1.

A) The most positive observation on fossil fuel is that they produce large amount of energy,
these fuels are combustible and in the present scenario, most combustion engines need to be
powered with little amount of fuel to and they can produce large amount of energy, resulting
in optimum efficiency. Fossil fuels are considered as a portable form of energy and are
serving us from centuries. Today mostly all industries have popularized the usage of coal, as
it provides energy to all the heavy machines being used with great efficiency. All machines,
devices, vehicles depend on the fossil fuels, may it be coal, petroleum or natural gas
B) Other than the above observation, fossil fuels are easily available. fossil fuels have been
of such a great source of energy, and there are many extractions going every day. Scientists
and geologists try to find out coal mines and petroleum fields to explore more of the fossil
fuel, as the pressure is increasing day by day due to increase in population and demand.
Recent advancement in science and geology, the refineries and the extraction procedures
have also improved and simplified a lot as compared to the earlier decades. This makes the
availability even smoother.
2. A) The biggest issue now a days with fossil fuels are the rising prices, Middle-east countries
such as Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Kuwait and African nation such as Nigeria, have huge reserves
of oil and natural gas and many other countries are dependent on them for constant supply of
these fuels. Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) is a group of 13
countries including Iran, Iraq and UAE are responsible for supplying 37 to 43% percent of
the worlds oil production and hold the majority of the worlds oil reserves. OPEC has a close
watch of all the natural gas and oil consumed worldwide and then according to the statistics
adjusts it with their own production to maintain its desired barrel price, resulting in high
fluctuations in oil rates per barrel.
B) Fossil fuels are needed in huge reserves wherever their plants are set up. This requires
them to be transported to the desired location via truck, train, ship or airplane. Often we hear
of some leaks in oil tankers or ship getting drowned deep under the sea that were carrying
crude oil to get refined. The impact of this is that crude oil contains some toxic substances
which when mixed up with water poses serious impact on aquatic life. Transportation of
crude oil via sea can cause oil spill which can pose hazard to the aquatic life by lessening the
oxygen content of water.
3. A) Coal is the most widely used fossil fuel for electricity generation, as the cost for
producing steam via coal is 3 times cheaper than any other medium according to the Asian
Coal Reserves 2013 they are also used in Steam locomotives to produce energy for the
engine to work..
B) Diesel is used in Heavy commercial vehicles and trains, as they produce large amount
of energy for engine to work for transportation heavy goods. In the United States, 93 percent
of the energy we consume comes from fossil fuels. We burn them in the form of gasoline
and diesel fuel for cars

4. A) What are Fossil fuels? how are they formed ? Where do they come from? Lets simplify.
Ill focus on these: Oil, Natural Gas, Coal. Before the age of the dinosaurs, steamy swamps filled
with giant trees and large leafy plants covered many parts of the earth. As the trees and plants
died, they sank to the swamp bottom where they formed layers of soggy dense material called
peat. Over many centuries these beds of peat became buried by sand, clay and other mineral
deposits forming sedimentary rock As the weight of the sedimentary rock grew, the water was
squeezed out of the peat and the increased heat and pressure compacted the peat to form coal.
Most coal mined today is believed to have been formed about 300 million years ago. The early
stages of coal formation still continues today as trees and plants in swampy areas die and decay
to form peat. However, the process of making this new coal will take millions of years.

B) Fossil fuels we burn today were formed from the tissues of organisms that lived 100-500
million years ago. Organic material is broken down in an anaerobic environment = one that has
little or no oxygen. Bottoms of deep lakes, swamps, and shallow seas Organic matter is
eventually converted into crude oil, natural gas, or coal.
Some regions have substantial reserves, whereas others have very few. How long a nations
reserves will last depends on:
How much the nation extracts, uses, and exports. Nearly 45% of the worlds proven reserves of
crude oil lie in the Middle East. The U.S. possesses more coal than any other country.
People in developed regions consume far more energy than those in developing nations.
Industrialized nations divide their energy use evenly between transportation, industry, and other
uses. Developing nations use energy for subsistence activities (agriculture, food preparation, and
home heating). Developing nations use manual or animal energy instead of fossil fuels. To
harness, extract, process, and deliver energy requires substantial inputs of energy. Roads, wells,
vehicles, storage tanks. Net energy = the difference between energy returned and energy
invested. Net energy = energy returned energy invested. Higher ratios mean we receive more
energy than we invest. Ratios decline when we extract the easiest deposits first and now must
work harder to extract the remaining reserves

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