Index

Particulars
1. How the EU works
a) Introduction
2. EU law

Pg no:
2
2
4

a. How decisions are made

b. EU treaties

c. Regulations, directives & other acts

d. Application of EU law

3. The History of the EU

4. History at a glance

10

5. Why EU came into existence

14

6. Topics of the EU

16

7. EU & India

24

a. EU- India trade negotiations

29

8. Projects undertaken by EU in India

30

9. Conclusion

34

10. Bibliography

35

11.

HOW DOES THE EU WORKS

INTRODUCTION
The EU is a unique economic and political partnership between 28
European countries that together cover much of the continent.
The EU was created in the aftermath of the Second World War. The first
steps were to foster economic cooperation: the idea being that countries
who trade with one another become economically interdependent and so
more likely to avoid conflict. The result was the European Economic
Community (EEC), created in 1958, and initially increasing economic
cooperation between six countries: Belgium, Germany, France, Italy,
Luxembourg and the Netherlands. Since then, a huge single market has
been created and continues to develop towards its full potential.
The EU has developed a single market through a standardised system of
laws that apply in all member states. Within the Schengen Area, passport
controls have been abolished.EU policies aim to ensure the free
movement of people, goods, services, and capital, enact legislation in
justice and home affairs, and maintain common policies on
trade,agriculture, fisheries, and regional development.

FROM ECONOMIC TO POLITICAL UNION

What began as a purely economic union has evolved into an organisation
spanning policy areas, from development aid to environment. A name
change from the EEC to the European Union (EU) in 1993 reflected this.

The EU is based on the rule of law: everything that it does is founded on

treaties, voluntarily and democratically agreed by all member countries.
These binding agreements set out the EU's goals in its many areas of
activity.

MOBILITY, GROWTH, STABILITY AND A SINGLE

CURRENCY

The EU has delivered half a century of peace, stability and prosperity,

helped raise living standards, and launched a single European currency,
the euro.
Thanks to the abolition of border controls between EU countries, people
can travel freely throughout most of the continent. And it's become much
easier to live and work abroad in Europe.
The single or 'internal' market is the EU's main economic engine,
enabling most goods, services, money and people to move freely. Another
key objective is to develop this huge resource to ensure that Europeans
can draw the maximum benefit from it.

HUMAN RIGHTS AND EQUALITY

One of the EUs main goals is to promote human rights both internally
and around the world. Human dignity, freedom, democracy, equality, the
rule of law and respect for human rights: these are the core values of the
EU. Since the 2009 signing of the Treaty of Lisbon , the EU's Charter of
Fundamental Rights brings all these rights together in a single document.

The EU's institutions are legally bound to uphold them, as are EU

governments whenever they apply EU law.

TRANSPARENT AND DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTIONS

As it continues to grow, the EU remains focused on making its governing
institutions more transparent and democratic. More powers are being
given to the directly elected European Parliament, while national
parliaments are being given a greater role, working alongside the
European institutions. In turn, European citizens have an ever-increasing
number of channels for taking part in the political process.

EU LAW :
1) HOW EU

DECISIONS ARE MADE

The EUs standard decision-making procedure is known as 'Ordinary

Legislative Procedure (ex "codecision"). This means that the directly
elected European Parliament has to approve EU legislation together with
the Council (the governments of the 28 EU countries).
Drafting EU law
Before the Commission proposes new initiatives it assesses the potential
economic, social and environmental consequences that they may have. It
does this by preparing 'Impact assessments' which set out the advantages
and disadvantages of possible policy options.

The Commission also consults interested parties such as nongovernmental organisations, local authorities and representatives of
industry and civil society. Groups of experts give advice on technical
issues. In this way, the Commission ensures that legislative proposals
correspond to the needs of those most concerned and avoids unnecessary
red tape.
Citizens, businesses and organisations can participate in the consultation
procedure via the website Public consultations.
National parliaments can formally express their reservations if they feel
that it would be better to deal with an issue at national rather than EU
level.
Review and adoption
The European Parliament and the Council review proposals by the
Commission and propose amendments. If the Council and the Parliament
cannot agree upon amendments, a second reading takes place.
In the second reading, the Parliament and Council can again propose
amendments. Parliament has the power to block the proposed legislation
if it cannot agree with the Council.
If the two institutions agree on amendments, the proposed legislation can
be adopted. If they cannot agree, a conciliation committee tries to find a
solution. Both the Council and the Parliament can block the legislative
proposal at this final reading.

