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Busbar Protection
Introduction
15.1
Busbar faults
15.2
Protection requirements
15.3
15.4
15.5
Frame-earth protection
(Howard protection)
15.6
Differential protection
principles
15.7
High impedance
differential protection
15.8
15.9
15.10
References
15.11
15
Busbar P rotection
15.1 INTRODUCTION
The protection scheme for a power system should cover
the whole system against all probable types of fault.
Unrestricted forms of line protection, such as overcurrent
and distance systems, meet this requirement, although
faults in the busbar zone are cleared only after some
time delay. But if unit protection is applied to feeders
and plant, the busbars are not inherently protected.
Busbars have often been left without specific protection,
for one or more of the following reasons:
a. the busbars and switchgear have a high degree of
reliability, to the point of being regarded as
intrinsically safe
b. it was feared that accidental operation of busbar
protection might cause widespread dislocation of
the power system, which, if not quickly cleared,
would cause more loss than would the very
infrequent actual bus faults
c. it was hoped that system protection or back-up
protection would provide sufficient bus protection
if needed
It is true that the risk of a fault occurring on modern
metal-clad gear is very small, but it cannot be entirely
ignored. However, the damage resulting from one
uncleared fault, because of the concentration of fault
MVA, may be very extensive indeed, up to the complete
loss of the station by fire. Serious damage to or
destruction of the installation would probably result in
widespread and prolonged supply interruption.
Finally, system protection will frequently not provide the
cover required. Such protection may be good enough for
small distribution substations, but not for important
stations. Even if distance protection is applied to all
feeders, the busbar will lie in the second zone of all the
distance protections, so a bus fault will be cleared
relatively slowly, and the resultant duration of the
voltage dip imposed on the rest of the system may not be
tolerable.
With outdoor switchgear the case is less clear since,
although the likelihood of a fault is higher, the risk of
widespread damage resulting is much less. In general
then, busbar protection is required when the system
protection does not cover the busbars, or when, in order
233
1 5 . 2 B U S B A R F A U LT S
The majority of bus faults involve one phase and earth,
but faults arise from many causes and a significant
number are interphase clear of earth. In fact, a large
proportion of busbar faults result from human error
rather than the failure of switchgear components.
With fully phase-segregated metalclad gear, only earth
faults are possible, and a protection scheme need have
earth fault sensitivity only. In other cases, an ability to
respond to phase faults clear of earth is an advantage,
although the phase fault sensitivity need not be very high.
1 5 . 3 P R OT E C T I O N R E Q U I R E M E N T S
Busbar P rotection
15
15.3.1 Speed
Busbar protection is primarily concerned with:
a. limitation of consequential damage
b. removal of busbar faults in less time than could be
achieved by back-up line protection, with the
object of maintaining system stability
Some early busbar protection schemes used a low
impedance differential system having a relatively long
operation time, of up to 0.5 seconds. The basis of most
modern schemes is a differential system using either low
impedance biased or high impedance unbiased relays
capable of operating in a time of the order of one cycle
at a very moderate multiple of fault setting. To this must
be added the operating time of the tripping relays, but an
overall tripping time of less than two cycles can be
achieved. With high-speed circuit breakers, complete
fault clearance may be obtained in approximately 0.1
seconds. When a frame-earth system is used, the
operating speed is comparable.
15.3.2 Stability
The stability of bus protection is of paramount
importance. Bearing in mind the low rate of fault
234
+
X
Trip
circuits
1 5 . 4 T Y P E S O F P R OT E C T I O N S Y S T E M
A number of busbar protection systems have been
devised:
a. system protection used to cover busbars
b. frame-earth protection
c. differential protection
d. phase comparison protection
e. directional blocking protection
Of these, (a) is suitable for small substations only, while
(d) and (e) are obsolete. Detailed discussion of types (b)
and (c) occupies most of this chapter.
Busbar P rotection
235
15
1 5 . 5 S Y S T E M P R OT E C T I O N S C H E M E S
System protection that includes overcurrent or distance
systems will inherently give protection cover to the
busbars. Overcurrent protection will only be applied to
relatively simple distribution systems, or as a back-up
protection, set to give a considerable time delay.
Distance protection will provide cover for busbar faults
with its second and possibly subsequent zones. In both
cases the busbar protection obtained is slow and suitable
only for limiting the consequential damage.
