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ARCHITECTURE
A Project Report
Submitted in partial fulfilment of
Computer Organization Lab of
B.Tech. in Information Technology
Under BPUT, Rourkela, Odisha.
Submitted By
RAVI ANAND
Roll No - 201416041
AKASH KUMAR
Roll No - 201416055
October - 2016
ABSTRACT
The von Neumann architecture, also known as the von Neumann model and Princeton
architecture, is a computer architecture based on that described in 1945 by the
mathematician and physicist John von Neumann and others in the First Draft of a
Report on the EDVAC. This describes a design architecture for an electronic digital
computer with parts consisting of a processing unit containing an arithmetic logic unit
and processor registers, a control unit containing an instruction register and program
counter, a memory to store both data and instructions, external mass storage, and
input and output mechanisms. The meaning has evolved to be any stored-program
computer in which an instruction fetch and a data operation cannot occur at the same
time because they share a common bus. This is referred to as the von Neumann
bottleneck and often limits the performance of the system.
The design of a von Neumann architecture machine is simpler than that of a Harvard
architecture machine, which is also a stored-program system but has one dedicated set
of address and data buses for reading data from and writing data to memory, and
another set of address and data buses for fetching instructions.
A stored-program digital computer is one that keeps its program instructions, as well
as its data, in read-write, random-access memory (RAM). Stored-program computers
were an advancement over the program-controlled computers of the 1940s, such as
the Colossus and the ENIAC, which were programmed by setting switches and
inserting patch leads to route data and to control signals between various functional
units. In the vast majority of modern computers, the same memory is used for both
data and program instructions, and the von Neumann vs. Harvard distinction applies
to the cache architecture, not the main memory.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We would like to take this opportunity to thank all those individuals whose invaluable
contribution in a direct or indirect manner has gone into the making of this Project
Report a tremendous learning experience for us.
We give my sincere thanks to Mr. Ashish Kumar Dass for helping me throughout
my project and encouraging me to complete this. They motivated us and also helped
with their immense knowledge at every instant of our course.
We acknowledge with immense pleasure the sustained interest, encouraging attitude
and constant inspiration rendered by Prof. Sangram Mudali (Director) & Prof.
Geetika Mudali (Placement Director) N.I.S.T. Their continued drive for better
quality in everything that happens at N.I.S.T. and selfless inspiration has always
helped us to move ahead.
Ravi Anand
Akash Kumar
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT....................................................................................................................i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT.............................................................................................ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS..............................................................................................iii
LIST OF FIGURES........................................................................................................v
1. INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................1
1.1 Types of Von Neumann computer...................................................................1
2. HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES...............................................................................3
2.1 Evolution of the von Neumann Computer
3.4 Instruction
6. CONCLUSSION......................................................................................................10
REFERENCES.............................................................................................................11
LIST OF FIGURES
Fig. 1.1: von Neumann Architecture..............................................................................1
Fig. 1.2: John von Neumann and Robert Oppenheimer
1. INTRODUCTION
Von Neumann's contributions have been so widespread and so enduring because of his
attitude towards his innovations. The foundations of his work were laid in the "First Draft of
a Report on the EDVAC," written in the spring of 1945 and distributed to the staff of the
Moore School of Engineering (engineering school of the University of Pennsylvania where
the EDVAC was originally developed) in late June. It presented the first written description
of the stored program concept and explained how a stored program computer process
information.
The report organized the computer system into four main parts: the Central Arithmetical unit
(CA), the Central Control unit (CU), the Memory (M), and the Input/Output devices (IO).
The CA was to carry out the four basic arithmetic operations and perhaps higher arithmetical
functions such as roots, logarithms, trigonometric functions, and their inverses. The CU was
to control the proper sequencing of operations and make the individual units act together to
carry out the specific task programmed into the system. The M was to store both numerical
data (initial boundary values, constant values, tables of fixed functions) and numerically
coded instructions. And the IO unit(s) were to serve as the user's interface into the computer.