2) EU Treaties
The European Union is based on the rule of law. This means that every
action taken by the EU is founded on treaties that have been approved
voluntarily and democratically by all EU member countries.
The Treaty of Lisbon increased the number of policy areas where
'Ordinary Legislative Procedure' is used. The European Parliament also
has more power to block a proposal if it disagrees with the Council.
3) Regulations, Directives and other acts
The aims set out in the EU treaties are achieved by several types of legal
act. Some are binding, others are not. Some apply to all EU countries,
others to just a few.
Regulations
A "regulation" is a binding legislative act. It must be applied in its
entirety across the EU. For example, when the EU wanted to protect the
names of agricultural products coming from certain areas such as Parma
ham, the Council adopted a regulation.
Directives
A "directive" is a legislative act that sets out a goal that all EU countries
must achieve. However, it is up to the individual countries to decide how.
This was the case with the working time directive, which stipulates that
too much overtime work is illegal. The directive sets out minimum rest
6

periods and a maximum number of working hours, but it is up to each

country to devise its own laws on how to implement this.
Decisions
A "decision" is binding on those to whom it is addressed (e.g. an EU
country or an individual company) and is directly applicable. For
example, when the Commission issued a decision fining software giant
Microsoft for abusing its dominant market position , the decision applied
to Microsoft only.
Recommendations
A "recommendation" is not binding. When the Commission issued a
recommendation that pay structures for financial-sector employees should
not encourage excessive risk taking , this did not have any legal
consequences. A recommendation allows the institutions to make their
views known and to suggest a line of action without imposing any legal
obligation on those to whom it is addressed.
Opinions
An "opinion" is an instrument that allows the institutions to make a
statement in a non-binding fashion, in other words without imposing any
legal obligation on those to whom it is addressed. An opinion is not
binding. It can be issued by the main EU institutions (Commission,
Council, Parliament), the Committee of the Regions and the European
Economic and Social Committee. While laws are being made, the
committees give opinions from their specific regional or economic and
7

social viewpoint. For example, the Committee of the Regions issued an

opinion on how regions contribute to the EUs energy goals.
4) Application of EU law
EU law - which has equal force with national law - confers rights and
obligations on the authorities in each member country, as well as
individuals and businesses. The authorities in each member country are
responsible for implementing EU legislation in national law and
enforcing it correctly, and they must guarantee citizens rights under these
laws

THE HISTORY OF EU :
The Founding Fathers of the EU :
The following visionary leaders inspired the creation of the European
Union we live in today. Without their energy and motivation we would
not be living in the sphere of peace and stability that we take for granted.
From resistance fighters to lawyers, the founding fathers were a diverse
group of people who held the same ideals: a peaceful, united and
prosperous Europe. Beyond the founding fathers described below, many
others have worked tirelessly towards and inspired the European project.
This section on the founding fathers is therefore a work in progress.
Konrad Adenauer
Joseph Bech
Johan Beyen
Winston Churchill
Alcide De Gasperi
Walter Hallstein
Sicco Mansholt
Jean Monnet
Robert Schuman
Paul-Henri Spaak
Altiero Spinelli

HISTORY AT A GLANCE :
9

1945 - 1959
A peaceful Europe the beginnings of cooperation
The European Union is set up with the aim of ending the frequent and
bloody wars between neighbours, which culminated in the Second World
War. As of 1950, the European Coal and Steel Community begins to unite
European countries economically and politically in order to secure lasting
peace. The six founders are Belgium, France, Germany, Italy,
Luxembourg and the Netherlands. The 1950s are dominated by a cold
war between east and west. Protests in Hungary against the Communist
regime are put down by Soviet tanks in 1956; while the following year,
1957, the Soviet Union takes the lead in the space race, when it launches
the first man-made space satellite, Sputnik 1. Also in 1957, the Treaty of
Rome creates the European Economic Community (EEC), or Common
Market.
1960 - 1969
The Swinging Sixties a period of economic growth
The 1960s sees the emergence of 'youth culture, with groups such as The
Beatles attracting huge crowds of teenage fans wherever they appear,
helping to stimulate a cultural revolution and widening the generation
gap. It is a good period for the economy, helped by the fact that EU
countries stop charging custom duties when they trade with each other.
They also agree joint control over food production, so that everybody
now has enough to eat - and soon there is even surplus agricultural
produce. May 1968 becomes famous for student riots in Paris, and many