Busbar P rotection
15
>
Neutral
check relay
>
+
Trip all
circuit
breaker
Figure 15.2: Single zone
frame-earth protection
1 5 . 6 F R A M E - E A R T H P R OT E C T I O N
( H O WA R D P R OT E C T I O N )
Frame-earth
fault relay
236
Switchgear frame
bonding bar
Zone H
Zone G
Zone J
Generator
Earth
bar
I1
Zone G
frame leakage
relay
I1 + I2
I1
>
System
earning
resistor
Zone H
frame leakage
relay
I2
Frame
insulation
resistance to earth
>
Earthing
electrode
resistance
Trip
relays
L1
Trip L
Trip K
L2
Trip M
Insulation
barrier
Zone G
Zone H
K
Zone G
Zone H
237
Busbar P rotection
Frame-leakage
current
transformer
IF = I1 + I2
Insulation
barriers
Switchgear
frame
Outgoing
feeder
Trip
relays
Trip J
>
K1
K2
Trip K
>
Trip L
15
In Out 64A-1 GH
CSS-G 64B-1
Trip relays
64CH-1
K
L1
CSS-H
L2
Insulation
barriers
Zone J
L5
Busbar P rotection
M
Zone G
j1
64CH-2
H
L
h1
j2
15
>
64B-2
74-1
74-2
I
>
Zone G
relay
+
In
Zone H
relay
I
Out
L3
L4
>
CSS-G
CSS-H
j1
L1
L6
M1
M2
L3
L4
g1
K
64A-2
Tripping
relays
L2
h1
N
j2
GH
D.C. Zone bus wires
Busbar
isolator
auxiliary switches
238
1 5 . 7 D I F F E R E N T I A L P R OT E C T I O N P R I N C I P L E S
The Merz-Price principle is applicable to a multi-terminal
zone such as a busbar. The principle is a direct
application of Kirchhoff's first law. Usually, the
circulating current arrangement is used, in which the
current transformers and interconnections form an
analogue of the busbar and circuit connections. A relay
connected across the CT bus wires represents a fault
path in the primary system in the analogue and hence is
not energised until a fault occurs on the busbar; it then
receives an input that, in principle at least, represents
the fault current.
The phase and earth fault settings are identical, and this
scheme is recommended for its ease of application and
good performance.
Zone B
Zone A
G
Busbar P rotection
BS
K
Id>
B
BC
Differen
f
tial
relay
Zone C
H
Typical feeder circuits
Figure 15.9: Zones of protection
for double bus station
A
B
C
N
Differential relay
Id
I>
Id>
239
15
Busbar P rotection
(a)
(b)
Bus protection
Line
protection
relay
Note 1: Only 1 connection to the mesh corner permitted
(a) CT arrangements for protection including mesh corner
15
Fault
Transformer
protection
Mesh corner
(Note 2)
Circuit
protection
Line
protection
Mesh corner
protection
240
RLG
RCTG
RLH
RCTH
R
R
ZEG
ZEH
Id>
15.8.1 Stability
Vf
R R + R LH + R CTH
...Equation 15.1
I f ( R LH + R CTH )
R R + R LH + R CTH
...Equation 15.2
241
Busbar P rotection
15
IR
I
Vf
=
=
RR
(R
LH
+ R CTH )
RR
Equation 15.3
or alternatively:
I RRR = V f = I
( R LH + R CTH )
Busbar P rotection
15
where:
K VS
R L + R CT
Equation 15.5
where:
ISL
= stability of scheme
VS
IR = IS +nIeS
...Equation 15.6
IR = effective setting
IS = relay circuit setting current
IeS = CT excitation current at relay setting voltage
n = number of parallel - connected CTs
Having established the relay setting voltage from
stability considerations, as shown in Section 15.8.1, and
knowing the excitation characteristic of the current
transformers, the effective setting can be computed. The
secondary setting is converted to the primary operating
current by multiplying by the turns ratio of the current
transformers. The operating current so determined
should be considered in terms of the conditions of the
application.
