text to the beginning of the line
SHIFT+PAGE DOWN
Selects text down one window

Or, cancels the selection if the next window is already
selected
SHIFT+PAGE UP
Selects text up one window.

Or, cancels the selection if the previous window is already
selected
CTRL+SHIFT+LEFT
ARROW
CTRL+SHIFT+UP
ARROW
or
or
RIGHT
Selects text to the next or previous word
DOWN
Selects text to the beginning (UP ARROW) or end (DOWN

ARROW) of the paragraph
CTRL+SHIFT+END
Selects text to the end of the document
CTRL+SHIFT+HOME
Selects text to the beginning of the document
147
WRc OTTER
11.8
User Guide
Window Keys
Key(s)
Function
ALT+SPACEBAR
Opens the Control menu for an application window
ALT+Hyphen
Opens the Control menu for a document window
Alt+F4
Closes a window
Alt+Esc
Switches to the next application window or minimised icon,

including full-screen programs
Alt+TAB
Switches to the next application

applications that are running as icons
Alt+ENTER
Switches a non-Windows application between running in a

window and running full screen
DIRECTION key
Moves a window when you have chosen Move from the Control
menu
Or, changes the size of a window when you have chosen Size
from the Control menu
148
window,
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WRc OTTER 2.

Copyright ? WRc plc 1995-2000

2. GETTING STARTED WITH OTTER

Loading OTTER and Creating a Water Treatment Works

3. BUILDING A WORKS MODEL

The Top Menu

Spread-sheet popup menu

5. SOURCES AND SINKS

6. OTTER PROCESS DIALOGS

Model constants ......................................................................................................................... 66

Flocculation model calibration.................................................................................................. 83

Flocculation model calibration.................................................................................................. 89

Model calibration - Logistic model........................................................................................... 96

Model calibration - Logistic model......................................................................................... 100

Chlorine decay ........................................................................................................................ 109

Chloramine decay ................................................................................................................... 113

HAA formation ...................................................................................................................... 114

Chlorine dioxide decay............................................................................................................ 117

8. RUNNING A WORKS MODEL

Defining the run conditions

Displaying results during a model run

LOADING AND SAVING WORKS MODELS

Cursor Movement Keys

As an aid in designing new water treatment works.

A Brief History of OTTER

How OTTER works

Conventions used in this manual

1.5.1 Key strokes

1.5.3 Mouse Actions

How to use the OTTER on-line help system

The Layout of this Manual

GETTING STARTED WITH OTTER

Loading OTTER and Creating a Water Treatment Works

Building the Works Model

Defining the Run Conditions

2.3.1 Source data

2.3.2 Process data

Left-click on OK to accept this change and return to the worksheet.

2.3.3 Run Setup

2.3.4 Reporting data

2.3.5 Saving the Run Conditions

Running the Simulation

Viewing the Simulation Results

2.5.1 Stream results

2.5.2 Model results

Saving the Model Results

BUILDING A WORKS MODEL

Creating a new works model

Select New... from the File menu.

Adding a process to a works flow-sheet

1. Put the mouse pointer

Connecting processes together

4. Instead of positioning the mouse pointer

Selecting and repositioning processes, sources and sinks

Selecting and repositioning streams

Then select (the mouse pointer will change to a cross hair

Drop the node

Select and drag the node

Drop the node

Removing bends from streams

3.6.1 Remove all bends

The bends are removed.

3.6.2 Remove (single) bend

This displays the nodes or bend points as gre y squares.