CHAPTER 04 PERIODICITY

OF

ELEMENTS

Q1. State the following laws:

i.

Dobereiners law of triad

Modern periodic law

ii.

Newlands law of octave

iii.

Answer:
i.

Dobereiners Law of Triad

It states that the atomic mass of the middle element is nearly the
same as average of the atomic masses of other two elements.

ii.

Newlands Law of Octave

It states that if elements are arranged in the order of increasing
atomic masses, then every eighth element has properties similar to
that of first element.

iii.

Modern Periodic Law

It states that the physical and chemical properties of all elements
are periodic function of their atomic numbers.

Q2. Write three salient features of Mendeleevs periodic table.

Answer:
Salient Features of Mendeleevs Periodic Table
1. It has 8 vertical columns called groups and twelve horizontal rows
called periods.
2. Elements in each vertical column have similar properties.
3. Empty spaces were left for undiscovered elements.
4. The group number indicate the highest valence attained by the
elements of that group.

Q3. Define:
i.
iv.

Answer:

Periodicity
energy
Electron affinity

ii.

Atomic radius
v. Electronegativity

iii. Ionization

i.
ii.

Periodicity
It is defined as recurrence of chemical or physical properties at
regular interval.
Atomic Radius
It is defined as half the distance between two adjacent nuclei of two
atoms.

iii.

Ionization Energy
It is defined as minimum energy required to remove an electron
from a gaseous atom in its ground state.

iv.

Electron Affinity
It is defined as the energy change that occurs when an electron is
gained by an atom in the gaseous state.

v.

Electronegativity
It is defined as the tendency of an atom in a molecule to attract
shared pair of electrons to itself.

Q4. Define the following terms:

i.

Metals

ii.

Non-metals iii.

Metalloids

Answer:
i.
ii.
iii.

Metals
They are electropositive elements i.e. they lose electrons to form
cations.
Non-metals
They are electronegative elements i.e. they gain electrons to form
anions.
Metalloids
These are the elements which exhibit dual character i.e. they show
the properties of both metals as well as non-metals.

Q5. What are transition elements? Write any three characteristics/properties

of transition elements.
Answer:
Transition Elements
The elements of sub-group B are called transition elements because they
show properties transition between two sets of representative elements.

Properties of Transition Elements

1.
2.
3.
4.

They form colored compounds.

In chemical reactions, they show more than one valencies.
They are good conductors of heat and electricity.
They are less reactive than alkali metals such as sodium.

Q6. Write two physical and two chemical differences between metal and nonmetal.
Answer:
Difference between Metals and Non-metals
Metals

Non-Metals
Physical Differences
1 All metals except mercury
1. About half of the non-metals
are solids.
are gases.
2 They have high melting
2. They have low melting and
and boiling points.
boiling points.
3 Metals have luster and can
3. They do not have luster and
be polished.
cannot be polished.
4 They are malleable and
4. They are usually brittle and
ductile and converted into
are not malleable and ductile.
sheets and wires.
Chemical Differences
1. They combine with oxygen
1. They combine with oxygen to
to form basic oxide.
form acidic oxide.
2. When dissolved in water
2. When dissolved in water they
they form alkaline solution.
form acidic solution.
3. They turn red litmus blue.
3. They turn blue litmus red.

Q7. Which elements have zero valency? In which group of the periodic table
have they been placed? Also give their two examples.
Answer:
Noble gases have zero valency. They have been placed in group VIIIA in the
periodic table. Examples are helium (He), neon (Ne), argon (Ar), krypton (Kr).

Q8. How many periods and groups are there in the modern periodic table?
Also state what are Lanthanides and Actinides?
Answer:
The modern periodic table contains seven periods and sixteen groups.
Lanthanides and actinides are the inner transition elements. They are also
called rare earth metals. They are placed at the bottom of the periodic table.

Q9. Which elements possess only one electron in their valence shell? What
are they called? Name the radioactive element in this group.
Answer:
Elements of group IA possess only one electron in their valence shell. They
are called alkali metals. Francium (Fr) is radioactive in this group.

Q10. Which elements possess seven electrons in their valence shell? Name
the element which has the highest electronegativity and give its value.
Answer:
Elements of group VIIA or halogens possess seven electrons in their valence
shell. Fluorine has the highest electronegativity and it has the value 4.