Von Neumann was interested in presenting a "logical" description of the stored program
computer rather than an engineering description. He was concerned with the overall structure
of a computing system, the abstract parts that comprise it, the functions of each part, and how
the parts interact to process the information. The specific materials or design of the
implementation of the parts was not pertinent to his analysis. Any technology that meets the
functional specifications can be used with no effect on his results. For instance, a person
could take the place of the CC, a piece of paper the M, a calculator the CA, the keys and
display of the calculator the I/O, resulting in a complete 'computer.
Fig 1.2 : John von Neumann and the nuclear physicist Robert Oppenheimer in front of
the MANIAC I
2. Historical Perspectives
2.1 Evolution of the von Neumann Computer
Computer Technology before the Electronic Computer
John von Neumann was born in Hungary in 1903. He taught at the University of
Berlin before moving to the United States in 1930. Von Neumann learned about
ENIAC in 1944 and became a consultant to its design team. His primary interest in
this project was the logical structure and mathematical description of the new
technology. This interest was in some contrast to the engineering view of Eckert
and Mauchly whose goal was to establish a strong commercial base for the
electronic computer.
In 1945, von Neumann wrote the paper \First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC,"
which was the first written description of what has become to be called the von
Neumann stored-program computer concept.von Neumann engaged in the design
of a machine of his own at the Institute for Advanced Study at Princeton
University, referred to as the IAS computer. This work has caused the terms von
Neumann architecture and Princeton architecture to become essentially
synonymous.
Fig 3.1: The basic components of a computer with a von Neumann architecture
3.1 Memory
The memory is a collection of storage cells, each of which can be in one of two different
states. One state represents a value of 0", and the other state represents a value of 1". By
distinguishing these two different logical states, each cell is capable of storing a single binary
digit, orbit, of information. These bit storage cells are logically organized into words, each of
which is b bits wide. Each word is assigned a unique address in the range [0;:::;N 1].
3.2 CPU
The CPU identifies the word that it wants either to read or write by storing its unique address
in a special memory address register (MAR). (A register temporarily stores a value within the
CPU.) The memory responds to a read request by reading the value stored at the requested
address and passing it to the CPU via the CPU-memory data bus. The value then is
temporarily stored in the memory buffer register (MBR) (also sometimes called the memory
data register) before it is used by the control unit or ALU. For a write operation, the CPU
stores the value it wishes to write into the MBR and the corresponding address in the MAR.
The memory then copies the value from the MBR into the address pointed to by the MAR.
3.4 Instructions
A processor's instruction set is the collection of all the instructions that can be executed. The
individual instructions can be classified into three basic types: data movement, data
transformation, and program control. Data movement instructions simply move data between
registers or memory locations, or between I/O devices and the CPU. Data transformation
instructions take one or more data values as input and perform some operation on them, such
as an addition, a logical OR, or some other arithmetic or logical operation, to produce a new
value. Finally, program control instructions can alter the flow of instruction execution from
its normal sequential order by loading a new value into the PC. This change in the instruction
execution order can be done conditionally on the results of previous instructions.
Each instruction must explicitly or implicitly specify the following information
1.
2.
3.
4.
problems they
11. Image processing applications are found in medical tomography, filtering of camera,
satellite, and sensor data, surface rendering, and image interpretation. In general, digital
signal processing (DSP) methods are used for the analysis, filtering, and conversion of
camera, acoustic, and radar signals.
6. Conclusion
The fundamental ideas embodied in the traditional von Neumann architecture have proven to
be amazingly robust. Enhancements and extensions to these ideas have led to tremendous
improvements in the performance of computer systems over the past 50 years. Today,
however, many computer researchers feel that future improvements in computer system
performance will require the extensive use of new, innovative techniques, such as parallel and
speculative execution. In addition, complementing software technology needs to be
developed that can lower the development costs of an ever-increasing range of potential
applications. Nevertheless, it is likely that the underlying organizations of future computer
systems will continue to be based on the concepts proposed by von Neumann and his
contemporaries.
7. Reference
1. William Aspray. John von Neumann and the Origins of Modern Computing. The MIT
Press, Cambridge, Mass., 1990.
2. www.en.Wikipedia.org