10

changes in society and behaviour become associated with the so-called

68 generation.
1970 - 1979
A growing Community the first Enlargement
Denmark, Ireland and the United Kingdom join the European Union on 1
January 1973, raising the number of member states to nine. The short, yet
brutal, Arab-Israeli war of October 1973 result in an energy crisis and
economic problems in Europe. The last right-wing dictatorships in
Europe come to an end with the overthrow of the Salazar regime in
Portugal in 1974 and the death of General Franco of Spain in 1975. The
EU regional policy starts to transfer huge sums to create jobs and
infrastructure in poorer areas. The European Parliament increases its
influence in EU affairs and in 1979 all citizens can, for the first time,
elect their members directly.
1980 - 1989
The changing face of Europe - the fall of the Berlin Wall
The Polish trade union, Solidarno, and its leader Lech Walesa, become
household names across Europe and the world following the Gdansk
shipyard strikes in the summer of 1980. In 1981, Greece becomes the
10th member of the EU and Spain and Portugal follow five years later. In
1986 the Single European Act is signed. This is a treaty which provides
the basis for a vast six-year programme aimed at sorting out the problems
with the free-flow of trade across EU borders and thus creates the Single
Market. There is major political upheaval when, on 9 November 1989,
the Berlin Wall is pulled down and the border between East and West
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Germany is opened for the first time in 28 years, this leads to the
reunification of Germany when both East and West Germany are united
in October 1990.
1990 - 1999
A Europe without frontiers
With the collapse of communism across central and eastern Europe,
Europeans become closer neighbours. In 1993 the Single Market is
completed with the the 'four freedoms' of: movement of goods, services,
people and money. The 1990s is also the decade of two treaties, the
Maastricht Treaty on European Union in 1993 and the Treaty of
Amsterdam in 1999. People are concerned about how to protect the
environment and also how Europeans can act together when it comes to
security and defence matters. In 1995 the EU gains three more new
members, Austria, Finland and Sweden. A small village in Luxembourg
gives its name to the Schengen agreements that gradually allow people
to travel without having their passports checked at the borders. Millions
of young people study in other countries with EU support.
Communication is made easier as more and more people start using
mobile phones and the internet.
2000 2009
Further expansion
The euro is the new currency for many Europeans. 11 September 2001
becomes synonymous with the 'War on Terror' after hijacked airliners are
flown into buildings in New York and Washington. EU countries begin to
work much more closely together to fight crime. The political divisions
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between east and west Europe are finally declared healed when no fewer
than 10 new countries join the EU in 2004, followed by two more in
2007. A financial crisis hits the global economy in September 2008,
leading to closer economic cooperation between EU countries. All EU
countries ratify the Treaty of Lisbon before entering into force on 1
December 2009. It provides the EU with modern institutions and more
efficient working methods.
2010 today
A decade of opportunities and challenges
The new decade starts with a severe economic crisis, but also with the
hope that investments in new green and climate-friendly technologies and
closer European cooperation will bring lasting growth and welfare.

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WHY EU CAME INTO EXISTANCE :

The overall aim of the EU, since its foundation in 1958, is to promote
peace; the values of human rights; democracy; equality; the rule of law;
and the well-being of its peoples. These values are the bedrock of the
EUs work and its role in the world.
In 1950, less than five years after the end of the Second World War, the
French politician Robert Schuman proposed the creation of a community
of peaceful interests to Germany and any other European countries that
wanted to join. The European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) Treaty
was signed in Paris in 1951 and brought Belgium; the Federal Republic
of Germany; France; Italy; Luxembourg; and the Netherlands together in
a Community with the aim of organising free movement of coal and steel
and free access to sources of production. The same six countries signed
the Treaty of Rome on 25 March 1957 in order to build a European
Economic Community (EEC) based on a wider common market covering
a whole range of goods and services. The Treaty of Rome is anchored in
the vision of ending war and the division of the European continent.It
created a framework for the construction of Europe into the future and a
process of creating an ever closer union between the peoples of Europe.
The first enlargement of the EEC occurred when Denmark, the United
Kingdom and Ireland joined in 1973.During the half century since the
Treaty of Rome was signed, Europe has been transformed. The European
Union has helped Europe to move from war and conflict to cooperation
and peace. It has enabled Europeans to replace the economic ruin of the
1940s with a single market of 500 million people and a common currency
now used by 320 million Europeans. The European Union is a unique

14

body. No other part of the world has such an organisation whose mission
is to bring countries together to pursue shared interests and values.