Q11. Name the alkali metals of group IA of the periodic table and write their
three general properties.
Answer:
Names of Alkali Metals
Lithium (Li), sodium (Na), potassium (K), rubidium (Rb), cesium (Cs) and
francium (Fr).
Properties of Alkali Metals

They
They
They
They

lose one electron and form univalent positive ions (M+).

are highly reactive metals.
have low melting points.
form water soluble base.

Q12. Write five general properties of the elements of group VIIA of the
periodic table.
Answer:
Properties of Group VIIA Elements
They have high ionization energies.
They have large negative electron affinities.
They all form diatomic molecules.
The bonds in these diatomic molecules are non-polar covalent single
bonds.
They are never seen uncombined in nature.

CHAPTER 05 CHEMICAL BONDING

Q1. Define chemical bond.
Answer:
Chemical Bond
It is defined as the force which holds atoms together in a molecule or crystal
is called chemical bond.

Q2. What is ionic bond? How an ionic bond is formed between sodium and
chlorine atoms resulting in the production of NaCl. Explain.
Answer:
Ionic Bond
A chemical bond which is formed by the complete transfer of one or more
electrons from one atom to another is called ionic bond.
Formation of Sodium Chloride (NaCl)
In the combination of sodium (Na) and chlorine (Cl) atoms, an atom of
sodium (Na) transfers one outer most shell electron and becomes positive
sodium ion (Na+) and an atom of chlorine gains that electron to complete its
octet and becomes chloride negative ion (Cl-).
Na
2,8,1

Cl + e2,8,7

Na+ + Cl-

Na+ + e2,8

Cl2,8,8

Na+1Cl1-

Q3. Write any three characteristics of ionic compounds.

Answer:
Characteristics of Ionic Compounds
1.
2.
3.
4.

Ionic compounds are solid at room temperature.

They have high melting and boiling points.
They do not conduct electricity but their solutions conduct electricity.
They are usually soluble in polar solvents.

Q4. Define covalent bond. Explain polar covalent bond and non-polar
covalent bond.
Answer:
Covalent Bond
A chemical bond which is formed by the sharing of unpaired electrons is
called covalent bond.
Non-polar Covalent Bond
If the difference in the electro-negativities of bonded atoms is zero, then the
bond is pure covalent or non-polar bond.
Polar Covalent Bond
If the difference in the electro-negativities of bonded atoms is up to 1.7, then
the bond is called polar covalent bond.

Q5. Define single, double and triple covalent bonds.

Answer:
Single Covalent Bond

It is a covalent bond in which only one pair of electron is shared by the

bonded atoms. It is represented by single short line.
Example

Double Covalent Bond

It is a covalent bond in which two pairs of electrons are shared by the
bonded atoms. It is represented by two short line.
Example

Triple Covalent Bond

It is a covalent bond in which three pairs of electrons are shared by the
bonded atoms. It is represented by three short line.
Example

Q6. Write down three common properties of covalent compounds.

Answer:
Characteristics of Covalent Compounds

1.
2.
3.
4.

They
They
They
They

are often gases, liquid or soft solids.

have low melting and boiling points.
are insulators because they do not conduct electricity.
are usually insoluble in polar solvents.

Q7. Write three differences between ionic bond and covalent bond.
Answer:
Differences between Ionic Bond and Covalent Bond
Ionic Bond
1. It is formed by the complete
transfer of one or more
electrons from one atom to
another.
2. It is formed between a metal
and a non-metal.
3. The polarity in ionic bonds is
much higher than covalent
bond.

Covalent Bond
1. It is formed by the sharing of
unpaired electrons.
2. It is formed between two nonmetals that have similar
electro-negativities.
3. The polarity in covalent bonds
is much lower than ionic bond.

Q8. What is coordinate covalent bond? How is coordinate covalent bond

formed between NH3 and H+ ion? Explain.
Answer:
Coordinate Covalent Bond
A bond in which both electrons forming a bond are supplied by one atom
only is called coordinate covalent bond.
Formation of Ammonium Chloride (NH4Cl)
In the formation of ammonium chloride from ammonia (NH3) and hydrogen
chloride (HCl) molecules, nitrogen atom of NH3 acts as a donor of electron
pair and hydrogen ion (H+) of HCl accepts it to form NH4Cl as follows.