For a phase and earth fault scheme the setting can be
based on the fault current to be expected for minimum
plant and maximum system outage conditions. However,
it should be remembered that:
242
Busbar P rotection
Zone R
c1
c2
D
Zone M1
Zone M2
b1
a1
F
c1
Zone
M2
Zone R
Bus wires
Check zone
Bus wires
B
C
A
B
C
N
95 CHX-2
Zone relay
same as check
Zone M2 relay
same as check
Zone M1 relay
same as check
Stabilising Resistor
+
_
Id> Id
Supervision
Relay
Metrosil
o
(non-linear resistor)
Figure 15.13: A.C. circuits for high
impedance circulating current scheme for duplicate busbars
243
High
g Impedance
p
Circulating Current
Relay
15
+
In Out
87M1-1
CSS-M1
87M2-1
CSS-M2
M1 M2 R
96
D2
a1
87R-1
96
E
c1
CSS-R
96
F1
96
F2
b1
87CH-1
96
D1
96
G
c2
96
H1
96
H2
D.C. Buswires
80
T
87CH-2
87M1-2
87M2-2
30
M2
87R-2
95M1-1
95
M1X
95M2-1
95R-1
95
RX
95CH-1
30M1-1
30M2-1
74-1
30R-1
30
M1
30
R
95
M2X
95
CHX
74
74-2
95M1X-1
95M2X-1
Busbar P rotection
95RX-1
95CHX-1
In
Out
L1
L2
CSS-M1
L1
L2
CSS-M2
L1
L2
15
CSS-R
30
74
80
87
95
80
I
Zone indicating relay
Alarm cancellation relay
D.C. volts supervision relay
High impedance circulating current relay
Bus wires supervision relay
95X
CSS
L1
L2
Figure 15.14: D.C. circuits for high impedance circulating current scheme
244
Busbar P rotection
245
15
VK 2Vs
15.8.6.5 Effective setting (secondary)
...Equation 15.8
Busbar P rotection
VK
where:
I ek
If = fault current
IR = IS + nIeSIR
15
If
where:
...Equation 15.7
where:
VP = peak voltage developed
VK = knee-point voltage
VF = prospective voltage in absence of saturation
This formula does not hold for the open circuit condition
and is inaccurate for very high burden resistances that
approximate to an open circuit, because simplifying
assumptions used in the derivation of the formula are
not valid for the extreme condition.
Another approach applicable to the open circuit
246
15.9.1 Stability
With some biased relays, the stability is not assured by
the through current bias feature alone, but is enhanced
by the addition of a stabilising resistor, having a value
which may be calculated as follows.
The through current will increase the effective relay
minimum operating current for a biased relay as follows:
IR = IS + BIF
where:
IR = effective minimum oprating current
IS = relay setting current
IF = through fault current
B = percentage restraint
As IF is generally much greater than IS, the relay
effective current, IR = BIF approximately.
From Equation 15.4, the value of stabilising resistor is
given by:
RR =
(R
LH
= N I S + B I eS
+ R CTH )
where:
IR
R LH + R CTH
B
It is interesting to note that the value of the stabilising
resistance is independent of current level, and that there
would appear to be no limit to the through faults
stability level. This has been identified [15.1] as The
Principle of Infinite Stability.
=
247
Busbar P rotection
N = CT ratio
Iop
Iop
IS
IS
Bia
e
Lin
(B%
B%
e(
in
as L
I'S
Bi
IB
IB
IB
IS
IS
IR =
+ BIIB
IR = I + I'
= I'
I'S
B
15
Busbar P rotection
15
Main
zone
Main
zone
Check
zone
Check
zone
248
Zone 1
Zone 2
Zone 3a
Z1
Z3a
Zone 3b
Z2
Z3b
Check
Feeder 4 zone Bus coupler 2
Busbar P rotection
249
15
Supervision
Differential
Current
Buswire
Selection
Links
c
=1
c = Check
m = Main
r = Reserve
t = Transfer
1
CT Fault
Enable
1
Protection
fault
r
t
Alarm
OR
Supervision
Biased
Differential
Enable
Trip
=1
Bias
Trip
Buswire
Selection
Links
c
1
r
Biased
Differential
Trip
Out of service
Figure 15.18: Block diagram of measuring unit
Busbar P rotection
15
Main zone
+ ve
Check zone
S1
D1
S1
D1
S2
D2
S2
D2
Trip
250
Feeder 1
Feeder 2
CT
CT
PU
CB
PU
CB
CT
PU
CB
CT
CB
PU
Central Unit
CU
251
Busbar P rotection
1 5 . 10 N U M E R I C A L B U S B A R P R OT E C T I O N
SCHEMES
15
Busbar P rotection
15
1 5 . 11 R E F E R E N C E S
15.1 The Behaviour of Current Transformers subjected
to Transient Asymmetric Currents and the
Effects on Associated Protective Relays. J.W.
Hodgkiss. CIGRE Paper Number 329, Session
15-25 June 1960.
252