15

TOPICS OF THE EUROPEAN UNION :

The EU is active in a wide range of topics, from human rights to transport
and trade.
Agriculture
EU farm policy the common agricultural policy serves many
purposes: it helps farmers not just to produce food, but also protect the
environment and animal welfare and sustain viable rural communities.
Food safety in the EU
The EU's food safety policy aims to guarantee
Safe, nutritious food & animal feed
A high level of animal health, welfare & plant protection
Sufficient transparent information about the origin,
content/labelling & use of food.
Imported or homegrown, food must meet high EU standards.
EU food policy has 3 cornerstones:
comprehensive legislation on food & animal feed safety & food
hygiene
sound scientific advice on which to base decisions
enforcement & control.
Where specific consumer protection is justified, there may be special
measures governing
use of pesticides, food supplements, colourings, antibiotics or
hormones
food additives such as preservatives & flavourings
16

 products in contact with foodstuffs, e.g. plastic packaging

labelling of ingredients that may cause allergies & health claims
such as low-fat and high-fibre.

Maritime affairs and fisheries

The livelihoods of many EU citizens depend on the sea and its resources
fish, of course, but also energy from offshore wind parks and oil and
gas fields. The EU's merchant fleet depends on the world's oceans for
trade. Coastal areas are magnets for tourists - another source of
livelihoods.
With so much at stake we must be responsible in our use of the seas'
resources, prevent overfishing and ensure that oil and gas extraction does
not harm the marine or coastal environment.
Development and cooperation
Over half of all development aid comes from the EU and its member
countries, making them collectively the world's largest donor. Most aid
goes to the low-income and least developed countries.
Humanitarian aid & civil protection
Driven by its longstanding commitment to helping victims of
emergencies worldwide, the EU has been providing humanitarian aid
since 1992 in over 140 countries. It seeks to help people in distress,
whether as a result of man-made conflicts or of natural disasters, and
irrespective of their nationality, religion, gender or ethnic origin. These
wide-ranging activities reflect the proliferation of serious crises around
17

the world and the EUs commitment to taking the lead in supporting
victims.
Since 2010, the European Commission has built up a more robust and
effective European mechanism for disaster response both within and
outside the EU. EU humanitarian aid and civil protection are now
integrated in a single organisation, greatly improving their efficiency and
the extent to which each complements the another.
The EU Civil Protection Mechanism operates hand in hand with EU
funding for humanitarian aid when addressing the needs arising from a
conflict or disaster. When Typhoon Haiyan hit the Philippines in 2013,
for instance, the Commission and EU countries pooled financial and inkind resources to provide humanitarian aid to the people affected.
Human rights
Human dignity, freedom, democracy, equality, the rule of law and respect
for human rights these values are embedded in the EU treaties. Now
they have been reinforced by the Charter of Fundamental Rights.
EU countries and prospective EU members must respect human rights.
Through its human rights policy the EU
defends civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights
seeks to promote the rights of women, children, minorities, and
displaced persons
opposes the death penalty, torture, human trafficking and
discrimination
demonstrates its commitment to defending the universal and
indivisible nature of human rights by working in full and active
partnership with partner countries, international organisations,
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regional organisations and groups and associations at all levels of

society.
Climate action
To prevent climate change from reaching dangerous levels, the
international community has agreed that global warming must be kept
below 2C compared with the pre-industrial temperature. The EU is
therefore working hard to cut its member countries' emissions and to
promote strong action by other major polluters. It is also addressing the
unavoidable impacts of a changing climate.
Energy
Energy is one of the main challenges facing Europe today. The prospect
of sharply rising energy prices and increasing dependence on imports
makes our energy supply less reliable and jeopardises the economy as a
whole. Key decisions are needed to slash our emissions and curb climate
change. In the coming years huge investment will be needed to make
Europes energy infrastructure fit for the future.