Q9. Write three differences between covalent bond and coordinate covalent
bond.
Answer:
Differences between Covalent and Coordinate Covalent Bond
1.

2.
3.
4.

Covalent Bond
It is formed by the mutual
sharing of electrons between
atoms.
It may be polar or non-polar.
It is associated with only
covalent character.
It is denoted by short lines (
).

Coordinate Covalent Bond

1. It is formed by one sided
sharing of electrons.
2. It is always polar.
3. It is associated with ionic and
covalent character.
4. It is denoted by an arrow (
).

Q10. Define the following:

i.
iv.

Metallic boning
ii.
forces
Vander Waals forcesv.

Answer:
1. Metallic Bonding

Hydrogen bonding
Dipole- Dipole forces

iii.

Dispersion

It is defined as the combination of electrostatic attraction between the

electrons and positive nuclei of atoms is called metallic bonding.
2. Hydrogen Bonding
It is defined as the attraction between positive hydrogen of one
molecule and negative part of other molecule is called hydrogen
bonding.
3. Intra-molecular Forces
These are the forces which hold atoms together in a molecule.
4. Inter-molecular Forces (Vander Waals Forces)
These are the attractive forces between the neutral molecules which
hold them together at certain temperature.
5. Dispersion Forces (London Forces)
They are the weak attractive forces between temporarily polarized
atoms (or molecules) caused by the varying positions of electrons
during their motion about the nuclei.
6. Dipole-Dipole Forces
This is an attractive inter-molecular force resulting from the interaction
of the positive end of one molecule with negative end of other.

CHAPTER 06 STATES

OF

MATTER

Q1. Define matter.

Answer:
Matter
It is defined as anything that has mass and occupies space is called matter.

Q2. Explain the kinetic molecular theory in different states of matter.

Answer:
Kinetic Molecular Theory
According to kinetic molecular theory
Matter is composed of tiny particles called molecules.
These molecules are in motion.
They possess kinetic energy.

Kinetic Molecular Theory for Solids

In solids, molecules or particles are tightly packed with one another.
Particles have only vibrational motion.
Solids have definite shape and definite volume.
Kinetic Molecular Theory for Liquids
In liquids, molecules are not tightly packed.
Particles can move in all directions.
Liquids have definite volume but do not have definite shape.
Kinetic Molecular Theory for Gases
In gases, molecules are lying away from one another.
Particles can move in all directions.
Gases neither have definite shape nor definite volume.

Q3. Define:
i.
iv.
vii.

Boiling point

ii.

Sublimation v.
Fusion

Freezing point

iii.

Diffusion

Brownian movement

vi.

Evaporation

viii.

Melting point

Answer:
1. Melting Point
It is defined as the temperature at which solid starts melting is called
melting point.
2. Boiling Point
It is defined as the temperature at which vapor pressure becomes
equal to external pressure and liquids starts boiling is called boiling
point.
3. Freezing Point
It is defined as the temperature at which liquid turns into a solid when
cooled is called freezing point.
4. Fusion (melting)
It is defined as a process in which state of a substance changes from
solid to liquid.
5. Evaporation

It is defined as the escaping of molecules form the surface of liquid is

called evaporation.
6. Sublimation
It is defined as the change of state of a substance directly from solid to
gas without passing through the liquid state is called sublimation.
7. Vaporization
It is defined as the change of state of a substance from liquid to gas is
called vaporization.
8. Diffusion
It is defined as the spreading of a substance through medium like air or
liquid is called diffusion.
9. Brownian Movement
It is defined as the continuous, rapid and zigzag motion of suspended
particles through the medium is called Brownian movement.

Q4. State Grahams law of diffusion of gases. Which gas from among CO2,
CH4 and H2 will diffuse the fastest and why? Give reason.
Answer:
Grahams Law of Diffusion
It states that the rate of diffusion of a gas is inversely proportional to the
square root of its molar mass or density.
Reason
Since the molar mass of hydrogen is the smallest among CO2 and CH4 and it
is lightest among CO2 and CH4, therefore according to Grahams law, it will
diffuse the fastest.

CHAPTER 07 SOLUTION

AND

SUSPENSION