Environment
The EU has some of the world's highest environmental standards,
developed over decades. Environment policy helps protect Europes
natural capital, encourages business to green the EU economy, and
safeguards the health and wellbeing of people living in the EU.
Research & innovation

19

Innovation has been placed at the heart of the EU's strategy to create
growth and jobs.
EU countries are encouraged to invest 3% of their GDP in R&D by 2020
(1% public funding, 2% private-sector investment) - this is expected to
create 3.7 million jobs and increase the EU's annual GDP by nearly 800
billion.
Space
Many aspects of our society - from telecommunications to television,
weather forecasting to global financial systems rely on space systems or
space-based technologies.
However, the sheer scale of space projects makes it impossible for most
countries to attempt them alone. So European countries have pooled their
technological and financial resources to run space policy through the
European Commission in cooperation with the European Space Agency
(an intergovernmental agency run by 20 European countries).
European space policy has 3 mains strands:
the Copernicus Earth observation system and the Galileo/EGNOS
satellite navigation systems
space exploration
helping European companies get involved and thrive in the
space industry.

EU transport policy

20

EU transport policy deals with issues that affect all EU countries - road
and air traffic congestion, oil dependency and greenhouse gas emissions.
It provides funding to bring transport infrastructure up to the same
standard EU-wide. Another concern is enabling Europe's transport sector
to compete on the fast-developing global market.
Major challenges facing the EU's transport sector
As our societies become ever more mobile, EU policy seeks to help our
transport systems meet the major challenges facing them:
Congestion affects both road and air traffic. It costs Europe around
1% of annual GDP. Moreover, freight and passenger transport alike
are set to increase.
Oil dependency despite improvements in energy efficiency,
transport still depends on oil for 96% of its energy needs. Oil will
become scarcer in future decades, sourced increasingly from
unstable parts of the world. By 2050, it is projected to reach more
than double the 2005 price level.
Greenhouse gas emissions by 2050, the EU must cut transport
emissions by 60% - compared with 1990 levels - if we are to limit
global warming to an increase of just 2C.
Infrastructure is uneven across the EU. For example, few eastern
EU countries have purpose-built high-speed railway lines.
Moreover, their conventional railway lines are often in poor
condition.
Competition the EUs transport sector faces growing competition
from fast-developing transport markets in other regions.
Employment and social affairs

21

Europe seeks to create more and better jobs needed by a dynamic,

knowledge-based society. This requires investments in education, science
and employment policies geared to keep up with the pace of change and
see the EU through the economic crisis.
The EU and national governments share responsibility for policy in the
fields of employment, social affairs and inclusion.
The EU:
coordinates and monitors national policies
promotes the sharing of best practices in fields such as
employment, poverty and social exclusion and pensions
makes laws and monitors their implementation in areas such as
rights at work and coordination of social security schemes.
More and better jobs
In line with the Europe 2020 growth strategy, the European employment
strategy encourages action to:
create jobs
energise and better balance the labour markets
monitor employment policies with the EU countries
Through the following initiatives:
Employment package a set of measures to boost jobs
Measures to promote youth employment, including a
recommendation to establish a youth guarantee in every EU
country
Europe 2020 initiatives employment, social affairs & inclusion

22

Taxation
National governments are responsible for raising taxes and setting tax
rates. The amount of tax you pay is therefore decided by your national
government, not the EU.
The EU's role is to oversee governments' national tax rules and decisions
on tax rates (on company profits, personal income, savings and capital
gains), to ensure that:
they are consistent with the EU's goals of job creation
they do not impede the free flow of goods, services and capital
around the EU
they do not give businesses in one country an unfair advantage
over competitors in another
they do not discriminate against consumers, workers or businesses
from other EU countries.

23

EUROPEAN UNION & INDIA :

The European Union and the Republic of India benefit from a
longstanding relationship going back to the early 1960s. The Joint
Political Statement of 1993 and the 1994 Co-operation Agreement, which
is the current legislative framework for cooperation, opened the door to a
broad political dialogue, which evolves through annual Summits, regular
ministerial and expert level meetings.
In 2004 India became one of the EUs Strategic Partners (Joint Press
Statement ). Since 2005, the Joint Action Plan which was revised in 2008
, is helping to realise the full potential of this partnership in key areas of
interest for India and the EU. Current efforts are centred on: developing
cooperation in the security field (in light of the EU-India Declaration on
International Terrorism ); ongoing negotiations for a Free Trade
Agreement; and implementation of the joint work programme on climate
change adopted at the Summit in 2008.
The Country Strategy Paper for India 2007-2013 (470 million in total
a yearly average of 67 million) concentrates EU funds on health,
education and the implementation of the Joint Action Plan, see also its
Mid-Term Review . A Memorandum of Understanding on the MultiAnnual Indicative Programme (MIP) 2011-2013 was signed between the
EU and India in February 2011. A review confirmed the need to further
support social sectors like health and education, in particular secondary
education and vocational training. For 2011-2013, the EU intends to fund
fellowships for Indian students and professors (Erasmus Mundus), as well
as projects in the fields of energy, environment and trade related technical
assistance.
24

The EU and India are committed to further increase their trade flows in
both goods and services as well as bilateral investment and access to
public procurement through the Free Trade Agreement negotiations that
were launched in 2007.
Substantial progress has been made so far, and key areas that need to be
further discussed include improved market access for some goods and
services, government procurement and geographical indications, and
sustainable development.

Trade picture
India is an important trade partner for the EU and an emerging global
economic power. The country combines a sizable and growing market of
more than 1 billion people.
The value of EU-India trade grew from 28.6 billion in 2003 to 72.7
billion in 2013.
EU investment stock in India grew substantially reaching 41.8 billion in
2012.
Trade in commercial services quadrupled in the past decade, increasing
from 5.2billion in 2002 to 22.7 billion in 2012.

25

The Future
The EU-India partnership is tapping into the vast potential for further
development.The relationship promises to benefit both sides
on a range of important issues long into the future.

Challenges and opportunities

The relationship between the Republicof India and the European Union
(EU)goes back to the earliest days ofEuropean integration, with
agreementsstretching back to the 1960s.
Since 2004, the EU & India have builta solid strategic partnership, which
aimsto push the global agenda on establishedand emerging challenges,
includingclimate change and terrorism.
In 2005, the EU & India agreed a landmark Joint Action
Plan, revised in 2008, that aims to promote:
3 peace and security;
3 sustainable development;
3 research and technology;
3 people-to-people contacts and cultural exchanges.

Addressing political issues

The EU & India are developing an ever-closer bilateral
dialogue on political issues. We agree on the importance
of using multilateral institutions, in particular the United
Nations, as key to dealing with many global problems.

26

Promoting Sustainable Development

Through our joint work programme, we are further
developing our cooperation in research, environment
and energy to address the impacts of climate change.
Both sides are actively pushing for a global agreement
on this issue.

Ever-growing trade and investment

Over the last five years, EU-India trade has more than
doubled and investments have multiplied ten-fold.
We are currently negotiating a broad-based Bilateral
Trade and Investment Agreement, which should maximise
business opportunities for companies on both sides.

Bringing people together

Educational exchanges enable increasing numbers
of young Indians to study in Europe.
Cultural exchanges are also becoming more prominent
and are stimulating greater awareness of cultural diversity.

Partners in development
The EU is a long-standing and trusted partner
in Indias development effort, helping to tackle
27

poverty while improving in particular healthcare

and access to good education.
Against the backdrop of Indias rapid economic
growth, both sides are cooperating in high-tech
areas such as civil aviation, solar energy,
research on nuclear fusion, and information
and communication technologies.

Dismantling trade barriers in India

The European Commission's Trade and Investments Barriers Report,
published in March 2014, points out that some progress has been made to
dismantle trade barriers in India.
India suspended the implementation of some aspects the preferential
procurement policies for domestically manufactured electronic goods and
telecom products due to security considerations that would have been be
applied in a mandatory manner for both public and most importantly
private purchasing entities (e.g. telecom services operators). For
electronics products, India has on 23 December 2013 adopted a new
preference policy which indeed drops security reasons and only addresses
public procurement.
Regarding mandatory compliance of steel products with new national
standards and certification by the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS), the
date of entry into force of mandatory certification requirements for
certain steel products was shifted to April 2014 and beyond. In addition,
in August 2013, some products that are directly supplied for major

28

projects subject to some conditions were exempted from the certification

scheme.
India has also formally extended a grace period for the compulsory
registration of 15 categories of IT and consumer electronics goods

India introduced some changes in investment rules and opened the

possibility for 100% foreign ownership in the telecoms sector; in

addition, more recently the Government expressed the intention of raising
FDI limits in defence manufacturing from the current 26% to 49%, while
a similar approach in the field of insurance companies was not adopted by
the Parliament.
There was also a positive development insingle-brand retail investments.
Following the opening of the sector, some European companies have
already applied for and received licences. A European company has also
applied for a multi-brand retail license, the first for a foreign company in
India.

European Union India Trade Negotiations The negotiations cover:

access to each other's markets, for goods, services and to public
procurement contracts,
the framework for investment
the rules that frame trade, such as intellectual property and
competition
sustainable development, growth in trade is in tandem with the
environment, social and labour rights.

PROJECTS TAKEN BY EU IN INDIA :

29

Fighting climate change by investing in developing countries

Global Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Fund (GEEREF) is an
innovative public-private partnership initiated by the European
Commission to transfer clean and renewable energy technologies to
developing countries.
To attract commercial investors to become shareholders of the fund
and thereby multiply the volume of finance made available for
energy projects in developing countries.
To cut greenhouse gas emissions and to reduce poverty through
access to sustainable energy services and achieve an attractive
return for investors.
To transfer low carbon technologies to developing countries.

Increased water harvesting and diminished desertification in

Tamil Nadu, South India
By rehabilitating tanks and reviving communal water management,
desertification will be arrested; this will lead to increased food and
environmental security for marginalised small farmers and landless
farmer families in drought prone areas.

Livelihood enhancement and ecological security in Orissa,

India
The project aims to achieve greater control of local communities
especially the forest dependent population over forest resources through
sustainable forest resource management along with forest product
development and market development.
30

Afforestation clean development mechanism project in

Northen India
The clean development mechanism (CDM) pilot project, a part of the
larger Haryana Community Forestry Project, is the first small scale
afforestation project in the world to get certified by the Clean
Development Mechanism.

Reducing the impact of water-intensive and polluting crops

This EC funded thirsty crops project aims to reduce water use and
improve farmers' socio-economic status through the use of Better
Management Practices (BMPs). This project is encouraging farmers,
researchers, Government and business to support BMPs

Improving winter livelihoods in the cold desert of the

Western Indian Himalayas
The Western Indian Himalayas face a very severe climate with
temperatures falling below -25C. But the region benefits from 300 sunny
days per year. Therefore passive solar techniques are relevant for heating
housing and improving winter livelihoods.

Programme for Enrichment of School Level Education

(PESLE)

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The Programme for Enrichment of School Level Education promotes

good quality education for all by addressing three key areas: enrolment,
retention and learning achievement. Different NGOs got involved in the
implementation of diverse project themes.

EU-India Civil Aviation Cooperation Programme

The EU-India Civil Aviation Cooperation Programme is the EUs biggest
economic cooperation project in India. It supports the development of
local air transport companies and stimulates collaboration between
European and Indian manufacturers.

Preventing the spread of HIV

The EU works with local NGOs to implement HIV/AIDS awareness,
treatment and care programmes in the vulnerable areas of Jharkhand and
Orissa, India. Special focus has been placed on the groups of migrant
truckers, sex workers and village communities.

Empowering youth with New Technology Skills in the

backward districts of India
The Project develops and disseminates a unique New Emerging
Technology based Skill development system for unemployed youth from
deprived regions of India, transforming them into Future Technicians,
with good employment and enhanced income levels.

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Building a knowledge cluster for clean coal and carbon

capture and storage technologies in India
The project intends to develop a community of experts, entrepreneurs and
industries interested in clean coal, carbon capture and storage
technologies, to effectively address the challenges of reducing CO2
emissions in the Indian thermal power plants.

EC-India Disaster Preparedness Support Program

India is highly vulnerable to earthquakes, cyclones, floods and
drought, but most urban construction is not earthquake
resistant and disaster prone areas cannot cope with natural
disasters. Capacity building for disaster mitigation is essential.

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CONCLUSION :

My experience on the project was great. I learnt a lot of things from

the project like, What EU means, How the EU works , The law of EU,
History , Why the EU came into existence, What India benefits from
EU, the trade negotiations and the projects undertaken by EU in India.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY :
http://europa.eu/index_en.htm
http://ec.europa.eu/index_en.htm
Book referred
EU Trade Strategies : Regionalism and Globalism

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